Systemic Arterial Stiffness Is Associated With Structural Progression in Early Open-Angle Glaucoma

PurposeThe purpose was to identify association between systemic arterial stiffness predicted by brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (PWV) and initial location of structural progression in early open-angle glaucoma.MethodsPatients with early open-angle glaucoma who underwent PWV measurements were subjected to a retrospective review of medical records. A total of 160 eyes of 160 patients were subjected to analyses. Patients were categorized into three PWV groups. Structural progression was determined using event-based analysis of the Guided Progression Analysis software of Cirrus optical coherence tomography.ResultsThirty-eight patients had a PWV of 1400 cm/s or less on both the left and right sides (low PWV, 39.5% females, 53.9 ± 8.8 years old), and 46 patients showed a PWV of 1800 cm/s or more on either side (high PWV; 54.3% females, 71.3 ± 5.8 years old). The rest of the patients had an intermediate PWV (n = 76, 50.0% females, 59.8 ± 8.6 years old). Among patients who showed progression in 69.3 ± 41.5 months, macular ganglion cell–inner plexiform layer (mGCIPL) loss preceded peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (ppRNFL) loss in 86.7% of high PWV group (n = 15, 60.0% females, 70.0 ± 6.0 years old) in comparison with 26.7% of the low PWV group (P = 0.002). The PWV was significantly higher in patients whose structural progression was first observed at mGCIPL (1744.1 ± 347.7 cm/s) than patients whose initial location was ppRNFL (1452.0 ± 201.0 cm/s; P = 0.012). A high PWV was associated with increased likelihood of structural progression at mGCIPL (odds ratio, 7.484; 95% confidence interval, 1.212–49.196; P = 0.030) among patients who showed progression.ConclusionsPWV is a significant predictor of the location of structural progression in open-angle glaucoma. Vascular insufficiency may be an important aspect in the pathogenesis of glaucoma.     

眼轴对原发性开角型青光眼视盘和黄斑血管密度的影响

目的：运用光学相干断层扫描血管成像（OCTA）进行视网膜视盘区和黄斑区血管成像,探讨眼轴对 原发性开角型青光眼（POAG）视盘和黄斑血管密度的影响。方法：病例对照研究。连续收集2019年 6 ─11 月于中山眼科中心确诊的POAG病例,依据眼轴长度分为中等眼轴青光眼组（眼轴范围为 22.51～25.50 mm）和长眼轴青光眼组（眼轴>25.50 mm）,并匹配年龄和病情严重程度,所有患者单 眼入组。最后共42例纳入中等眼轴青光眼组,37例纳入长眼轴青光眼组。所有受检者完成视野、光 学相干断层扫描成像（OCT）、OCTA检查。通过OCTA测量视盘周围放射状毛细血管密度（RPC VD） 和黄斑浅层血管密度。采用独立样本t检验、Pearson相关等分析数据。结果：长眼轴青光眼组神 经节细胞复合体（GCC）厚度小于中等眼轴青光眼组[（74.5±9.6）μm vs. （80.5±13.6）μm;t=2.244, P=0.028],但2组视网膜神经纤维层（RNFL）厚度差异无统计学意义。长眼轴青光眼组黄斑全图、 黄斑旁区、黄斑周围区血管密度均小于中等眼轴青光眼组,但仅黄斑周围区颞侧血管密度的差 异有统计学意义（t=2.235,P=0.028）。2组的平均和各象限RPC VD差异均无统计学意义。眼轴与 GCC、黄斑浅层血管密度参数呈负相关（眼轴与GCC：r=-0.333,P=0.003;眼轴与黄斑浅层血管密 度：r=-0.303～-0.282,均P<0.05）,与RPC VD无显著相关性（P=0.383）。结论：在病情相近的情 况下,POAG眼轴的延长主要损害黄斑血管,尤其是周边部颞侧血管,对视盘周围微血管无显著 影响。     

