微血管减压术治疗面肌痉挛合并三叉神经痛的临床疗效观察及安全性探讨

目的观察微血管减压术治疗面肌痉挛合并三叉神经痛的临床疗效,分析微血管减压术的临床应用价值以及安全性。方法选取2008年10月到2011年10月期间在我院住院治疗的52例面肌痉挛合并三叉神经痛患者作为研究对象。随机分为实验组和对照组,每组各26例。实验组患者采取微血管减压术进行治疗,对照组患者采取传统的面神经切断术。结果实验组患者的临床总有效率为96.2%,对照组患者的临床总有效率为69.2%,两组比较差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。实验组术后不良反应发生率为30.8%,复发率为19.2%;对照组术后不良反应的发生率为65.4%,复发率为50%,两组患者的不良反应和复发率比较差异均具有统计学意义(P0.05)。两组治疗前生活质量评分比较无统计学差异(P0.05),治疗后两组均高于治疗前(P0.05),而实验组又高于对照组(P0.05)。结论微血管减压术治疗面肌痉挛合并三叉神经痛的临床疗效显著,并发症发病率低,不易复发,具有一定的临床应用价值。     

Technical improvements in the lateral suboccipital approach for neurovascular decompression of the trigeminal and facial nerves

Summary Some refinements of the surgical procedure are described in 12 patients (five females, seven males) operated on for neurovascular decompression (ND) in the presence of trigeminal neuralgia and hemifacial spasm. The patients were operated upon in the supine position, in which the use of a lumbar drainage facilitates the dissection from the beginning. The lateral suboccipital approach was performed by means of a semi-osteoplastic craniotomy with the use of bone chips to close the bone defect so that a good cosmetic effect could be achieved.     

Recurrent Trigeminal Neuralgia After Microvascular Decompression Using an Interposing Technique. Teflon Felt Adhesion and the Sling Retraction Technique

The causes of recurrence after microvascular decompression for trigeminal neuralgia and the results of re-operations were studied in 6 cases. Eighty-two patients with trigeminal neuralgia were operated on through microvascular decompression using the technique of interposing Teflon felt between the offending artery and the pons and/or nerve. Recurrence occurred in 14 cases (17.1%) and re-operations were carried out in 6 severe cases at which time the sling retraction technique was used. At the second operation, the adhesion of the interposed Teflon felt was found at the trigeminal nerve in all cases and the adhesions were the main cause of recurrence. The Teflon felt was dissected from the nerve, and the sling of the Teflon felt adhering to the offending arteries was fixed to the tentorium in order to transpose the arteries and avoid re-adhesion. All cases resulted in an excellent relief from pain and experienced no pain for at least 2 years. The intra-operative findings of our cases indicated that the microvascular decompression using the interposing technique may result in adhesion of the prosthesis to the nerve and thus eventually lead to recurrence. Our surgical experience also suggests that such recurrent cases should be re-operated on using the sling retraction technique instead of the interposing technique, even for the first microvascular decompression procedure.     

Anatomical Observations During Microvascular Decompression for Idiopathic Trigeminal Neuralgia (with Correlations Between Topography of Pain and Site of the Neurovascular Conflict). Prospective Study in a Series of 579 Patients

Summary  Background. The Micro-Vascular Decompression (MVD) procedure – developed for conservative treatment of idiopathic Trigeminal Neuralgia (TN) is based on the NeuroVascular Conflict (NVC) theory. Although MVD has become very popular over the last twenty years, its principles and value remain controversial. Detailed anatomical observations during posterior fossa exploration in patients with idiopathic TN may help to understand better the role of NVCs.  Method. In this article, the authors report the anatomical observations made under the operating microscope in a consecutive series of 579 patients suffering from idiopathic TN who were treated by MVD.  Findings. In 19 cases (3.3%) no neuro-vascular conflict was found. In the remaining 560 (96.7%) one or several offending vessel(s) were identified. A superior cerebellar artery alone or in association with other “conflicting” vessel(s) was found in 88% of the patients, an anterior-inferior cerebellar artery (alone or in association) in 25.1%, a vein embedded in the nerve (alone or in association) in 27.6%, the basilar artery (alone or in association) in 3.5%. Of prime importance, several “conflicting” vessels were found in association in 37.8% of the patients. Location of the NVC was in the trigeminal root entry zone in 52.3% of the patients, in the midthird of the nerve in 54.3% and at the exit of the nerve from Meckel cave in 9.8%. The relation of the predominant conflict with the surface of the nerve was supero-medial in 53.9%, supero-lateral in 31.6% and inferior in 14.5%. The degree of severity of the main conflict was a simple contact with the nerve in 17.6%, a distorsion of the nerve in 49.2% and a marked indentation in 33.2%.  Alteration of the whole trigeminal nerve was frequently observed. In 42% of patients, the nerve had a significant degree of global atrophy. In 18.2%, there was a local thickening of arachnoid membranes, adherent to the nerve. In 12.6%, the root had a marked angulation on crossing over the petrous ridge. Finally in 3.9%, the nerve was compressed between pons and petrous bone, due to the small size of the posterior fossa.  Interpretation. It is concluded that NVC in this series played an important role as a causative factor of the neuralgia, as classical; but other – possibly responsible – anatomical factors were found, especially a global atrophy of the root, a focal arachnoid thickening, a ribbon-shaped and angulated root on crossing over the petrous ridge . . .     

