Urokinase infusion for severe intraventricular haemorrhage

Summary The purpose of this study was to explore in patients with intraventricular haematomas the effectiveness and complication rate of a treatment protocol including standard ventriculostomy and application of urokinase via the catheter.Our series includes 16 patients with severe CT-diagnosed intraparenchymal and predominantly intraventricular haemorrhages. In all cases, ventricular drainage was performed. Urokinase treatment was started immediately with intraventricular infusions of 10,000 U urokinase in 5 ml sterile physiological saline every 12 hours. Twelve patients had an excellent outcome, three good and one poor. There were no complications related to urokinase therapy. Side efects of the infusion volume were profuse sweating and headache which were present at 10 ml total infusion volume, but disappeared after reduction to 5 ml. A group of five patients with comparable lesions treated only with ventriculostomy served as controls. Two of them had a good outcome, two a poor one and one died. The late results in the urokinase-treated group were also favourable. Only one of the patients developed hydrocephalus and was shunted. In the control group, two patients required shunting for delayed hydrocephalus.We conclude that this protocol for urokinase treatment is safe and effective and can be used in almost all patients with intracerebroventricular haemorrhage.     

Fibrinolytic therapy in spontaneous intraventricular haemorrhage: efficacy and safety of the treatment

Intraventricular haemorrhage (IVH) is associated with a poor outcome. Simple external ventricular drainage has not modified the high morbidity and mortality of these patients. Our objective was to review our experience using intraventricular urokinase (UK) in treating patients with moderate to severe IVH. Prospective analysis of medical records of 14 patients diagnosed with spontaneous IVH who received ventriculostomy and intraventricular infusion of UK from January 2002 to December 2005. Patients with the following characteristics were included: 18-70 years of age, GCS between 5 and 14, and moderate to severe IVH (Graeb > or = 6) without simultaneous intraparenchymal haematoma > 30 ml. The final results were compared to historic control group (14 patients) treated between January 1999 to December 2001 with ventriculostomy alone. All 28 patients accomplished the inclusion criteria. Patient age, initial GCS and Graeb classification of IVH were similar in the two groups of treatment. There was higher ventriculostomy obstruction rate in the non-UK group (33.3 vs. 0%; p > 0.05), a higher rate of intracranial hypertension in the non-UK group (66.6 vs. 16.6%; p = 0.036) and a lower mortality rate in the UK group (25 vs. 58.3%, p > 0.05). There was no rebleeding associated with UK treatment. Intraventricular UK appears to be a safe treatment. It is effective in the prevention of catheter blockage, speeding the clearance of IVH, and it is associated with lower rate of intracranial hypertension and death.     

Treatment of severe intraventricular hemorrhage by intraventricular infusion of urokinase

Six patients with severe intraventricular hemorrhage were treated with direct intraventricular infusion of urokinase. In each case, hemorrhage extended into all ventricular chambers, and a cast formation and expansion of the third and fourth ventricles were found. Immediately after the therapy was started (within 7 days from onset of symptoms), reduction of intraventricular hematoma volume was observed on computerized tomography. On average, both the third and fourth ventricles became clear on the third day after hemorrhage; there was one exception, a case of ruptured aneurysm. Five of the six patients showed excellent or good outcome, although two developed delayed hydrocephalus. No infection or rebleeding was observed. The outcome in a retrospectively studied group of five patients not treated with urokinase is also reported. The authors conclude that this relatively easy method of treatment will greatly improve the prognosis of severe intraventricular hemorrhage.     

尿激酶联合缬沙坦对IgA肾病尿检异常型的疗效分析

目的小剂量尿激酶联合缬沙坦治疗IgA肾病尿检异常型的临床疗效。方法将60例经肾脏组织活体检查并结合临床诊断为原发性IgA肾病尿检异常的患者,分为尿激酶联合缬沙坦治疗组（治疗组）和单用缬沙坦治疗组（对照组）,每组各30例。比较2组的临床疗效。结果治疗组尿红细胞（RBC）计数与24h尿蛋白定量在第3、6及12个月均较治疗前明显下降（P〈0.05）,而对照组尿RBC计数与24h尿蛋白定量在治疗前后比较虽有下降,但无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。结论通过尿激酶联合缬沙坦治疗,能有效减少IgA肾病尿检异常患者的蛋白尿和镜下血尿。     