OCTA观察高度近视眼ICL植入术后视网膜血流密度的变化

目的：利用光学相干断层扫描血管成像技术（OCTA）观察高度近视眼行有晶状体眼后房型人工晶状 体（ICL）植入术对黄斑区视网膜血流密度、视网膜厚度的影响。方法：前瞻性临床研究。选取2019年 12月至2020年5月于南京医科大学附属眼科医院行ICL植入术的高度近视患者25例（43眼）,术眼 等效球镜度（SE）>-6.00 D。观察患者术前,术后1周、1个月、3个月的视力、眼压、拱高及黄斑区 视网膜血流密度、视网膜厚度的变化。数据采用方差分析进行统计分析。结果：患者手术前后各时 间点裸眼视力和最佳矫正视力总体差异均有统计学意义（F=500.975,P<0.001;F=16.032,P<0.001）, 术后各时间点指标均较术前明显提高（均P<0.001）。术后各时间点黄斑中心凹无血管区（FAZ）面积 均较术前减少（均P<0.001）,术后黄斑中心凹视网膜厚度（CRT）无明显改变。患者手术前后黄斑中 心凹、黄斑旁中心凹、颞侧、上方、鼻侧及下方各区域浅层视网膜血流密度差异均无统计学意义。 与术前相比,术后1周、1个月、3个月黄斑中心凹、颞侧、上方及下方各区域深层视网膜血流密度差 异均无统计学意义,而术后黄斑旁中心凹、鼻侧深层视网膜血流密度较术前均有所降低（均P<0.05）。 结论：OCTA观察显示高度近视眼行ICL植入术对鼻侧深层视网膜血流密度有影响,同时FAZ面积降 低,但对其余视网膜血流密度及视网膜厚度无影响。     

OCTA评估高度近视合并原发性开角型青光眼血管密度与视野缺损的相关性

目的：评估高度近视（HM）合并原发性开角型青光眼（POAG）血管密度及视盘形态学特点,分析血 管密度与视野缺损的相关性。方法：横断面研究。连续选取2019年3─12月就诊于长沙爱尔眼科 医院的HM合并POAG患者24例（44眼）,按视野平均偏差（MD）值将其分为早期POAG组（13例, 20眼）和中晚期POAG组（15例,24眼）,同时选取单纯HM 37例（50眼）作为对照组。所有患者均使用 光学相干断层扫描血管成像（OCTA）测量视盘和黄斑血管密度及结构参数,眼底照相计算视盘椭圆 度并行视野检查。单因素方差分析比较各组间血管密度、结构及视野参数的差异性,采用Pearson 或Spearman相关分析各指标与MD及视盘椭圆度的相关性。结果：与对照组相比,HM合并POAG 视盘旁毛细血管密度、中心凹深层血管密度及旁中心凹浅层血管密度降低（F=86.340、18.620、 42.757,均P<0.001）,并随病程的进展而加重。早期POAG组与对照组视盘椭圆度差异无统计学意 义（P=0.077）,中晚期POAG组视盘椭圆度小于对照组和早期POAG组,差异有统计学意义（P<0.001, P=0.028）。与MD相关性最高的参数是平均视网膜神经纤维层（RNFL）厚度（r=0.782,P<0.001）, 其次是平均神经节细胞层（GCC）厚度（r=0.621,P<0.001）、旁中心凹浅层毛细血管密度（r=0.621, P<0.001）、视盘旁毛细血管密度（r=0.599,P<0.001）、中心凹深层毛细血管密度（r=0.420,P=0.002）。 视盘椭圆度与视盘旁毛细血管密度（r=0.318,P=0.002）、视盘面积（r=0.405,P<0.001）、平均RNFL 厚度（r=0.476,P<0.001）、平均GCC厚度（r=0.375,P<0.001）呈正相关。结论：HM合并POAG血管 密度的降低与视野缺损的相关性低于平均RNFL及GCC厚度,视盘椭圆度与血管密度的降低及结构 损伤存在相关性。OCTA可用于HM合并POAG的早期诊断。     

