慢性氟砷联合暴露对大鼠骨骼Runx2及其下游相关因子的影响

目的 研究慢性氟砷联合暴露对大鼠骨骼代谢Runx2及其下游相关因子的影响.方法 将54只8周龄清洁级SD大鼠按析因设计方法随机分成9组,每组6只,雌雄各半,分为对照组、低氟组、高氟组、低砷组、高砷组、低氟低砷组、低氟高砷组、高氟低砷组及高氟高砷组.使用氟化钠(NaF,低氟组5mg/kg、高氟组20 mg/kg)和亚砷酸钠(NaAsO2,低砷组2.5 mg/kg、高砷组10 mg/kg)灌胃染毒6个月;测定大鼠骨骼中Runx2、基质金属蛋白酶9(MMP-9)、成骨相关转录因子(Osterix)核因子-κB受体活化因子配基(RANKL)蛋白浓度.结果 对照组、低砷组、高砷组无氟斑牙出现,低氟组、高氟组氟斑牙比例(分别为5/6、6/6)与对照组(O)相比,差异均有统计学意义(x2=8.57、12.00,p＜0.05).骨氟含量随着氟染毒剂量的增加而升高,无氟染毒组[对照组、低砷组、高砷组的几何均数(最小值～最大值)分别为0.005(0.003 ～0.009)、0.006(0.003～0.021)、0.007(0.002～0.100)mg/g]、低氟组[低氟组、低氟低砷组、低氟高砷组分别为3.395(2.416 ～5.871)、3.809(1.471 ～7.799)、3.853(1.473～6.732)mg/g]、高氟组[高氟组、高氟低砷组、高氟高砷组分别为70.086(46.183～ 131.927)、69.925 (40.503 ～ 96.183)、67.950(52.622 ～ 89.487) mg/g]组间比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).骨砷含量随着砷染毒剂量的增加而升高,其中低砷组[低砷组、低氟低砷组、高氟低砷组分别为7.195(5.060 ～9.860)、6.518(2.960 ～ 12.130)、6.970(3.400 ～9.730)μg/g]、高砷组[高砷组、低氟高砷组、高氟高砷组分别为8.823 (5.760 ～ 10.840)、9.470(7.230～12.860)、8.321(2.420 ～17.540)μg/g]浓度均高于无砷染毒组[对照组、低氟组、高氟组分别为1.785(0.300～3.750)、2.226(1.410～3.980)、2.030(1.040 ～3.850) μg/g],差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05),而低砷组与高砷组骨砷含量差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).氟与Runx2、MMP-9、Osterix、RANKL蛋白含量间呈正相关(氟染毒量与蛋白含量间相关系数分别为0.647、0.354、0.582和0.613),骨氟含量与蛋白含量间相关系数分别为0.559、0.387、0.487、0.525,P值均＜0.01,砷染毒剂量与Runx2呈负相关(相关系数为-0.527,P＜0.05),与MMP-9、RANKL、Osterix无相关关系(P＞0.05).氟砷联合染毒与Runx2、MMP-9、RANKL、Osterix蛋白含量具有交互效应(F值分别为3.88、15.66、2.92、6.42,P值均＜0.05).结论 氟砷联合暴露对大鼠骨骼代谢Runx2及其下游相关因子的交互作用表现为拮抗作用.     

珠海部分市售食品重金属铅砷含量的调查分析

目的　了解珠海市售食品重金属铅砷含量情况。　方法　对市辖区 2 0 0 1年和 2 0 0 2年监测的 8大类食品176份进行分析 ,其中铅含量检测 176份 ,砷含量检测 15 4份。样品处理及检测按国家标准方法进行。　结果　食品中铅、砷检出率均较高 ,分别为 5 6.0 %～ 10 0 .0 %和 18.8%～ 83 .3 %。部分食品存在超标现象 ,但超标率均不高。食品含铅比例高于含砷比例 ,高、低含铅量样品 (以 1/2标准值为界限 )所占的比例均高于高、低含砷量样品所占的比例 (P <0 .0 5 )。各类铅砷污染食品中铅、砷低含量所占比例范围分别为 5 2 .4%～ 10 0 .0 %和 75 .0 %～ 10 0 .0 % ,高含量的未超标样品所占比例分别为 0～ 47.6%和 0～ 2 5 .0 %。铅、砷含量相对较高的食品有茶类、保健食品和调味品。　结论　珠海市售食品受重金属铅、砷污染虽不严重 ,但普遍存在。铅污染较砷污染相对严重 ,以茶类和保健食品为高 ,应引起足够重视。     