Factors Influencing Decision-making and Outcome in the Surgical Management of Trigeminal Neuralgia

Objectives The aim was to optimize the algorithm of operative intervention for trigeminal neuralgia (TN).Design A multivariate analysis was undertaken to determine factors that had influenced both the initial choice of surgical intervention and the subsequent outcomes.Setting The study was undertaken with patients who underwent microvascular decompression (MVD) or percutaneous glycerol injection (PGI) for TN between 2007 and 2009.Participants Seventy-one consecutive patients (43 female) were selected.Main Outcome Measures Data were prospectively recorded and included demographics, etiology, and presentation of TN, duration of symptoms, neurovascular contact, and the outcomes of surgery.Results The response rates for MVD and PGI were 96.2% and 87.5%, respectively. The recurrence rates were 9.8% following MVD and 33.3% following PGI. Multivariate analyses confirmed multiple sclerosis and the identification of neurovascular contact as the only factors predictive of the choice of surgical intervention and the risk of recurrence following MVD.Conclusions Our approach to choosing an operative intervention has been validated. The presence of neurovascular contact and the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis influenced the choice of surgery and were predictive of subsequent outcome. Both MVD and PGI offer effective treatment options for TN. Surgery should be offered early when medical management fails.     

臂丛神经根性撕脱伤患者三叉神经支配区感觉改变与交感神经功能状态关系的探讨

目的：研究臂丛神经根性撕脱伤患者面部三叉神经支配区感觉变化与交感神经功能状态的关系。方法：对38例臂丛神经根性撕脱伤患者面部三叉神经支配区感觉和交感神经功能状况进行临床检查与分析。同时对臂丛神经，膈神经和融神经损伤情况进行电生理学检查，结果：38例臂丛神经根性撕脱伤患者中，19例伴有交感神经损伤，13例面部感觉减退，交感神经功能减退的19例患者中，12例伴有面部感觉减退（63.2%)；面部感觉减退的13例患者中，12例伴有交感神经功能减退（92.3%)，臂丛神经根性撕脱伤患者受伤短期内，可有患侧头面部交感神经功能和面部感觉减退，一段时期以后，患侧面部三叉神经支配区感觉可随交感神经症状的消失而逐渐恢复，结论：臂丛神经根性撕脱伤患者常伴有颈部交感神经损伤，可能患侧面部三叉神经支配区感觉减退与颈部交感神经损伤有关。     

Relation between the Persistence of an Abnormal Muscle Response and the Long-Term Clinical Course after Microvascular Decompression for Hemifacial Spasm

Mentalis muscle responses to electrical stimulation of the zygomatic branch of the facial nerve are considered abnormal muscle responses (AMRs) and can be used to monitor the success of decompression in microvascular decompression (MVD) surgery. The aim of this study was to compare the long-term outcome of MVD surgery in which the AMR disappeared to the outcome of surgery in which the AMR persisted. From 2005 to 2009, 131 patients with hemifacial spasm received MVD surgery with intraoperative monitoring of AMR. At 1 week postsurgery, spasms had resolved in 82% of cases in the AMR-disappearance group and 46% of cases in the persistent-AMR group, mild spasms were present in 10% of cases in the AMR-disappearance group and 31% of cases in the persistent-AMR group, and moderate were present spasms in 8% of cases in the AMR-disappearance group and 23% of cases in the persistent-AMR group (P < 0.05). At 1 year postsurgery, spasms had resolved in 92% of cases in the AMR-disappearance group and 84% of cases in the persistent-AMR group, mild spasms were present in 6% of cases in the AMR-disappearance group and 8% of cases in the persistent-AMR group, and moderate spasms were present in 3% of cases in the AMR-disappearance group and 8% of the cases in the persistent-AMR group (P = 0.56). These results indicate that the long-term outcome of MVD surgery in which the AMR persisted was no different to that of MVD surgery in which the AMR disappeared.     