尿激酶对急性深静脉血栓大鼠受累血管管壁的保护作用

目的:观察不同剂量尿激酶对急性深静脉血栓形成大鼠不同时期治疗后受累血管管壁的影响.方法:将96只SD大鼠制备急性深静脉血栓模型后,随机按血栓形成后的时间(1,3,7,14d)分期,均分为:Ⅰ,Ⅱ,Ⅲ,Ⅳ期;每期再均分为:模型组,尿激酶小剂量组[2万U/(kg·d)],尿激酶中剂量组[4万U/(kg·d)],尿激酶大剂量组[(8万U/(kg·d)].尿激酶每日以尾静脉注射,连续7d.实验结束后获取受累段血管,分别通过HE染色和苦味酸-天狼猩红染色观察各组血管内皮细胞数量和胶原含量的变化.结果:在Ⅰ,Ⅱ,Ⅲ期,尿激酶3个剂量组内皮细胞数量均明显高于模型组(均P＜0.05),但尿激酶3个剂量组间差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);胶原阳性染色面积百分比均明显低于模型组(均P＜0.05),且随着尿激酶剂量的增加而减少.在Ⅳ期,尿激酶3个剂量组内皮细胞数量与模型组比较均无统计学的差异(均P＞0.05);但尿激酶3个剂量组胶原阳性染色面积百分比仍明显低于模型组(均P＜0.05).结论:在血栓形成14d内,尿激酶对受累血管的内皮细胞有保护作用,对胶原增生均有抑制作用.在血栓形成14d后,尿激酶对内皮细胞无保护作用,但对胶原增生仍有抑制作用.     

低分子肝素联合尿激酶静脉溶栓治疗急性心肌梗死的临床疗效和安全性评价

目的：对低分子肝素联合尿激酶静脉溶栓治疗急性心肌梗死的临床疗效及安全性进行评价。方法将46例急性心肌梗死患者随机分为溶栓组23例（溶栓再通组和溶栓未通组）、未溶栓组23例,通过低分子肝素联合尿激酶对溶栓组患者进行治疗;使用常规方法治疗未溶栓组患者,无溶栓治疗,对三组患者的射血分数、治疗效果以及死亡率进行观察。结果17例溶栓再通者（73.9%）显著高于6例溶栓未通者（26.1%）（P＜0.05）;溶栓再通组总有效率为88.2%,显著高于66.7%的溶栓未通组、65.2%的未溶栓组（P均＜0.05）。结论急性心肌梗死采用低分子肝素联合尿激酶的静脉溶栓治疗可有效降低死亡率、提升冠状动脉的再通率以及改善预后。     

不同尿激酶溶栓方式在带涤纶套中心静脉导管功能不良中的疗效观察

目的探讨不同的尿激酶溶栓方式治疗带涤纶套中心静脉导管功能不良的临床方案及安全性。 方法选取2018年1月1日至2019年9月1日于我院使用带涤纶套中心静脉导管曾发生功能不良(≥1次/周,且2次以上)患者30例。所有患者均规律透析3次/周,按照随机数字表法随机分为A、B、C共三组,每组10例。另选取10例导管功能良好者,收集一般资料。A组采取尿激酶10万单位(wu)入生理盐水10 ml以1 ml/h分别用2个微量泵从导管的动脉和静脉端持续尿激酶泵入,余量2 ml静推入导管,每周1次,于透析前1日进行;B组尿激酶10 wu入生理盐水100 ml连接2个输液器,分别从导管的动脉和静脉端静滴,调整滴速以20 min输注完毕,每周1次,可于透析当日进行;C组尿激酶10 wu入生理盐水4 ml中分别连接导管动脉和静脉端封管式溶栓,20 min后抽吸,每周1次,可于透析当日进行。1个月后观察透析过程中各组血流量及压力值变化以及有无出血事件。 结果经溶栓治疗后三组导管功能均有改善,A组较B组和C组血流量更高(P<0.01),且该组动静脉压力符合临床需求。 结论微量尿激酶持续泵入治疗导管功能不良的效果较佳。     

尿激酶经导管溶栓治疗下肢深静脉血栓形成110例

目的：探讨尿激酶在经导管溶栓治疗下肢深静脉血栓形成（DVT）中的应用。方法：使用经导管溶栓治疗DVT,并按尿激酶用量、给药频率将患者分组。结果：血栓溶解率小剂量组为（38.7±24.0）%,标准组为（54.8±26.0）%,大剂量组为（53.0±21.0）%,小剂量组与标准组差异有统计学意义（P〈0.01）。当每日给药频率由2次增加至3次、4次时,血栓溶解率由（38.9±19.0）%分别上升至（49.3±20.0）%和（63.8±18.0）%,两两比较差异均有统计学意义（P≤0.05）。结论：尿激酶每日用量在30万U左右时,量效关系比较满意,增加尿激酶用量并不能明显提高血栓溶解率,增加每日尿激酶给药频率,可以提高血栓溶解率。     