江苏省高砷地区尿砷、发砷含量调查

目的：为了解江苏省高砷区居民砷中毒情况,对其尿砷、发砷含量进行测定,以协助地方性砷中毒临床诊断。方法：选择苏北地区高砷村和对照村,采集30岁以上成人尿样和发样,测定其砷含量。结果：高砷村尿砷、发砷含量范围分别在0.008～0.320mg/L和0.068～4.158mg/kg之间,对照村分别在0.004～0.127 mg/L和0.011～0.568mg/kg之间,高砷村明显高于对照村（P〈0.01）。结论：通过尿砷和发砷含量的测定,可协助地方性砷中毒的临床诊断。     

不同浓度饮水型砷暴露人群尿砷代谢产物的研究

目的 结合WHO推荐的饮水砷卫生标准(0.01 mg/L)和我国农村分散式供水采用的饮水砷卫生标准(0.05 mg/L),初步探讨不同浓度饮水砷暴露人群的砷代谢状况和甲基化水平.方法 于2008年10月选择山西高砷地区不同饮水砷浓度暴露的部分成年人为研究对象,高暴露组124人,饮水砷浓度≥0.05 mg/L;低暴露组154人,0.01 mg/L≤饮水砷浓度<0.05 mg/L;对照组70人,饮水砷浓度<0.01 mg/L.采用氢化物发生原子吸收分光光度法检测其尿中不同形态的砷代谢产物.结果 随着饮水砷暴露浓度的升高,尿中各种形态砷代谢产物以及总砷含量也逐渐增高(P<0.05) .在同一水砷浓度暴露水平下,高暴露组中女性DMA,TAs含量以及SMR水平显著高于男性(P<0.05);低暴露组和对照组iAs、MMA、DMA、TAs含量、FMR和SMR水平在不同性别间差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05).高暴露组中60岁～人群FMR水平显著高于18～39岁人群和40～49岁人群(P<0.05).而低暴露组与对照组内不同年龄段人群FMR和SMR水平均无显著差异(P>0.05).结论 成人在较高饮水砷暴露水平下,女性二甲基化能力高于男性,高年龄组显示甲基化能力增强.在低饮水砷暴露条件下,性别、年龄对机体甲基化能力未见明显影响.     

食品中无机砷及其价态测定

目的应用氢化物发生-原子荧光分析技术测定食品中总无机砷、三价砷[As3 ]和五价砷[As5 ].方法6 mol/LHCl提取食品中无机砷,在2 mol/L HCl条件下测定总无机砷,再利用在强酸条件下,甲苯可以定量将无机砷中As3 萃取到有机相中从而达到分离As3 和As5 ,最后分别测定不同价态的砷.结果经过多次实验,该方法样品回收率:无机砷为85%～105%,三价砷为85%～110%,五价砷为90%～110%;样品的相对标准偏差:三价砷为7.56%,无机砷为5.53%.结论此法可以满足各类食品的无机砷的测定及价态分析,并且分析快速、灵敏度高、干扰少.     

微波消解-氢化物发生原子荧光光度法测定食品中的砷和汞

[目的]探讨测定食品中砷和汞的最佳测定方法.[方法]采用微波消解氢化物发生原子荧光光度法测定食品中的砷和汞.[结果]在最佳条件下砷和汞的最低检出限为0.224 2 μg/L和0.069 1 μg/L;回收率分别为砷91.7%～104.7%,汞93.3%～104.5%;RSD分别为砷2.3%～4.7%,汞2.9%～4.4%.[结论]该方法具有简便,快速,灵敏度高,干扰少,线性范围宽等优点.     

