后腹腔镜手术对胃粘膜pH值及胃粘膜-动脉血二氧化碳分压差的影响

目的探讨后腹腔镜手术中二氧化碳（CO2）气腹对全麻患者胃粘膜pH（i-pH）和胃粘膜-动脉CO2分压差（Pg-aCO2）的影响.方法选择后腹腔镜下行肾及肾上腺手术患者20例,监测气腹前、气腹后30、60 min以及放气后30 min患者i-pH和Pg-aCO2的变化.结果气腹后动脉血CO2分压（PaCO2）较气腹前明显增加,pH值明显下降（P〈0.05）.气腹后30、60 min i-pH较气腹前显著降低,而Pg-aCO2显著增加（P〈0.01）.放气30 min i-pH虽较气腹期间有所回升,但与气腹前比较仍有显著性差异（P〈0.05）.结论后腹腔镜CO2气腹可引起高碳酸血症和胃粘膜血流灌注降低.     

后腹腔镜CO2气腹对全麻患者血流动力学及血气的影响

目的 :探讨后腹腔镜手术CO2 气腹对全麻患者血流动力学及动脉血气的影响。方法 :选择后腹腔镜下行肾及肾上腺手术患者 2 0例 ,监测气腹前、气腹后 30、6 0min和放气后 30min血流动力学指标和动脉血气的变化。结果 :气腹后 30、6 0min患者平均肺动脉压 (mPAP)、肺小动脉楔压 (PAWP)和中心静脉压(CVP)均较气腹前显著增加。气腹前后心率、平均动脉压、心排指数 (CI)、体循环血管阻力指数 (SVRI)、肺血管阻力指数 (PVRI)和左心室收缩功能指数 (LVSWI)无显著性差异 (P >0 0 5 )。气腹后PaCO2 较气腹前明显增加 ,pH明显下降 (P <0 0 5 )。结论 :后腹腔镜CO2 气腹对全麻患者血流动力学和动脉血气有一定影响 ,术中需加强监测和管理。     

腹腔镜治疗食管裂孔疝的麻醉

目的探讨腹腔镜行食管裂孔疝修补术对全身麻醉患者血流动力学、呼吸及动脉血气的影响。方法选择了62例（ASAI—II）食管裂孔疝患者使用腹腔镜行食管裂孔疝修补术,监测气腹前,气腹后30min血压（BP）、心率（HR）、心电图（ECG）、脉搏、氧饱和度（SPO2）及动脉血气、气道压力的变化。结果62例腹腔镜食管裂孔疝修补术全部获得成功。气腹前、后患者的血流动力学变化不明显（P〉0．05）,气道压力,动脉血气发生显著改变,出现高碳酸血症（P〈0．05）。结论腹腔镜行食管裂孔疝修补术CO2气腹对全身麻醉患者呼吸及血气产生一定的影响,术中应加强麻醉的管理及监测。     

经腹腔与腹膜后腹腔镜肾癌根治术疗效比较

目的比较经腹腔与经腹膜后入路腹腔镜肾癌根治术的临床效果。方法分析2010年4月至2012年2月间在北京大学第一医院接受腹腔镜肾癌根治术的141例患者资料,其中经腹腔入路组61例、经腹膜后腔入路组80例,比较两种手术入路患者在手术时间、出血量、术后住院日等方面的差异。结果所有141例手术均在腹腔镜下完成。对于经腹腔入路组和经腹膜后腔组,平均手术时间分别为192.1及147.2min（P=0.000）;平均术后住院日分别为5.8d及7.2d（P=0.000）;平均肿瘤长径分别为5.6cm及4.3cm（P=0.001）。在术中出血量、并发症及输血情况等方面无显著性差异。结论经腹腹腔镜和经后腹膜腹腔镜肾癌根治术围手术期均有良好效果,经腹腔入路适合治疗体积较大的肿瘤,术后恢复快,而经腹膜后腔入路具有手术时间短的优势。     