Gardner neurovascular decompression of the trigeminal and facial nerves for tic douloureux and hemifacial spasm

Neurovascular decompession of the trigeminal and facial nerves for tic douloureux and hemifacial spasm has been performed for the past two decades, starting with W. James Gardner in 1959. Although other neurosurgeons have refined and further perfected the operation, reporting large series of successful results, the credit for the concept and original procedures, including use of the surgical microscope, has generally escaped the attention of present-day neurological surgeons. This paper attempts to correct this inequity.     

Significant Correlation between Delayed Relief after Microvascular Decompression and Morphology of the Abnormal Muscle Response in Patients with Hemifacial Spasm

Although microvascular decompression (MVD) is a reliable treatment for hemifacial spasm (HFS), postoperative delayed relief of persistent HFS is one of the main issues. In patients with hemifacial spasm, stimulation of a branch of the affected facial nerve elicits an abnormal response in the muscles innervated by another branch. Several specific types of waves were found in the abnormal muscle response (AMR). This study aimed to confirm the relationship between the initial morphology of the AMR wave and delayed relief of persistent HFS after MVD. We retrospectively analyzed and compared the data from 47 of 155 consecutive patients who underwent MVD for HFS at our hospital between January 2015 and March 2020. Based on the pattern of the initial AMR morphology on orbicularis oculi and mentalis muscle stimulation, patients were divided into two groups, namely, the monophasic and polyphasic groups. The results of MVD surgery for HFS were evaluated 1 week, 1 month, and 1 year postoperatively, by evaluating whether or not the symptoms of HFS persisted at the time of each follow-up. There were significantly higher rates of persistent postoperative HFS in patients with the polyphasic type of initial AMR at 1 week and 1 month after the surgery (p < 0.05, respectively), as assessed using Yates chi-squared test and Fisher''s exact test. A significant correlation was observed between delayed relief after MVD and polyphasic morphology of the AMR in electromyographic analysis in patients with hemifacial spasm.     

Micro-vascular decompression for primary Trigeminal Neuralgia (typical or atypical). Long-term effectiveness on pain; prospective study with survival analysis in a consecutive series of 362 patients

Summary Background. Few publications on primary Trigeminal Neuralgia treated by Micro-Vascular Decompression (MVD) report large series, with long-term follow-up, using Kaplan-Meier (K-M) analysis. None was specifically directed to the comparative study of MVD effectiveness on Trigeminal Neuralgia with typical (i.e., with paroxysmal pain only) and atypical features (i.e., with association of a permanent background of pain). Method. The authors report a series of 362 patients having clearcut vascular compression and treated with pure MVD – i.e., without any additional cut or coagulation of the adjacent root fibers. Follow-up was 1 to 18 y (8 y on average, with a median of 7.2 y). Results were considered overall, then separately for patients with typical (237 (65.5%)) and atypical (125 (34.5%)) clinical presentation. Findings. One year after operation, (294 (81.2%) of patients were totally-free – of paroxysmal pain, and also of permanent background pain – and not needing any medication) 13 (3.6%) still had a background of pain but without the need for medication which 55 patients (15.2%), treatment had failed. At latest review (8 y on average) the corresponding rates were 80, 4.9 and 15.1%, respectively. Kaplan-Meier analysis estimated the probability of total cure at 15 y to be 73.4%. There was no difference in the cure rate between patients with typical and atypical features at one year: 81 and 81.16%, respectively. The probability of cure at 15 y was identical for the two clinical presentations. Conclusions. Pure MVD offers patients affected by Trigeminal Neuralgia due to vascular compression a long-lasting cure in three-fourths of the cases. Both typical and atypical presentations respond well to MVD, view in contrast to the classical view that an atypical presentation has an adverse effect on outcome after surgery.     