湿法消解-氢化物-原子荧光光度法测定全血砷

目的:研究全血砷测定方法,探讨湿法消解的最佳条件.方法:采用少量的硝酸-高氯酸对全血进行消解,研究酸用量及反应过程中盐酸浓度和硼氢化钾浓度,湿法消解的最佳条件及仪器的最佳测量条件.结果:硝酸-高氯酸消解全血样,原子荧光光谱法测定血砷,在0～120 ng/ml范围呈良好线性.相关系数r在0.9995～1.000之间,平均回收率为100.4%,平均相对标准偏差为 0.05%.方法检出限为 0.04 ng/ml.治疗前癌症病人全血砷本底值为 7.2 ng/ml,治疗过程中平均血砷峰值为 99.5 ng/ml,均取得良好的结果.结论:采用该方法测定全血砷,酸使用量低,线性范围宽,回收率和相对标准偏差均良好,完全能满足血砷的基线调查和临床砷制剂治疗癌症跟踪测定血砷的要求.     

甘肃省高砷饮用水源筛查及砷中毒调查

目的 了解甘肃省居民饮用水含砷量分布及饮高砷水人群受威胁情况,为科学防治饮水型地方性砷中毒提供依据.方法 于2005-2011年,按照全国饮用水高砷水源筛查方案,选择13个市(州)42个县进行饮水砷含量筛查,对检出高砷水源的地区人群进行受危害情况调查.结果 筛查范围覆盖全省13个市(州)的42个县(区),筛查454个乡1 596个村约177.1万人.采集水样24 965件,筛查出水砷含量＞0.05 mg/L的超标水样181件,超标率为0.73％;其中,水砷在＞0.05～0.2 mg/L的占90.61％(164/181),＞0.2～0.5 mg/L的占5.52％ (10/181),＞0.5～1.04 mg/L的占3.87％(7/181).砷含量超标水源主要分布在夏河、合作、舟曲、环县、徽县、成县、天祝、漳县、两当、临潭10个县的58个村,约有4.6万人受到砷中毒威胁.在调查的8 489名居民中共检出砷中毒患者157例.确定出饮水型砷中毒病区12个,其中,重病区、中病区各1个,轻病区10个,以夏河县病情最重,患病率达49％.结论 甘肃省饮水高砷区分布范围较广,砷中毒受威胁人口多,局部地区病情严重.     

005 美国CDC 2000年推荐的食源性疾病暴发判别指南

食源性疾病的诊断或认定并非易事.1993～1997年美国报道的食源性疾病暴发共有2751起、病例数86058人、死亡数29人.其中病因明确者878起、病例数50788人、死亡数28人;病因不明者1873起、病例数35270人、死亡数1人.在病因明确的食源性疾病暴发中,以细菌因素尤其是沙门菌为主.     

2007年新疆奎屯垦区部分饮用水源水砷含量调查

[目的]掌握奎屯垦区饮用高砷水源的区域和范围,为今后改水工作提供科学依据.[方法]2007年5～9月,按全国饮用高砷水源筛查方案,对奎屯垦区3个重点团场、32个连队的饮用水源水进行砷含量调查.[结果]检测水样311份,检出砷超标40份,合格率为87.14%.检测合格率,124团为49.32%(36/73),129团为99.47%(187/188).130团为96.00%(48/50).[结论]新疆奎屯垦区经过多年的改水除砷工作,居民饮用水有了很大的改善,但仍有部分新井未经改造.老井由于年久失修、水资源缺乏等原因造成部分居民仍在饮用高砷水源水.     

Cancer incidence and high environmental arsenic concentrations in rural populations: Results of an ecological study

A number of ecological studies have suggested associations between arsenic in drinking water and increased rates of some cancers. To investigate associations in areas with high environmental arsenic concentrations, geographical areas with surface soil inorganic arsenic concentrations of >100 mg/kg and/ or drinking water arsenic concentrations >0.01 mg/l were selected and the relationship with cancer incidence explored. Standardised incidence rates (SIRs) for cancer were generated for 22 areas between 1982 and 1991 using Victorian Cancer Registry data and Victorian cancer rates as a baseline. SIRs were also generated for combined areas according to environmental exposure type, i.e. whether an area had high soil and/or high water arsenic concentrations. The SIRs for both males and females for the combined 22 areas were increased for all cancers 1.06 (95% confidence interval, CI; 1.03-1.09), prostate cancer 1.14 (1.05-1.23), kidney cancer 1.16 (0.98-1.37), melanoma 1.36 (1.24-1.48), chronic myeloid leukemia 1.54 (1.13-2.10) and breast cancer in females 1.10 (1.03-1.18). When stratifying into exposure categories, the SIR for prostate cancer was significant at 1.20 (1.06-1.36) for the high soil/high water category only. No significant dose- response relationship between drinking water and individual cancers was observed. Of the a priori cancers associated with environmental arsenic exposure, only prostate cancer incidence was significantly elevated in this study. This result was likely confounded by a number of factors and was limited by low power and exposure misclassification.     