腹腔镜结直肠手术中CO2气腹对下肢静脉回流的影响

目的 探讨腹腔镜结直肠手术CO2气腹对下肢静脉回流的影响,为腹腔镜手术围手术期采取必要措施预防深静脉血栓形成提供依据.方法 选取39例行腹腔镜手术的结直肠癌患者,分别于全麻后气腹建立前、气腹建立后20 min和气腹消除后20 min用彩色多普勒超声诊断仪测量股静脉截面积和最大血流速度.最后按年龄分为两组：A组20例,年龄≥60岁;B组19例,年龄＜ 60岁.比较两组不同手术时期股静脉血流动力学指标.结果 两组气腹建立后20 min股静脉截面积增大（P＜0.05）,血流速度和血流量减小（P＜0.05）;与B组相比,A组以上指标变化更明显,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）.两组在手术结束气腹消除后20 min股静脉截面积、血流速度均不同程度恢复,但未达到气腹前水平,三个测量点平均值比较差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）.结论 腹腔镜结直肠手术CO2气腹使下肢静脉回流受阻,60岁以上患者变化更明显,老年患者需行腹腔镜结直肠手术时,应在围手术期采取措施预防深静脉血栓形成.     

腹腔镜手术中不同气腹压力对老年患者血流动力学及血气的影响

目的观察不同气腹压力对老年患者腹腔镜中血流动力学和动脉血气的影响。方法 65岁以上择期行腹腔镜直肠癌根治术的老年患者30例,随机均分为两组,术中分别采用气腹压10 mm Hg(L组)和14 mm Hg(H组)。分别于气腹前15 min(T0)、平卧位气腹后15 min(T1)、气腹并体位改变后15 min(T2)、30 min(T3)、60 min(T4)、120 min(T5)、气腹结束并平卧位后15 min(T6)记录MAP、CVP、肺动脉楔压(PCWP)、肺平均动脉压(MPAP)、CO,计算CI、体循环阻力(SVR)、肺循环阻力(PVR),抽取动脉血测定pH、PaCO2、PaO2。结果与T0时比较,两组患者在T1~T5时MAP、CVP、PCWP、MPAP、PaCO2显著升高(P<0.01),pH明显下降(P<0.05);T1时CI和PVR明显下降(P<0.01),SVR明显升高(P<0.01);T2时CI和PVR明显升高(P<0.01),SVR明显下降(P<0.01)。T2~T5时,H组MAP、CVP、PCWP、MPAP显著高于、HR显著快于L组(P<0.05或P<0.01)。结论腹腔镜手术中气腹压14...     

后腹腔镜和腹腔镜手术二氧化碳气腹对患者二氧化碳吸收的影响

目的 比较后腹腔镜和腹腔镜手术CO2气腹对患者CO2吸收的影响.方法 择期泌尿外科行后腹腔镜手术(R组)以及普外科和妇产科行腹腔镜手术(T组)患者各20例,分别于全麻机械通气后气腹前(T0)、气腹后30 min(T1)、60 min(T2)、90 min(T3)和放气后10 min(T4)、清醒气管导管拔除(T5)记录MAP、HR、PETCO2、气道峰压(Ppeak),并行血气分析,计算CO2排出量(VCO2)、动脉血-呼气末CO2差值(PaCO2-PETCO2).结果 两组气腹后各时点Ppeak、PaCO2、PETCO2、PaCO2-PETCO2和VCO2均较气腹前显著增高,并随着气腹时间的延长而持续缓慢增高(P<0.01).与T组比较,R组气腹后PETCO2、PaCO2、VCO2的增加更加明显.结论 与腹腔镜手术相比,后腹腔镜手术气腹期间CO2吸收更显著;PETCO2和血气监测在后腹腔镜手术应列为常规.     