单纯性高度近视黄斑区视网膜敏感度与血流密度的关系

目的：观察单纯性高度近视黄斑区视网膜敏感度与血流密度的变化规律,并探讨其相关性。方法： 描述性研究。收集2019年3─9月在南昌爱尔眼科医院就诊的患者及志愿者共80例（80眼）,其中单 纯性高度近视47例（47眼）作为高度近视组,低度近视及正视33例（33眼）作为对照组。采用光学相 干断层扫描血管成像（OCTA）测量黄斑区3 mm×3 mm视网膜浅层血流密度（SVD）及深层血流密 度（DVD）,黄斑功能评估仪（MAIA）微视野计测量黄斑区10°视网膜敏感度（RS）。根据糖尿病视网 膜病变早期干预研究将RS图划分为与血流图相对应的6个区域（颞、上、鼻、下、中、旁中区）。2组 间数据比较采用独立样本t检验。RS与眼轴、等效球镜度、SVD和DVD的相关性采用Pearson相关 分析。结果：与对照组相比,高度近视组RS除鼻侧外,其余各区均明显下降（均P<0.05）,且高度近 视组DVD总、旁中、上、下均明显降低（均P<0.05）。无论总体受检者还是高度近视组,RS与等效 球镜度呈正相关（r=0.382,P<0.001;r=0.435,P=0.002）、与眼轴呈负相关（r=-0.429,P<0.001;r= -0.382,P=0.008）、与DVD呈正相关（r=0.286,P=0.010;r=0.344,P=0.018）、与SVD无相关性。高 度近视组RS与SVD在中、旁中、颞及鼻区呈正相关（r=0.386,P=0.015;r=0.292,P=0.046;r=0.435, P=0.006;r=0.319,P=0.048）,RS与DVD在中、旁中、上及下区呈正相关（r=0.330,P=0.040; r=0.358,P=0.025;r=0.294,P=0.045;r=0.437,P=0.005）。结论：单纯性高度近视眼RS和DVD下降, 且呈现出区域性差异。RS的下降可能与DVD降低有关。     

Longitudinal Changes in Macular Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography Metrics in Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma With High Myopia: A Prospective Study

PurposeTo characterize longitudinal changes in macular microvasculature as quantified from optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) metrics in primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) eyes with and without high myopia.MethodsIn total, 63 and 61 POAG eyes with and without high myopia, respectively, underwent swept-source OCTA imaging in at least four follow-up visits at an ophthalmic center, with a scanning protocol of 3- × 3-mm centered at the fovea. The foveal avascular zone (FAZ) area, FAZ circularity, and vessel density (VD) in both the superficial (SCP) and deep capillary plexuses (DCP) were measured. The rate of change in macular OCTA metrics over time was estimated using linear mixed-effects models in both groups of POAG eyes.ResultsThe mean follow-up time and number of visits were 27.72 ± 8.57 months and 8.5 (8 to 13) times, and 30.95 ± 10.19 months and 10 (8‒13) times in POAG eyes with and without high myopia, respectively. VD in the DCP reduced significantly more quickly in POAG eyes with high myopia than in those without high myopia (−5.14%/year vs. −3.71%/year, P = 0.008). Moreover, lower baseline VD in the DCP was significantly associated with faster VD reduction in POAG with high myopia eyes (P < 0.001). Conversely, the VD reduction rate in the SCP, FAZ area, and FAZ circularity in both the SCP and DCP were similar in both groups (all Ps > 0.05).ConclusionsVD in DCP reduced significantly more quickly in POAG eyes with high myopia over time. Density in the DCP reduced more quickly when baseline VD was low.     