Effectiveness of arsenic mitigation program in Bangladesh--relationship between arsenic concentrations in well water and urine

BACKGROUND: Arsenic in drinking water remains a major public problem in Bangladesh, although arsenic mitigation programs began there a decade ago. The purpose of this study was to examine the effectiveness of this program by determining the relationship between current arsenic levels in well water and the high level of urinary arsenic excretion. METHODS: A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted in the Pabna district of Bangladesh between May and July 2005. We included 174 married couples and collected their drinking water from 138 wells. The allowable limit for arsenic in drinking water is 50 microg/L in Bangladesh, while the normal level of urinary arsenic is < or =40 microg x 1.5 L(-1) x day(-1) by Dhaka Community Hospital. RESULTS: Of 348 subjects, 304 exceeded the urinary arsenic level of 40 microg x 1.5 L(-1) x day(-1). Of all wells, 44.2% had arsenic levels >50 microg/L. Multiple-adjusted odds ratios of urinary arsenic level >40 microg x 1.5 L(-1) x day(-1) were 8.90 (95% CI: 3.31-23.93) for the arsenic level in well water of 11-50 microg/L, and 53.07 (11.91-236.46) for that of 51-332 microg/L, compared with < or =10 microg/L. When the Bangladeshi standard arsenic level in drinking water of 50 microg/L was used, the sensitivity in detecting subjects with a urinary arsenic level >40 microg x 1.5 L(-1) x day(-1) was 50%, although when the World Health Organization (WHO) guideline value of 10 microg/L was used, it was 76.3%. CONCLUSIONS: Green marked wells, which the Bangladesh government regards as safe, are not always safe. The mitigation programs should use the WHO guideline arsenic level to determine the safety of well water for drinking.     

Hair and toenail arsenic concentrations of residents living in areas with high environmental arsenic concentrations

Surface soil and groundwater in Australia have been found to contain high concentrations of arsenic. The relative importance of long-term human exposure to these sources has not been established. Several studies have investigated long-term exposure to environmental arsenic concentrations using hair and toenails as the measure of exposure. Few have compared the difference in these measures of environmental sources of exposure. In this study we aimed to investigate risk factors for elevated hair and toenail arsenic concentrations in populations exposed to a range of environmental arsenic concentrations in both drinking water and soil as well as in a control population with low arsenic concentrations in both drinking water and soil. In this study, we recruited 153 participants from areas with elevated arsenic concentrations in drinking water and residential soil, as well as a control population with no anticipated arsenic exposures. The median drinking water arsenic concentrations in the exposed population were 43.8 micro g/L (range, 16.0-73 micro g/L) and median soil arsenic concentrations were 92.0 mg/kg (range, 9.1-9,900 mg/kg). In the control group, the median drinking water arsenic concentration was below the limit of detection, and the median soil arsenic concentration was 3.3 mg/kg. Participants were categorized based on household drinking water and residential soil arsenic concentrations. The geometric mean hair arsenic concentrations were 5.52 mg/kg for the drinking water exposure group and 3.31 mg/kg for the soil exposure group. The geometric mean toenail arsenic concentrations were 21.7 mg/kg for the drinking water exposure group and 32.1 mg/kg for the high-soil exposure group. Toenail arsenic concentrations were more strongly correlated with both drinking water and soil arsenic concentrations; however, there is a strong likelihood of significant external contamination. Measures of residential exposure were better predictors of hair and toenail arsenic concentrations than were local environmental concentrations.     