经导管直接溶栓治疗下肢深静脉血栓形成的尿激酶量效分析

目的探讨经导管直接溶栓（CDT）治疗下肢深静脉血栓中尿激酶的合理用量。方法将拟接受CDT的90例DVT患者随机分为3组：A组用小剂量尿激酶溶栓（每日用量〈40万U）,B组用中等剂量（每日用量40万～80万U）,C组用大剂量（每日用量〉80万U）进行溶栓治疗。比较3组的溶栓效果、溶栓时间及出血情况。结果3组溶栓疗效差异有统计学意义（Hc=15．09,P〈O．05）,A组与B组疗效差异有统计学意义（t=1．99,P〈0．05）。3组溶栓时间差异有统计学意义（F=4．92,P〈0．05）。各组出血发生率差异无统计学意义（x^2=2．96,P〉0．05）,C组出血程度最重。结论CDT治疗DVT安全有效,每日尿激酶用量在40万U～80万U时溶栓疗效好,且出血发生率低。     

尿激酶持续泵入治疗长期留置血液透析导管功能障碍

目的探讨大剂量尿激酶持续泵入联合低分子肝素治疗维持性血液透析患者留置导管功能障碍的临床疗效。方法选取有导管功能障碍的患者18例,分成常规尿激酶治疗组（A组）10例;大剂量尿激酶联合低分子肝素治疗组（B组）8例,前者按K／DOQI推荐的尿激酶溶栓方案进行处理,后者则采用大剂量尿激酶持续泵入溶栓治疗,并后续给予低分子肝素,观察2组患者留置导管溶栓后再通率、复通后血流量、凝血指标等。结果A组患者行溶栓治疗56例次,溶栓后导管再通率71．4％,复通后血流量（198±32）ml／min;B组患者行溶栓治疗32例次,溶栓后导管再通率100％,复通后血流量（252±28）ml／min,2组患者导管再通率和复通后血流量均有统计学差异（P〈0．05）。2组患者各凝血指标无显著差异（P〉0．05）。结论大剂量尿激酶持续泵入联合低分子肝素治疗维持性血液透析患者长期留置导管功能障碍,再通率高,安全性好。     

腰大池灌注林格氏液加脑室外引流治疗脑室出血的实验研究

目的 探讨腰大池恒压灌注林格氏液加侧脑室外引流治疗脑室内出血的安全性、可行性及疗效。方法 选用纯种比格犬10条做成脑室内出血的模型，模型建立后4h开始治疗，实验组5条，以2．96kPa(1kPa＝7．5mm Hg)的压力经腰大池灌注林格氏液，同时行侧脑室外引流；对照组5条，用侧脑室外引流的方法。两组在治疗过程中均严格监测颅内压(ICP)及生命体征，记录引流量及灌注量，经12h的治疗后处死动物并收集脑室内全部残余积血，比较两组标本含铁血红蛋白的吸光度值。结果 两组动物从模型建立后至处死前生命体征平稳颅内压波动不太。经12h的治疗，实验组的引流量明显多于对照组(P＜0．05)，实验组脑内残余积血量明显少于对照组，两组差异有显著性(P＜0．05)。结论 以2．96kPa的压力恒压灌注林格氏液于腰大池内，同时行侧脑室外引流治疗脑室内出血的方法安全可行，能更快地消除脑室内积血。     