经腹膜后与经腹腔入路腹腔镜下侧位肾上腺手术的比较

目的 比较经腹膜后入路和腹腔入路腹腔镜下肾上腺手术的方法、优缺点，总结腹腔镜下肾上腺手术的适应证、禁忌证以及2种入路手术的选择。方法 回顾分析1996年7月-2005年12月105例腹腔镜肾上腺手术经验，其中经腹腔入路50例，经腹膜后入路55例。比较2组患者的手术时间、手术优缺点、中转开放手术率、手术并发症等指标。结果 经腹腔入路者5例（10％）中转开放手术，其中1例因为肝损伤，2例因发生肾上腺血管难以控制的出血，2例因粘连严重镜下难以分离；经腹膜后入路者2例（4％）中转开放手术，其中1例肾损伤，另1例暴露困难。余98例手术均成功。经腹腔入路手术时间50～180min，平均82min；出血量15～180ml，平均65ml；36h即下床活动；术后住院5～14d。经腹膜后途径者手术时间45～130min，平均60min；出血量15～100ml，平均30ml；24h后下床活动；术后住院3～7d。术中并发症：经腹腔途径者1例发生肝损伤，2例嗜铬细胞瘤患者发生难以控制的肾上腺出血；经腹膜后入路者中1例发生肾损伤。结论 腹腔镜下肾上腺手术应根据病变性质、肿瘤大小、位置及患者的具体情况选择手术入路，对体积较大、位于肾蒂前内方的肿瘤或血运丰富的嗜铬细胞瘤应采用经腹腔入路。     

腹膜后腹腔镜手术中二氧化碳气腹对糖尿病患者脑血流的影响

目的采用经颅多普勒超声(TCD)对患者术中脑血流进行无创动态监测,观察腹膜后腹腔镜人工CO2气腹对糖尿病患者脑血流的影响。方法选择择期行腹膜后腹腔镜肾囊肿去顶术2型糖尿病患者20例,记录气腹前(T1)、气腹后10 min(T2)、30 min(T3)、60 min(T4)和停气腹后20min(T5)的平均脑血流速度(Vm)和搏动指数(PI)[PI=(Vs-Vd)/Vm]。结果T3与T4时颈内动脉颅内段(ICA)、大脑中动脉(MCA)和基底动脉(BA)的Vm比T1时明显增加(P<0.05),T2～T4时ICA、MCA、BA的PI值比T1时明显升高(P<0.05)。结论2型糖尿病患者在行腹膜后腹腔镜手术时,气腹持续时间超过30 min就会对脑血流产生影响。     

后腹腔镜术中降低气腹压力对老年患者呼吸循环的影响

目的评价后腹腔镜手术中降低CO2气腹压力对老年患者呼吸及循环的影响。方法择期行后腹腔镜下泌尿外科手术患者40例,年龄60～78岁,体重53～82kg,随机均分为两组:A组气腹压力14mmHg,VT12ml/kg,RR15次/分;B组气腹压力10～13mmHg,VT10ml/kg,RR12次/分;两组均维持PETCO2在35～45mmHg。监测并记录气腹(T0)、气腹后30min(T1)、气腹后60min(T2)、放气后10min(T3)。结果与T0时比较,T1、T2时两组HR明显增快;MAP、CVP、Pmax和PaCO2均明显升高(P<0.05);而pH明显降低(P<0.05)。与A组比较,B组T2、T3时CVP和T1～T3时Pmax均明显降低(P<0.05)。B组皮下气肿发生率明显低于A组(5%vs.30%,P<0.05)。结论后腹腔镜手术中降低气腹压力有助于降低对老年患者动脉血气和血流动力学的影响,并减少皮下气肿的发生率。     

Arterial to end-tidal carbon dioxide tension difference during laparoscopic colorectal surgery