高度近视人群视盘周围血流密度与神经纤维层厚度的变化特征

目的：应用光学相干断层扫描血管造影（OCTA）分析年轻成人中高度近视人群视盘周围血流密度及 神经纤维层厚度的变化特征及其之间的相关性。方法：系列病例研究。纳入温州医科大学附属眼视 光医院2020年10—12月门诊近视患者90例（90眼）。根据等效球镜度（SE）将患者分为对照组27眼（-3.00 D ≤SE≤+0.75 D）、高度近视组34眼（-9.00 D≤SE＜-6.00 D）和超高度近视组29眼（SE≤-9.00 D）。采用 OCTA测量眼球矫正前后视盘周围平均、上颞、颞上、上鼻、鼻上、鼻下、下鼻、下颞、颞下侧浅 层毛细血管血流密度（RPC VD）以及视盘周围神经纤维层（pRNFL）厚度。3组间RPC VD及pRNFL 厚度比较采用单因素方差分析或非参数分析,RPC VD、pRNFL厚度、眼轴长度、SE的相关性采用 Spearman或Pearson相关分析。结果：在眼球矫正前,与对照组相比,高度近视组在颞上、颞下侧 pRNFL变厚,下鼻侧pRNFL变薄（H=14.75, P=0.001; H=11.20, P<0.001; F=11.30, P<0.001）,在鼻上、 鼻下侧RPC VD降低（H=6.82, P=0.033; H=10.90, P=0.004）。在平均、颞上、上鼻、鼻上、鼻下、下鼻 及颞下侧pRNFL与RPC VD呈正相关（r=0.29、0.25、0.35、0.44、0.50、0.40、0.48,均P<0.05）。在 眼球矫正后,平均pRNFL、RPC VD与眼轴长度呈正相关（r=0.40, P<0.001; r=0.63, P<0.001）,与SE 呈负相关（r=-0.29, P=0.006; r=-0.48, P<0.001）,且在平均、上颞、颞上、上鼻、鼻上、鼻下、下鼻、 下颞、颞下侧pRNFL与RPC VD呈正相关（r=0.48、0.40、0.58、0.38、0.47、0.57、0.29、0.43、0.56, 均P<0.05）。结论：高度近视患者RPC VD和pRNFL在眼球矫正前颞上、颞下增大,下鼻、鼻上及鼻 下侧减小,而在眼球矫正后平均RPC VD和pRNFL增大。     

Longer Axial Length Potentiates Relationship of Intraocular Pressure and Peripapillary Vessel Density in Glaucoma Patients

PurposeThe purpose of this study was to investigate how axial length (AL) changes the relationship of intraocular pressure (IOP) with peripapillary vessel density (pVD) in glaucoma versus non-glaucomatous eyes.MethodsA population-based, cross-sectional study of 2127 African Americans aged 40 years and older in Inglewood, California, were imaged with 6 × 6-mm optic disc optical coherence tomography angiography scans. There were 1028 healthy subjects (1539 eyes) and 65 subjects with glaucoma (86 eyes) who met inclusion criteria. A multivariable linear mixed effects regression model investigated the relationship of IOP on pVD after controlling for signal strength, retinal nerve fiber layer thickness, and age. These results were stratified by AL groups.ResultsHigher IOP was a significant predictor of lower pVD among subjects with glaucoma (P = 0.009), but not among healthy subjects (P = 0.26). After stratifying by the sample median AL (23.46 mm), higher IOP was associated with lower pVD among subjects with glaucoma with longer AL (≥ 23.46 mm, P = 0.005), but not among those in the shorter AL (< 23.46 mm, P = 0.45). IOP was not significantly associated with pVD among healthy subjects in either AL stratum.ConclusionsAmong subjects with glaucoma with longer AL, IOP was significantly associated with pVD. This relationship was not seen among subjects with glaucoma with shorter AL or non-glaucomatous subjects in either AL group. These findings support the hypothesis that disturbed retinal autoregulation may be present in subjects with glaucoma with longer AL. Longitudinal studies are needed to further investigate whether axial elongation increases glaucoma risk by compromising retinal autoregulation.     

光学相干断层扫描血管成像技术在青光眼诊治中的研究进展

青光眼是全球不可逆盲的主要原因,但其具体的病理生理学仍不太清楚.目前认为血液动力学改变是青光眼病理生理学的关键因素之一.光学相干断层扫描血管成像技术(OCTA)是一种新的成像技术,使视网膜和脉络膜毛细血管可视化,并使用新颖的算法生成高分辨率图像、量化视网膜和脉络膜的血管密度和血流.本文对OCTA测量视网膜血管密度的变化在青光眼诊治中的研究进展进行综述,为临床使用OCTA诊断青光眼、评价病情严重程度提供参考.     

The Macular Choriocapillaris Flow in Glaucoma and Within-Day Fluctuations: An Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography Study