Fibrinolytic agents in the treatment of intraventricular hemorrhage in adults

This paper aims to review current literature on the treatment of acute intraventricular hemorrhage in adults with intraventricular infusion of fibrinolytic agents. A literature search on the topics of “intraventricular hemorrhage” or “intracerebral hemorrhage” with “thrombolytic therapy”, “fibrinolytic therapy”, “urokinase”, “streptokinase”, “tissue plasminogen activator” or “tPA” covering the years 1966–1997 was carried out electronically. This was supplemented by searching the reference lists of the identified articles. Articles regarding exclusively intracerebral hemorrhage or hematoma, neonatal intraventricular hemorrhage, non-therapeutic issues, and laboratory research were excluded. The included articles are summarized in evidence and evaluation tables. Six articles evaluating the treatment of intraventricular hemorrhage in adults with intraventricular fibrinolytic agents were identified. One reports a small randomized clinical trial including 16 patients and appears to show a statistically insignificant preference for urokinase treatment. Five other reports present case series for which a total of 58 patients were exposed to either streptokinase, urokinase, or recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rt-PA) and suggest good outcome. Two of them were with non-randomized retrospective or prospective controls, and three have no controls. Despite important limitations, all reports suggest that blood is more rapidly cleared from the ventricles and outcome is better when administering a fibrinolytic agent intraventricularly. While the experience presented in these papers suggests that intraventricular administration of fibrinolytic agents may be associated with fewer complications, more rapid clearing of blood from the ventricles, less late hydrocephalus, and better long-term outcome than is seen in patients treated with ventricular drainage alone, it is insufficient to recommend such treatment as a matter of policy. Substantial methodologic flaws render these findings suggestive at best. If the suggestive findings of these studies were confirmed in well-designed randomized clinical trials, an important impact on clinical practice could be expected.     

局部使用瑞替普酶与尿激酶治疗尿毒症患者内瘘血栓效果比较

目的 比较内瘘血栓形成后两种药物的溶栓疗效及相关不良反应.方法 回顾分析我科收治的23例局部应用溶栓药物治疗动静脉内瘘血栓形成患者的资料,根据使用的溶栓药物分为尿激酶组和瑞替普酶组,其中尿激酶组11例,瑞替普酶组12例.比较两种药物溶栓后内瘘再通率及出血发生率等.结果 尿激酶组共溶通4例,溶通率为36.4％;瑞替普酶组共溶通10例,溶通率为83.3％,其中栓塞未超过24小时的溶通率为100％.结论 瑞替普酶溶栓效果优于尿激酶,溶通率更高,溶通时间更短,而二者并发症发生率无显著差异,值得临床推广.     

硬化注射治疗直肠前突的临床研究

目的：探讨硬化注射法治疗直肠前突的有效性。方法：将80例中度及中度以上的直肠前突患者随机分成两组，各40例。试验组行硬化注射法治疗，对照组行经阴道切开修补，并观察两组的治疗效果及并发症。结果：治疗后患者症状评分较治疗前降低，两组治疗效果相比无统计学差异。但治疗组在术中出血、术后疼痛等并发症方面则优于对照组。结论：硬化注射法是一种简便有效的治疗直肠前突的方法。     

AngioJet机械吸栓与单纯置管溶栓治疗下肢深静脉血栓形成的Meta分析

目的 比较单独使用AngioJet机械性血栓清除或AngioJet联合CDT与单纯CDT治疗下肢深静脉血栓形成的疗效和安全性.方法 系统性检索中国知网、万方数据、PubMed、Ovid Embase和Cochrane Library等数据库建库以来发表的相关中英文文献,检索时间截止到2020年7月.两个独立的研究员交叉...     

阿加曲班联合尿激酶治疗下肢深静脉血栓形成的临床研究

目的 探讨阿加曲班合尿激酶治疗下肢深静脉血栓（DVT)的临床应用价值。方法 选择我科2006年1月～2010年12月收治的160例下肢DVT患者,随机分为阿加曲班组和对照组,各组80例。阿加曲班组患者给予阿加曲班注射液和尿激酶治疗,对照组患者予低分子肝素钙合尿激酶治疗,共治疗2周。比较两组患者临床疗效的差异。结果 阿加曲班组临床疗效优于对照组（P＜0.05）,两组患者凝血指标(PT、TT和APTT) 及PLT变化均处于正常范围。结论 阿加曲班合尿激酶治疗下肢DVT疗效肯定,副作用小,安全性大,值得临床推广。     

Clinical and economic outcomes in thrombolytic treatment of peripheral arterial occlusive disease and deep venous thrombosis