Adjunctive use of endoscopy during microvascular decompression in the cerebellopontine angle: 27 case reports

Microvascular decompression is an important procedure for the management of microvascular compression syndromes in the cerebellopontine angle (CPA) like trigeminal neuralgia or hemifacial spasm. The ability to identify the offending vessel is the key to success. Can the endoscope help surgeons to identify and understand the responsible conflict in order to treat them? Our series concerns 27 consecutive patients who underwent microvascular decompression systematically using an endoscope with an angulation of 30° at the beginning and the end of the intervention. The decompression procedure was done under microscope. Endoscopic exploration was successful for all patients. Endoscopy improved visualization of the cranial nerves and allowed to see and understand the neurovascular conflicts, which were not able to be observed using the microscope alone for two of the 27 patients. The endoscope is a useful adjunct to microscopic exploration of the cranial nerves in the CPA avoiding significant cerebellar or brainstem retraction.     

Percutaneous Controlled Radiofrequency Rhizotomy in the Management of Patients with Trigeminal Neuralgia due to Multiple Sclerosis

Summary  Between the years 1974 and 1999, 1,672 patients with medically intractable trigeminal neuralgia (TN) were treated by percutaneous controlled radiofrequency (RF) rhizotomy by the senior author and co-workers at the Department of Neurosurgery, Ankara University School of Medicine. Sixteen hundred cases (95.7%) were found to have idiopathic TN, while 72 cases (4.3%) were classified as symptomatic. In the latter group, TN was found to be caused by multiple sclerosis (MS) in 17 cases (23.6%), one of whom had bilateral TN. All patients having TN with MS (17 cases) underwent percutaneous controlled radiofrequency rhizotomy (25 procedures) as the procedure of choice. The MS patients were followed for an average of 60 months (range: 6–141 months). Complete pain relief was achieved with a single procedure in 12 of the 17 MS cases (70.6%). Early (less than 2 weeks) pain recurrence was seen in two patients (11.8%), while the overall recurrence rate was 29.4%. A second procedure was required to control TN in three cases (17.6%), a third in one (5.9%), and twice for each side for the case with bilateral TN (5.9%). Pain was completely relieved in 14 cases (82.4%) with single or multiple RF rhizotomies. In three cases (17.6%), partial pain control was achieved with RF rhizotomy, and the patients continued to receive adjunctive medical therapy. No complications were observed. All 17 patients (100%) were classified to have done well with RF rhizotomy.  Satisfactory results and good long-term pain control were obtained in patients having TN due to MS with percutaneous controlled RF rhizotomy. The authors propose that RF rhizotomy may be a safe and effective procedure in the neurosurgical armamentarium for the treatment of patients having TN due to MS.     

超声引导下三叉神经痛微创治疗技术应用进展

背景 三叉神经痛是一种临床上常见的神经病理性疼痛,其治疗方法包括药物治疗、微创治疗和手术治疗等.目前微创治疗主要通过X线和CT引导下完成.而超声因其无射线暴露、操作简单、实时追踪等优点也逐渐获得临床医师的青睐.目的 总结分析国内外现有超声引导下三叉神经微创治疗技术及研究,为开展该项技术提供理论依据. 内容 介绍超声引导下三叉神经阻滞的定位方法、操作步骤、适应证和可能的并发症. 趋向 进一步对比研究超声引导下三叉神经阻滞技术疗效和操作细节,使超声在三叉神经痛的治疗中得到更广泛的应用.     

CT引导下乙醇或阿霉素半月神经节毁损术对三叉神经痛患者的效应

目的观察CT引导下经皮卵圆孔穿刺,半月神经节注射乙醇或阿霉素毁损治疗三叉神经痛的效应。方法92例原发性三叉神经痛患者,男39例,女53例,年龄37-84岁,病程1-14年,随机分为2组。治疗前CT冠状及轴位扫描卵圆孔和颅后窝,除外继发性三叉神经痛。在穿刺卵圆孔过程中CT引导穿刺的方向并确认针尖的位置,经造影确保穿刺针准确位于神经节内,A组向三叉神经半月节注射神经破坏药乙醇,B组注射阿霉素。结果治疗后12个月,两组分别有31例和36例完全无痛,13例和6例未缓解,组间比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),两组均无严重并发症。结论CT引导下经皮半月神经节毁损术治疗三叉神经痛效果明显,阿霉素的疗效优于乙醇。     