BACKGROUND: Determination of end-tidal carbon dioxide pressure (PET(CO2)) is effective to confirm adequate ventilation, because arterial to end-tidal carbon dioxide tension difference (deltaa-ET(CO2)) does not change normally during operation. But deltaa-ET(CO2) may change during laparoscopic surgery, because peritoneal insufflation of CO2 will increase CO2 production and reduce functional residual volume. Changes in deltaa-ET(CO2) were reported in laparoscopic cholecystectomy with cardiovascular complication, but there is controversy about how deltaaET(CO2) will change in more complicated and long laparoscopic surgery. In this prospective study, we examined changes in deltaa- ET(CO2) during laparoscopic colorectal surgery. METHODS: Fifty patients received combined general and epidural anesthesia. CO2 pneumoperitoneum was initiated after obtaining arterial blood for gas analysis. Mechanical ventilation was used to maintain PET(CO2) at a stable value between 30 and 40 mmHg during the procedure. Arterial blood gas analysis was performed 10, 60, 120 minutes after CO2 insufflation, and 10 minutes after the termination of insufflation. RESULTS: The mean +/- SD for deltaa-ET(CO2) was 5.8 +/- 4.1 before pneumoperitoneum, 7.1 +/- 4.8, 8.1 +/- 5.4, 6. 4 +/- 4.9 in 10, 60, 120 minutes after pneumoperitoneum, and 6.4 +/- 4.9 in 10 minutes after the termination of pneumoperitoneum. deltaa-ET(CO2) increased significantly during pneumoperitoneum, but did not increase further even if CO2 insufflation was longer than 60 minutes. CONCLUSIONS: In laparoscopic colorectal surgery, Pa(CO2) should be checked for at least the first 60 minutes to confirm adequate ventilation.     

完全腹膜外疝修补（TEP）手术腹膜前CO2充气对人体的影响

目的完全腹膜外疝修补（TEP）手术需在腹膜前建立间隙，并且应用CO，充气维持足够的操作空间。本临床研究通过腹膜前CO2充气对患者呼吸和循环的影响，从病理生理学的角度来论证TEP手术的安全性。方法2005年1月至6月，本中心行TEP手术的腹股沟疝患者20例（18例斜疝，2例直疝），均为男性，年龄平均60．2岁。腹膜前建立间隙并用CO2充气，维持压力于12mnHg，分别记录充气前、充气后5min、充气后30min、拔管后四个时间段的心率（HR）、血压（BP）、呼气末CO2分压（EtCO2）以及血气分析测定值（PH、PCO2、HCO3）。结果进行统计分析。结果手术均顺利完成，手术时间平均32．6min，术后疼痛分数（VAS）平均（2．7±1．4）分，术后住院平均（3．2±0．5）d，3例患者出现皮下气肿。病理生理指标中HR和PH值在充气后有一定幅度的下降，BP、EtCO2、PCO2和HCO3值在充气后有一定幅度的上升，与充气前指标差异有统计学意义，并且随着充气时间延长变化幅度有所增加，各指标在拔管后迅速恢复并接近充气前水平。结论TEP手术腹膜前CO2充气，CO2在皮下组织弥散可能会形成皮下气肿，CO2吸收会出现CO2蓄积及酸中毒，并造成血压上升及心率减慢。通过麻醉师的合理处理，可以将指标控制在合理的安全范围内，术后能迅速恢复。     

腹腔镜下前列腺癌根治术中呼气末CO2分压的变化及意义

目的观察腹腔镜前列腺癌根治术中动脉血CO2分压（PaCO2）与呼气末CO2分压（PetCO2）差值Pa-ETCO2变化及其临床意义。方法腹腔镜前列腺癌根治术患者28例，于气管插管全身麻醉下完成手术，术中PETCO2维持在30～35mmHg左右，分别在麻醉后（T0），气腹第30min（T1），60min（T2），120min（T3），180min（T4）取桡动脉血行血气分析测PaCO2，据监测的PETCO2及血气分析获得的PaCO2，计算每个时间点的Pa-ETCO2。结果气腹后各时间点PaCO2，MBP，PPEAK，Pa-ETCO2明显增高（P〈0．05），人工气腹60min后，Pa-ETCO2发生显著变化（P〈0．01），部分患者出现CO2蓄积。气腹后PH值明显下降（P〈0．01）。结论腹腔镜前列腺癌根治术中人工气腹60min后PETCO2不能真实反映PaCO2，当PETCO2维持在30-35mmHg时应监测PaCO2避免发生高碳酸血症。     