PurposeTo assess quantitatively the choriocapillaris (CC) perfusion area in the macular area of healthy eyes, eyes with primary open-angle glaucoma, and eyes with ocular hypertension using optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA).MethodsA consecutive series of healthy individuals and patients with glaucoma and ocular hypertension were recruited prospectively in this single-center, cross-sectional study based in Milan, Italy. OCTA was performed in the morning and evening, along with a complete ophthalmologic examination. Macular superficial capillary plexus vessel density (SCP-VD) and the thicknesses of the retina and ganglion cell complex (GCC), as well as their fluctuations, were investigated.ResultsThirty-nine eyes from 24 individuals with glaucoma (mean age = 58.79 ± 6 years), 43 eyes from 27 individuals with ocular hypertension (59.19 ± 6 years), and 54 eyes from 35 controls (58.27 ± 6 years) were enrolled. The mean CC perfusion area values were not significantly different among the three groups in the morning or evening (P ≥ 0.47). In contrast, SCP-VD, retinal thickness, and GCC thickness were statistically different among the groups (P ≤ 0.016), except for the foveal SCP-VD (P ≥ 0.19) and the evening foveal thickness (P = 0.57). Diurnal changes in the CC perfusion area, SCP-VD, retinal thickness, and GCC thickness were not statistically significant (P ≥ 0.16). Systemic hypertension, sex, age, axial length, and diurnal changes in intraocular pressure were not significantly associated with morning or evening measurements, or with diurnal fluctuations (P ≥ 0.07).ConclusionsThe macular CC flow perfusion area appears unaffected in eyes with primary open-angle glaucoma. No significant diurnal changes were observed in any of the parameters investigated.     

相干光断层扫描血管造影在青光眼诊断中的应用

许多证据表明血管功能障碍对青光眼的发生发展具有促进作用.相干光断层扫描血管造影(optical coherence tomography angiography,OCTA)作为一种快速、无创的血管成像技术,实现了视网膜和脉络膜各层微循环的分层成像,量化病灶血管密度和血流指数,弥补了传统相干光断层扫描技术(optical...     

Foveal Microvascular Integrity Association With Anti-VEGF Treatment Response for Diabetic Macular Edema

PurposeTo investigate the association between foveal microvascular integrity and anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) treatment response for diabetic macular edema (DME).MethodsThis retrospective study enrolled 58 eyes (from 45 patients) with DME. Treatment strategy was three to five monthly anti-VEGF injections followed by a PRN protocol. Treatment with an intravitreal corticosteroid would be considered for persistent DME after five consecutive anti-VEGF injections. Eyes achieving a treatment-free interval ≥ four months within two years were classified into the good clinical course group (group 1). Eyes with frequent recurrent edema (treatment-free interval < four months) or requiring an intravitreal corticosteroid within two years were classified into the suboptimal clinical course group (group 2). Foveal microvascular integrity was evaluated by two continuous variables, that is, vessel density (%) within a width of 300 µm around the foveal avascular zone (FD-300) on optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) and perifoveal leakage (area %) on fluorescein angiography (FA).ResultsThere were 37 eyes in group 1 and 21 eyes in group 2. FD-300 (odds ratio 0.733, 95% CI 0.620–0.867, P < 0.001) and perifoveal leakage (odds ratio 1.064, 95% CI 1.007–1.124, P = 0.027) were significantly associated with suboptimal clinical course. Area under curve (AUC) was 0.820 for FD-300 and 0.723 for perifoveal leakage in predicting clinical course. FD-300 was negatively correlated with perifoveal leakage (coefficient = −0.325, P = 0.014).ConclusionsCompromised foveal microvascular integrity, represented by lower FD-300 and more severe perifoveal fluorescein leakage, was associated with suboptimal clinical course in anti-VEGF treatment for DME. A negative correlation between FD-300 and perifoveal leakage existed.     

如何运用OCTA助力青光眼诊治

相干光断层扫描血管成像术（optical coherence tomography angiography,OCTA）扫描速度快、分辨率高,可定量检测眼底微小血管的血流,且在检测视盘周围和黄斑区的血流方面可重复性较好,显示了诊断和监测青光眼的潜能,起到补充结构OCT和视野检查的作用。本文评论了OCTA用于青光眼的主要检测指标（视盘及其周围的浅层微血管密度、黄斑区浅层血管密度以及视盘旁深层微血管缺失）,相较于结构OCT和视野检查OCTA检测青光眼的能力和特点,以及如何合理应用OCTA检测青光眼的思考等。（眼科,2023,32:1-5）     

Ocular and Hemodynamic Factors Contributing to the Central Visual Function in Glaucoma Patients With Myopia