The MRI volumetry of the posterior fossa and its substructures in trigeminal neuralgia: a validated study

Purpose  Our aim was to determine whether the anatomical configuration of the posterior fossa and its substructures might represent a predisposition factor for the occurrence of clinical neurovascular conflict in trigeminal neuralgia (TN). Methods  We used MRI volumetry in 18 patients with TN and 15 controls. The volume of the pontomesencephalic cistern, Meckel’s cave and the trigeminal nerve on the clinical and non-affected sides was compared. The reliability has been assessed in all measurements. Results  The posterior fossa volume was not different in the clinical and control groups; there was no difference between the affected and non-affected sides when measuring the pontomesencephalic cistern and Meckel’s cave volume either. The volume of the clinically affected trigeminal nerve was significantly reduced, but with a higher error of measurement. Conclusions  We did not find any association between the clinical neurovascular conflict (NVC) and the size of the posterior fossa and its substructures. MRI volumetry may show the atrophy of the affected trigeminal nerve in clinical NVC.     

Dumbbell Type Jugular Foramen Meningioma Extending Both into the Posterior Cranial Fossa and into the Parapharyngeal Space: Report of 2 Cases with Vascular Reconstruction

Summary Two cases with huge dumbbell type jugular foramen meningioma with extension into the parapharyngeal space are reported. A well co-ordinated surgical strategy for total resection to this high risk tumour with neurosurgeons, otolaryngologists and plastic surgeons is mandatory to minimise operative complications. Both of our patients presented with a cervical mass and lower cranial nerve palsies, and had huge dumbbell type masses extending from the posterior cranial fossa through the jugular foramen to the parapharyngeal space, encasing the cervical internal carotid artery. Gross total resection of the tumours was successfully achieved by basically a 2-stage operation. In the first stage, posterior fossa tumours were removed by the transjugular approach, combined with the petrosal approach in one case. In the second stage, cervical tumours were removed along with the cervical carotid artery by the transcervical and/or transmandibular approach, followed by vascular reconstruction from the ipsilateral carotid artery to the middle cerebral artery using saphenous vein graft. From these experiences, we recommend this 2-stage operation for large dumbbell type meningiomas extending to the infratemporal/parapharyngeal space. The intracranial tumour is removed at the first operation. The extracranial portion is resected at the second, and if necessary, the involved cervical carotid artery is resected and simultaneous revascularisation using saphenous vein graft is performed with a vascularised free muscle graft. This strategy could maximise the functional preservation on the one hand, and minimise the surgical risk, such as postoperative infection, on the other.     

前后路联合颈椎管扩大成形术治疗脊髓型颈椎病

目的 评价前后路联合颈椎管扩大成形术治疗脊髓型颈椎病的临床效果。方法 回顾性分析2001～2005年间应用该术式治疗的48例脊髓型颈椎病患者。术后随访观察植骨融合率,椎间高度维持情况及其并发症。术前和术后通过神经功能JOA评分,颈部轴性症状和颈椎动态侧位片,颈椎MRI进行比较临床疗效。 结果 全部病例均获得随访,平均随访时间28个月。全部患者随访3月,6月,12月,24月JOA评分平均优良率分别为：75.0％, 81.3%, 85.4%, 89.6%。结论 前后入路治疗严重脊髓型颈椎病能彻底减压及提高植骨融合率,并有效的维持椎间高度,避免了因骨的再吸收造成椎间塌陷引起的继发神经功能损害;只要严格的掌握手术的适应证,遵循手术的操作原则,绝大多数的手术并发症均可避免发生。因此,该方法在治疗严重脊髓型颈椎病的一种较理想的治疗方法。     

桡骨远端及尺骨茎突骨折手法整复后尺神经卡压于尺骨茎突骨折端1例

患者,女,54岁,3个月前不慎摔倒,右腕部着地,当即出现右腕肿胀、畸形、功能受限,于当地医院拍片后诊断为“右桡骨远端骨折、右尺骨茎突骨折”,予以骨折手法整复术,石膏托外固定。2个月后去除石膏托行功能锻炼,发现右手尺侧麻木不适,右手无力伴肌萎缩,小鱼际萎缩明显,抓握无力,且症状渐进性加重。在当地医院予以神经营养药物内服治疗,