腹膜后腹腔镜手术CO_2气腹时肾素-血管紧张素-醛固酮系统的变化

目的:动态监测腹膜后腹腔镜手术CO2气腹时不同时段肾素(renin,REN)、血管紧张素Ⅱ(angiotensin-Ⅱ,AT-Ⅱ)及醛固酮(aldosterone,ALD)的变化。方法:选择行泌尿外科腹膜后腹腔镜手术的患者20例,分别抽取CO2气腹前10min(T1)、气腹中30min(T2)、气腹中60min(T3)及气腹后60min(T4)各时段静脉血,运用放射免疫法测定血清REN、AT-Ⅱ及ALD含量。结果:REN、AT-Ⅱ及ALD在腹膜后腹腔镜手术CO2气腹的不同时段均有改变,各激素不同时段差异均有统计学意义(P0.001),表现为T3T2T4T1,T4时各激素水平与T1差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:腹膜后腹腔镜CO2气腹对肾素-血管紧张素-醛固酮系统有一定影响,但气腹撤除后,可较快恢复正常。     

Impact of carbon dioxide and helium insufflation on cardiorespiratory function during prolonged pneumoperitoneum in an experimental rat model

BACKGROUND: Experimental studies on laparoscopic surgery are often performed in rats. However, the hemodynamic and respiratory responses related to the pneumoperitoneum have not been studied extensively in rats. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate in spontaneously breathing rats the effects of CO2 and helium, insufflation pressure, and duration of pneumoperitoneum on blood pressure, arterial pH, pCO2, pO2, HCO3-, base excess, and respiratory rate. METHODS: Five groups of 9 Brown Norway rats were anesthetized and underwent CO2 insufflation (6 or 12 mmHg), helium insufflation (6 or 12 mmHg), or abdominal wall lifting (gasless control) for 120 min. Blood pressure was monitored by an indwelling carotid artery catheter. Baseline measurements of mean arterial pressure (MAP), respiratory rate, arterial blood pH, pCO2, pO2, HCO3-, and base excess were recorded. Blood gases were analyzed at 5, 30, 60, 90, and 120 min during pneumoperitoneum, and MAP and respiratory rate were recorded at 5 and 15 min and at 15-min intervals thereafter for 2 h. RESULTS: CO2 insufflation (at both 6 and 12 mmHg) caused a significant decrease in blood pH and increase in arterial pCO2. Respiratory compensation was evident since pCO2 returned to preinsufflation levels during CO2 insufflation at 12 mmHg. There was no significant change in blood pH and pCO2 in rats undergoing either helium insufflation or gasless procedures. Neither insufflation pressure nor the type of insufflation gas had a significant effect on MAP over time. CONCLUSION: The cardiorespiratory changes during prolonged pneumoperitoneum in spontaneously breathing rats are similar to those seen in clinical practice. Therefore, studies conducted in this animal model can provide valuable physiological data relevant to the study of laparoscopic surgery.     

Physiologic effects of pneumoperitoneum in adults with sickle cell disease undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy (A case control study)

BACKGROUND: Many studies have demonstrated the adverse consequences of pneumoperitoneum. However, few studies have examined the physiologic effects of pneumoperitoneum in adults with sickle cell disease (SCD) during laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC). METHODS: 60 ASA 1-capital PE, Cyrillic capital PE, Cyrillic patients, with cholelithiasis, scheduled for elective LC were allocated into two equal groups: group 1, normal patients without SCD (control group), and group 2, patients with SCD. The perioperative parameters of 30 SCD patients matched by age and sex to the 30 members of the non-sickler control group who underwent cholecystectomy were assessed. Study parameters (in the two groups) included heart rate (HR) per minute, mean blood pressure (MAP, mmHg), PETCO(2), and O(2) saturation (SpO(2)) at the following intervals: before induction of anesthesia in the supine position (all except PETCO(2)), after anesthesia and before CO(2) insufflations in the supine position, 15, 30, 45, 60 min after CO(2) insufflations in the anti-Trendelenburg position, at the end of CO(2) exsufflation in the supine position and 5 min after the end of CO(2) exsufflation in the supine position. Arterial blood gases, to measure pH, PaCO(2), and PaO(2), were determined after induction of anesthesia and before CO(2) insufflation in the supine position, then 30 min after CO(2) insufflations in the anti-Trendelenburg position, and 5 min after the end of CO(2) exsufflation in the supine position. Statistical significance was established at the p < 0.05 level. RESULTS: Induction of anesthesia produced a significant increase in HR in both groups. CO(2) insufflations led to an additional increase in HR and persisted till abdominal deflation. After CO(2) insufflations, MAP significantly increased from the baseline at 15, 30, 45, and 60 min, and just before deflation in the anti-Trendelenburg position. CO(2) insufflations led to a significant increase in end-tidal CO(2) (ETCO(2)) in the study groups, reaching a maximum level just before abdominal deflation in the anti-Trendelenburg position. Regarding SpO(2) and PaO(2), there were insignificant changes in the two study groups throughout the procedure. In group 2, none of the patients experienced vaso-occlusive crises or other SCD- related complications. CONCLUSION: This study proved the safety of LC in patients with SCD and cholelithiasis, and that they can tolerate the physiological effects of pneumoperitoneum as non-SCD adults.     