PurposeThe purpose of this study was to investigate the ocular and hemodynamic factors contributing to the central visual function in glaucoma patients with myopia.MethodsThis study was a prospective observational study, which included 236 eyes of 140 patients with normal-tension glaucoma (NTG), which includes 114 eyes with mild myopia (axial length ≥24 and <26 mm) and 122 eyes with moderate-to-severe myopia (axial length ≥26 mm). Ocular characteristics were axial length and posterior pole profiles, including peripapillary atrophy (PPA) to disc area ratio, disc tilt ratio, disc torsion, and disc-foveal angle. Hemodynamic factors included standard deviation of the mean of qualified normal-to-normal intervals (SDNN) of a heart rate variability (HRV) test and vessel density (VD) parameters from optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA). The root mean square error was estimated as a measure of the VD fluctuation. Association between ocular characteristics and VD parameters of the OCTA with the central sensitivity of the 10-degree visual field or the presence of central scotoma were analyzed.ResultsDeep layer VD of the peripapillary and macular areas showed significant differences between mild and moderate-to-severe myopia (P = 0.034 and P = 0.045, respectively). Structural parameters, especially PPA to disc area ratio, had significant correlation with peripapillary VD parameters in myopic eyes. Lower SDNN value (ß = 0.924, P = 0.011), lower deep VD of the macular area (ß = 0.845, P = 0.001), and greater fluctuation of deep VD in the peripapillary area (ß = 1.517, P = 0.005) were associated with the presence of central scotoma in patients with glaucoma with myopia in multivariate logistic regression analysis.ConclusionsThe structural changes by myopia, especially in the peripapillary region, affected VD parameters in myopic eyes. Lower deep VD and greater VD fluctuation in the peripapillary region showed association with central scotoma in patients with glaucoma with myopia, suggesting both structural and vascular changes by myopia may be related to central visual function in glaucoma patients with myopia.     

光学相干断层扫描血管造影在青光眼中的应用

光学相干断层扫描血管造影（OCTA）是一种全新的、非侵入性的成像系统,可产生视网膜、脉络膜层的结构数据,显示结构和血液流动信息。分频幅去相关血管成像（SSADA）算法（OCTA的一个重要组成部分）有助于降低信噪比,通过运动对比使视网膜血管成像更清晰,从而为治疗提供更加有意义的图像及数据,是眼科检测方法的一个重大突破。目前对于青光眼缺乏有效的早期诊断方法。OCTA的出现使得血流动力学可以作为评价青光眼的指标。现将对这项新的无创性检查方法在闭角型青光眼、开角型青光眼、正常眼压性青光眼这三种类型的青光眼临床上的应用进行综述。     

Microvasculature Recovery Detected Using Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography and the Rate of Visual Field Progression After Glaucoma Surgery

PurposeWe evaluated microvascular changes using optical coherence tomography angiography (OCT-A) in glaucoma patients who underwent glaucoma surgery.MethodsThe macula and optic nerve head were imaged using an OCT-A device at one day before surgery and at one week, one month, three months, and six months after surgery. Measurements of vessel density (VD) were made in the intradisc region and macula, and the area of the foveal avascular zone (FAZ) was measured in both superficial and deep vascular layers. A mean deviation (MD) slope value of < −1.0 decibel/y was considered to be indicative of VF progression.ResultsA significant increase in VD was observed postoperatively in the deep vascular layer of the intradisc area (P < 0.001), and a significant decrease in the FAZ area was evident in the deep vascular layer (P = 0.018). An increase in the intradisc deep VD (17.48% ± 5.63%) was statistically significant in glaucoma eyes without progression, compared with those with progression (−1.27% ± 2.19%). Worse preoperative MD of the VF (P = 0.006), lower preoperative intradisc VD (P < 0.001), and fewer changes in the intradisc deep VD after surgery (P < 0.001) were significantly associated with MD slope.ConclusionsWe found deep VD changes in the laminar region of the optic nerve head and the macular area at up to postoperative one month after glaucoma surgery. An increase in the deep VD in the laminar region was beneficial to VF progression in glaucoma patients after surgery.     