Drinking water arsenic in Utah: A cohort mortality study

The association of drinking water arsenic and mortality outcome was investigated in a cohort of residents from Millard County, Utah. Median drinking water arsenic concentrations for selected study towns ranged from 14 to 166 ppb and were from public and private samples collected and analyzed under the auspices of the State of Utah Department of Environmental Quality, Division of Drinking Water. Cohort members were assembled using historical documents of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Standard mortality ratios (SMRs) were calculated. Using residence history and median drinking water arsenic concentration, a matrix for cumulative arsenic exposure was created. Without regard to specific exposure levels, statistically significant findings include increased mortality from hypertensive heart disease [SMR = 2.20; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.36-3.36], nephritis and nephrosis (SMR = 1.72; CI, 1.13-2.50), and prostate cancer (SMR = 1.45; CI, 1.07-1. 91) among cohort males. Among cohort females, statistically significant increased mortality was found for hypertensive heart disease (SMR = 1.73; CI, 1.11-2.58) and for the category of all other heart disease, which includes pulmonary heart disease, pericarditis, and other diseases of the pericardium (SMR = 1.43; CI, 1.11-1.80). SMR analysis by low, medium, and high arsenic exposure groups hinted at a dose relationship for prostate cancer. Although the SMRs by exposure category were elevated for hypertensive heart disease for both males and females, the increases were not sequential from low to high groups. Because the relationship between health effects and exposure to drinking water arsenic is not well established in U.S. populations, further evaluation of effects in low-exposure populations is warranted.     

Arsenic in drinking water and the prevalence of respiratory effects in West Bengal, India

BACKGROUND: A large population in West Bengal, India has been exposed to naturally occurring inorganic arsenic through their drinking water. A cross-sectional survey involving 7683 participants of all ages was conducted in an arsenic-affected region between April 1995 and March 1996. The main focus of the study was skin keratoses and pigmentation alterations, two characteristic signs of ingested inorganic arsenic. Strong exposure-response gradients were found for these skin lesions. The study also collected limited information concerning respiratory system signs and symptoms, which we report here because increasing evidence suggests that arsenic ingestion also causes pulmonary effects. METHODS: Participants were clinically examined and interviewed, and the arsenic content in their current primary drinking water source was measured. There were few smokers and analyses were confined to non-smokers (N = 6864 participants). RESULTS: Among both males and females, the prevalence of cough, shortness of breath, and chest sounds (crepitations and/or rhonchi) in the lungs rose with increasing arsenic concentrations in drinking water. These respiratory effects were most pronounced in individuals with high arsenic water concentrations who also had skin lesions. Prevalence odds ratio (POR) estimates were markedly increased for participants with arsenic-induced skin lesions who also had high levels of arsenic in their current drinking water source (> or = 500 microg/l) compared with individuals who had normal skin and were exposed to low levels of arsenic (<50 microg/l). In participants with skin lesions, the age-adjusted POR estimates for cough were 7.8 for females (95% CI : 3.1-19.5) and 5.0 for males (95% CI : 2.6-9.9); for chest sounds POR for females was 9.6 (95% CI : 4.0-22.9) and for males 6.9 (95% CI : 3.1-15.0). The POR for shortness of breath in females was 23.2 (95% CI : 5.8-92.8) and in males 3.7 (95% CI : 1.3-10.6). CONCLUSION: These results add to evidence that long-term ingestion of inorganic arsenic can cause respiratory effects.     

Arsenic occurrence in drinking water supply systems in ten municipalities in Vojvodina Region, Serbia

Vojvodina, a northern region of Serbia, belongs to the Pannonian Basin, whose aquifers contain high concentrations of arsenic. This study represents arsenic levels in drinking water in ten municipalities in Serbia. Around 63% of all water samples exceeded Serbian and European standards for arsenic in drinking water. Large variations in arsenic were observed among supply systems. Arsenic concentrations in public water supply systems in Vojvodina were much higher than in other countries in the Pannonian Basin.     