Lactate and acid base changes during laparoscopic cholecystectomy

BACKGROUND: The observation of hemodynamic and metabolic impairment related to CO2 pneumoperitoneum and postoperative mesenteric ischemia reports following laparoscopic procedures have raised concern about local and systemic effects of increase intraabdominal pressure during laparoscopic procedures. The present study aims to evaluate the metabolic and acid base responses of using high pressure versus low pressure pneumoperitonium in patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy in a prospective randomized clinical trial. PATIENTS AND METHOD: 20 ASA I-II patients scheduled for elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy were randomly allocated to one of two study groups; high pressure pneumoperitoneum 12-14mmHg (HPP, n=10) versus low pressure pneumoperitoneum 6-8mmHg (LPP, n=10) undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Arterial blood gases and lactate levels were determined after induction of anesthesia (before pneumoperitonium), then after 10 min, then 30 min after insufflations and at the end of surgery and 1 hour postoperatively. Nurses in recovery unit reported pain assessment starting postoperatively until 3 hours on a 10mm VAS (0-10). Statistical significant was established at P<0.05. RESULT: Bicarbonate was significantly (P>0.0412) lower in high pressure group at 30 min and 60 min after insufflations. In high pressure group lactate levels increased significantly as compared to low pressure group, (at 30 minutes after the establishment of abdominal pneumatic inflation P<0.006 and remained significantly increased (P<0.001) until the end of surgery and one hour thereafter) (P<0.001). The mean postoperative pain score during second hour (VAS) at HPP group was 7.4 +/- 1.17 which is significantly (P < or = 0.006) higher than pain score in LPP group 5.0 +/- 1.886. Shoulder tip pain was reported in 3 patients in the high pressure group and only one patient in the lower pressure group. Conclusion: High-pressure pneumoperitonium causes statistically significant elevation in the arterial lactate level intraoperatively until one hour post operatively. It also causes higher pain score and shoulder tip pain.     

Effects of intraperitoneal and extraperitoneal carbon dioxide insufflation on blood gases during the perioperative period

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of intraperitoneal and extraperitoneal CO2 insufflation on blood gases during and after laparoscopic surgery. Forty patients were included in this study. Twenty patients underwent elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy with intraperitoneal insufflation (intraperitoneal group) and 20 patients underwent laparoscopic inguinal hernia repair with extraperitoneal insufflation (extraperitoneal group). Arterial blood gases were analyzed at four points: 10 minutes after induction, 10 minutes after insufflation, 10 minutes after desufflation, and 30 minutes after the operation in the recovery room. PaCO2 values in the intraperitoneal group at the four points were 36.8 +/- 4, 39.6 +/- 5.9, 40.7 +/- 4.4, and 42.3 +/- 4.8 mm Hg; in the extraperitoneal group, 35.8 +/- 3.9, 37.4 +/- 4, 42.8 +/- 6.6, and 46.2 +/- 5.9 mm Hg. In the extraperitoneal group, there was a significant increase in postoperative PaCO2 compared to the desufflation PaCO2. In our study, extraperitoneal CO2 insufflation caused increases in PaCO2 values that started perioperatively and continued in the postoperative period.