CDFI和OCTA用于青光眼临床探究的现状与未来

彩色多普勒血流成像（CDFI）和光学相干断层扫描血管成像（OCTA）都是目前应用较为普遍的非侵入性眼科检查技术。两者皆被运用于包括青光眼在内的不同眼部疾病的临床诊疗和机制探索中。其研究结果丰富了关于青光眼发病机制的血管学说,但并未在临床青光眼诊治中广泛应用。鉴于二者的检测对象分别是眼部的血流、血管状态,现就CDFI和OCTA及其在青光眼发病机制探索中的进展进行综合总结并进一步展望未来。     

High-mobility group box1 as an amplifier of immune response and target for treatment in Aspergillus fumigatus keratitis

AIM:To determine the roles of high-mobility group box1(HMGB1)in pro-inflammation,host immune response and its potential target for treatment in Aspergillus fumigatus(A.fumigatus)keratitis.METHODS:Expression of HMGB1 was tested in C57 BL/6 normal and infected corneas.Dual immunostaining tested coexpression of HMGB1 with TLR4 or LOX-1.C57 BL/6 mice were pretreated with Box A or PBS and then infected.Clinical scores,polymerase chain reaction,ELISA,and MPO assay were used to assess the disease response.Flow cytometry were used to test the effect of Box A on reactive oxygen species(ROS)expression after A.fumigatus stimulation in polymorphonuclear neutrophilic leukocytes(PMN).C57 BL/6 peritoneal macrophages were pretreated with Box B before A.fumigatus stimulation,and MIP-2,IL-1β,TNF-α,HMGB1 and LOX-1 were measured.Macrophages were pretreated with Box B or Box B combined with Poly(I)(an inhibitor of LOX-1)before stimulating with A.fumigatus,and MIP-2,IL-1β,TNF-α,LOX-1,p38-MAPK,p-p38-MAPK were measured.RESULTS:HMGB1 levels were elevated in C57 BL/6 mice after infection.HMGB1 co-expressed with TLR4,and LOX-1 in infiltrated cells.Box A vs PBS treated C57 BL/6 mice had lower clinical scores and down-regulated corneal HMGB1,MIP-2,IL-1βexpression and neutrophil influx.Box B treatment amplified expression of MIP-2,IL-1β,TNF-α,HMGB1 and LOX-1 that induced by A.fumigatus in macrophage.Compared to the treatment of Box B only,the protein expression of IL-1β,TNF-αshowed inhibition of Box B combined with Poly(I),which also reduced the A.fumigatusevoked protein level of LOX-1 and phosphorylation level of p38-MAPK.The production of A.fumigatus-stimulated ROS was significantly declined after Box A pretreatment in PMN.CONCLUSION:Blocking HMGB1 reduces the disease response in C57 BL/6 mice.HMGB1 can amplify the host immune response through p38-MAPK,and is a target for treatment of A.fumigatus keratitis.     

Geographic Atrophy Progression Is Associated With Choriocapillaris Flow Deficits Measured With Optical Coherence Tomographic Angiography

PurposeThe purpose of this study was to assess the associations between baseline choriocapillaris (CC) flow deficits and geographic atrophy (GA) progression.MethodsIn this prospective cohort study, patients with GA underwent 3 × 3-mm macular spectral-domain optical coherence tomographic angiography (OCTA) at baseline and follow-up visits. Annual GA enlargement rate was defined as change of square root of GA area in 12 months. Shadow areas due to iris, media opacity, retinal vessels, and drusen were excluded. CC vessel density (CC-VD) in non-GA areas was measured using a validated machine-learning-based algorithm. Low perfusion area (LPA) was defined as capillary density below the 0.1 percentile threshold of the same location of 40 normal healthy control eye. Focal perfusion loss (FPL) was defined as percentage of CC loss within LPA compared with normal controls.ResultsTen patients with GA were enrolled and followed for 26 months on average. At baseline, the mean GA area was 0.84 ± 0.70 mm². The mean CC-VD was 44.5 ± 15.2%, the mean LPA was 4.29 ± 2.6 mm², and the mean FPL was 50.4 ± 28.2%. The annual GA enlargement rate was significantly associated with baseline CC-VD (r = −0.816, P = 0.004), LPA (r = 0.809, P = 0.005), and FPL (r = 0.800, P = 0.005), but not with age (r = 0.008, P = 0.98) and GA area (r = −0.362, P = 0.30).ConclusionsBaseline CC flow deficits were significantly associated with a faster GA enlargement over the course of 1 year, suggesting the choriocapillaris perfusion outside of a GA area may play a role in GA progression.