Arsenic exposure from drinking water and risk of premalignant skin lesions in Bangladesh: baseline results from the Health Effects of Arsenic Longitudinal Study

Millions of persons around the world are exposed to low doses of arsenic through drinking water. However, estimates of health effects associated with low-dose arsenic exposure have been extrapolated from high-dose studies. In Bangladesh, many persons have been exposed to a wide range of doses of arsenic from drinking water over a significant period of time. The authors evaluated dose-response relations between arsenic exposure from drinking water and premalignant skin lesions by using baseline data on 11,746 participants recruited in 2000-2002 for the Health Effects of Arsenic Longitudinal Study in Araihazar, Bangladesh. Several measures of arsenic exposure were estimated for each participant based on well-water arsenic concentration and usage pattern of the wells and on urinary arsenic concentration. In different regression models, consistent dose-response effects were observed for all arsenic exposure measures. Compared with drinking water containing <8.1 microg/liter of arsenic, drinking water containing 8.1-40.0, 40.1-91.0, 91.1-175.0, and 175.1-864.0 microg/liter of arsenic was associated with adjusted prevalence odds ratios of skin lesions of 1.91 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.26, 2.89), 3.03 (95% CI: 2.05, 4.50), 3.71 (95% CI: 2.53, 5.44), and 5.39 (95% CI: 3.69, 7.86), respectively. The effect seemed to be influenced by gender, age, and body mass index. These findings provide information that should be considered in future research and policy decisions.     

四川省金川县饮水型砷中毒流行病学调查

目的　了解金川县砷中毒的病情及流行特征 ,查明引起砷中毒的高砷来源。方法　对经检测饮水砷含量超标的村进行病情调查 ,同时对该村的地理、地貌、饮用水源及环境中砷污染情况进行调查 ,测定内环境和外环境介质中砷含量。结果　饮水砷含量检测有 3个共饮泉水源超标 ,最高饮水砷含量达 0 2 87mg/L ,超标 5倍多 ;共调查 375人 ,查出患者 6 2人 ,患病率为 16 5 3% ,其中年龄最小 11岁 ,最大 83岁。结论　四川省存在地方性砷中毒。共饮泉水中砷含量超标是引起该病流行的主要因素。由于没有其他环境砷污染 ,水砷含量高是自然形成的 ,因此属于饮水型地方性砷中毒     

Neurosensory effects of chronic exposure to arsenic via drinking water in Inner Mongolia: II. Vibrotactile and visual function

This study was designed to assess the effects of exposure to arsenic in drinking water on visual and vibrotactile function in residents of the Bamen region of Inner Mongolia, China. Arsenic was measured by hydride generation atomic fluorescence. 321 participants were divided into three exposure groups- low (non-detectable-20), medium (100-300) and high (400-700 microg/l) arsenic in drinking water (AsW). Three visual tests were administered: acuity, contrast sensitivity and color discrimination (Lanthony's Desaturated 15 Hue Test). Vibration thresholds were measured with a vibrothesiometer. Vibration thresholds were significantly elevated in the high exposure group compared to other groups. Further analysis using a spline regression model suggested that the threshold for vibratory effects is between 150-170 microg/l AsW. These findings provide the first evidence that chronic exposure to arsenic in drinking water impairs vibrotactile thresholds. The results also indicate that arsenic affects neurological function well below the 1000 microg/I concentration reported by NRC (1999). No evidence of arsenic-related effects on visual function was found.     

Chronic arsenic poisoning from burning high-arsenic-containing coal in Guizhou, China

Arsenic is an environmental hazard and the reduction of drinking water arsenic levels is under consideration. People are exposed to arsenic not only through drinking water but also through arsenic-contaminated air and food. Here we report the health effects of arsenic exposure from burning high arsenic-containing coal in Guizhou, China. Coal in this region has undergone mineralization and thus produces high concentrations of arsenic. Coal is burned inside the home in open pits for daily cooking and crop drying, producing a high concentration of arsenic in indoor air. Arsenic in the air coats and permeates food being dried producing high concentrations in food; however, arsenic concentrations in the drinking water are in the normal range. The estimated sources of total arsenic exposure in this area are from arsenic-contaminated food (50-80%), air (10-20%), water (1-5%), and direct contact in coal-mining workers (1%). At least 3,000 patients with arsenic poisoning were found in the Southwest Prefecture of Guizhou, and approximately 200,000 people are at risk for such overexposures. Skin lesions are common, including keratosis of the hands and feet, pigmentation on the trunk, skin ulceration, and skin cancers. Toxicities to internal organs, including lung dysfunction, neuropathy, and nephrotoxicity, are clinically evident. The prevalence of hepatomegaly was 20%, and cirrhosis, ascites, and liver cancer are the most serious outcomes of arsenic poisoning. The Chinese government and international organizations are attempting to improve the house conditions and the coal source, and thereby protect human health in this area.