PURPOSE: Over the past 2 decades the use of thrombolytic therapy in the management of peripheral occlusive diseases, most notably peripheral arterial occlusion (PAO) and deep venous thrombosis (DVT), has become an accepted and potentially preferable alternative to surgery. We examined the period when urokinase was in short supply and subsequently unavailable, to explore potential differences in clinical outcome and economic effect between urokinase and recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rt-PA). MATERIAL AND METHODS: Data were obtained from the Premier Perspective Database, a broad clinical database that contains information on inpatient medical practices and resource use. The study population included all patients hospitalized in 1999 and 2000 with a primary or secondary diagnosis of PAO or DVT. Incidence was calculated for common adverse events, including bleeding complications, intracranial hemorrhage, amputation, and death. Cost data were also abstracted from the database, and are expressed as mean +/- SD. RESULTS: Demographic variables were similar in the urokinase and rt-PA groups. The rate of bleeding complications was similar in the urokinase and rt-PA groups. There were no intracranial hemorrhages in the urokinase group, compared with a rate of 1.5% in the rt-PA PAO group (P = .087) and 1.9% in the rt-PA DVT group (P = .175). The in-hospital mortality rate was lower in the urokinase-treated PAO subgroup (3.6% vs 8.5%; P = .026), but a similar finding in the DVT subgroup did not achieve statistical significance (4% vs 9.8%; P = .069). While pharmacy costs were greater in the urokinase-treated group (US 5472 dollars +/- US 5579 dollars vs US 3644 dollars +/- US 6009 dollars, P < .001; PAO subgroup, US 11,070 dollars +/- US 15,409 dollars vs US 6150 dollars +/- US 12,398 dollars, P = .003), overall hospital costs did not differ significantly between the 2 groups. This finding appears to be explained by a shorter hospital stay and reduced room and board costs in the urokinase-treated group. CONCLUSION: There were significant differences in outcome in patients with PAO and DVT who received treatment with urokinase and rt-PA. While pharmacy costs were significantly greater when urokinase was used, reduction in length of stay accounted for similar total hospital costs compared with rt-PA. These findings must be considered in the context of the retrospective nature of the analysis and the potential to use dosing regimens that differ from those in this study.     

The effectiveness of tenoxicam vs isosorbide dinitrate plus tenoxicam in the treatment of acute renal colic

OBJECTIVE: To determine the effectiveness of isosorbide dinitrate in combination with tenoxicam compared with tenoxicam alone for the relief of acute renal colic. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Fifty patients with acute renal colic were randomly and in a double blind fashion divided into two treatment groups of 25 each. Group 1 received tenoxicam (40 mg intravenously) and group 2 received tenoxicam (40 mg intravenously) plus sublingual isosorbide dinitrate (5 mg). The patients were compared for visual pain scores, heart rate and blood pressure between and within the groups before and after treatment. RESULTS: Comparing the groups, group 2 had significantly lower pain scores after treatment (P < 0.05) but no other variables were significantly different (P > 0.05 for each). Within the groups the pain scores were significantly lower after treatment in both groups (P < 0.05). Group 2 also had a significantly lower heart rate and blood pressure after treatment (P < 0.05). There were no side-effects caused by tenoxicam and isosorbide dinitrate in either group. CONCLUSION: The use of tenoxicam alone or combined with isosorbide dinitrate was effective in relieving of renal colic, but the relief obtained with the combination was significantly greater than tenoxicam alone.     

硬化注射加柱状缝合治疗直肠前突的临床研究

目的:探讨硬化注射加柱状缝合法治疗直肠前突的有效性.方法:将180例中度及中度以上的直肠前突患者随机分成两组,各90例.试验组行硬化注射加柱状缝合法治疗,对照组行经阴道切开修补术,并观察两组的治疗效果及并发症.结果:治疗后两组患者症状评分较治疗前降低,两组治疗效果相比无统计学差异,但试验组在术中出血、术后疼痛等并发症方面则优于对照组.结论:硬化注射加柱状缝合法是一种简便有效的治疗直肠前突的方法.     

�����������������֫���Ѫ˨�γ���Ч�Աȷ���

目的对比分析手术与非手术治疗下肢深静脉血栓形成(DVT)的疗效。方法将2002年8月至2006年3月重庆医科大学附属第二医院血管外科病房收治的127例8h至90d的中央型或混合型下肢DVT病人(患肢周径均大于健侧2cm以上),分为非手术治疗组60例,手术治疗组67例。手术组先置放下腔静脉滤器,然后行患肢取栓、球囊扩张、支架置放治疗。两组病人均经患肢行抗凝、溶栓等治疗。以治疗后彩色多普勒超声检查、患肢肿胀消退和胀痛缓解情况评价治疗效果。结果手术组总的疗效较非手术组好。手术组急性期与亚急性期的疗效相比差异无统计学意义,但均优于手术组慢性期。两组急性期的疗效差异无统计学意义,但亚急性期手术组疗效优于非手术组。结论下肢DVT急性期行非手术治疗可能更为合理,急性期未正规治疗的亚急性期中央型或混合型血栓适宜手术治疗。