疫苗引入前苏州地区儿童肺炎链球菌的分子流行病学特征研究

目的 了解苏州地区在7价肺炎链球菌结合疫苗(7 heptavalent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine,PCV7)引入前,不同临床治疗压力下肺炎链球菌分离株的耐药特征、血清分型及国际流行耐药克隆株(pneumococcal molecular epidemiology network,PMEN)的流行情况.方法 收集2006年3月～2007年3月期间苏州大学附属儿童医院住院治疗的呼吸道感染儿童(病例组)和非呼吸道感染儿童(对照组)中分离的肺炎链球菌134株,进行抗生素敏感性分析和血清型分型,并对其中86株大环内酯类药物菌株进行基因分型.结果 病例组抗生素的使用率高于对照组(x2=111.19,P＜0.001).病例组分离的菌株血清型以19F、19A和14为主,对照组菌株常见的血清型为6B、19F和23F,两组PCV7血清型覆盖率分别为58.3％和68.1％.对照组菌株对常用抗生素的敏感性均高于病例组(均有P ＜0.05).菌株基因分型共检测出10种PMEN克隆株,最常见的为Taiwan19F-14克隆株.PMEN克隆株对常用抗菌药物的不敏感率高于非PMEN克隆株.结论 在我国引入PCV7前,在抗生素等治疗压力下,苏州地区肺炎链球菌的耐药情况严重,以Taiwan19F-14克隆株流行为主,多种PMEN克隆株并存.     

检测阴性设计病例对照研究评价23价肺炎球菌多糖疫苗的儿童保护效果

目的 采用检测阴性设计病例对照研究评价23价肺炎球菌多糖疫苗（23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine, PPV23）对儿童肺炎球菌[即肺炎链球菌（Streptococcus pneumonia, Spn）]相关呼吸道感染疾病的保护效果。方法 选取2017年1月1日—2020年12月31日因急性呼吸道感染（acute respiratory illness, ARI）在苏州大学附属儿童医院住院治疗的2岁≤年龄<10岁的患儿为研究对象，前瞻性收集呼吸道感染患儿中分离的肺炎链球菌菌株，通过荚膜肿胀实验确定Spn菌株血清型。采用检测阴性设计病例对照研究，病例组为感染PPV23血清型肺炎球菌的患儿，对照组分别为非疫苗血清型（non-vaccine serotype,NVT）患儿（感染非PPV23血清型肺炎球菌患儿）（NVT对照组）和肺炎球菌阴性（Spn–）患儿（临床样本中未检出感染Spn的患儿）（Spn–对照组）。在苏州市疾病预防控制中心的疫苗接种登记数据库中查询患儿PPV23接种的相关信息。采用Logistic回归模型估计PPV23接种...     

马鞍山市肺炎链球菌血清型分布及耐药性分析

目的了解马鞍山地区肺炎链球菌临床分离株的血清型分布及药物敏感性。方法应用奥普脱欣试验及胆汁溶解试验鉴定肺炎链球菌;采用荚膜肿胀试验进行肺炎链球菌血清学分型,计算PPV23价疫苗及PCV7疫苗覆盖率;K-B法测定8种药物的耐药试验。结果 80株肺炎链球菌共鉴定13种血清型,有5株不能定型或群,马鞍山地区相对的优势血清型以19F、19A、23F为主,PPV23价疫苗可覆盖本次测试株的86.42%,PCV7疫苗可覆盖测试株的55.56%血清型;75株测试菌对青霉素等药物耐药率较高,耐受四种以上药物的菌株达60株,占测试菌株的80.00%,所有测试菌对左氧氟沙星和万古霉素全部敏感。结论马鞍山地区肺炎链球菌临床分离株以19F、19A、23F血清型为主,PPV23价疫苗的预防作用更显著;绝大多数肺炎链球菌呈多药耐药趋势,应注意合理用药。     

学龄前儿童肺炎链球菌感染的流行病学特征、血清型与耐药性分析

目的探讨肺炎链球菌(S. pneumoniae)致学龄前儿童感染的流行病学特征、血清型和耐药性,为本地区疫苗应用和临床经验诊治提供参考。方法回顾性分析2016年-2018年本院住院学龄前儿童分离出S. pneumoniae者的临床资料。结果 1 679例感染患儿中共检出S. pneumoniae 394株,检出率为23. 5%。不同年龄段、不同标本类型、不同基础疾病、不同季节、不同年度间S. pneumoniae的检出率差异均有统计学意义(P 0. 05)。血清型以19F、19A、23F型为主,分别占31. 2%、23. 1%、11. 2%。PCV7、PCV10、PCV13的覆盖率分别为58. 6%、63. 7%、87. 8%。2016年-2018年S. pneumoniae对常用抗菌药物的耐药率有一定的波动,但总体呈上升趋势(P 0. 05)。对青霉素、阿奇霉素、克林霉素、红霉素的总耐药率分别为44. 2%、91. 4%、88. 3%、94. 2%。结论学龄前儿童S. pneumoniae感染主要以0岁～2岁为主,冬季发病率最高,基础疾病以肺炎为主,血清型以19F、19A、23F型为主,推荐PCV13疫苗预防S. pneumoniae感染,该菌对红霉素等大环内酯类抗菌药物耐药严重。     

绍兴地区肺炎链球菌的血清型和耐药性

目的:调查绍兴地区流行肺炎链球菌的血清型和耐药性,对不同来源的菌株进行比较,计算PCV7的覆盖率,为临床用药提供指导。方法:收集105株不同样本来源的肺炎链球菌,使用Pneumotest-latex鉴定血清型,统计耐药性,并研究两者之间关系。结果:105株肺炎链球菌,青霉素不敏感仅1株咽拭子分离菌,红霉素、克林霉素耐药率为99.3%,未检到万古霉素、左氧氟沙星耐药株,复方SMZ、四环素、利福平、氯霉素的耐药率分别为77.9%、86.2%、5.1%、10.6%。主要检出的血清组/型为19和23,占所有菌株的47.6%(49/103),PCV疫苗覆盖率为62.1%。结论:不同样本来源的肺炎链球菌的流行血清型和耐药性差异有统计学意义,眼部分离肺炎链球菌较其他部位分离株耐药程度低,PCV7覆盖率低,需长期监测。     

健康6月龄内儿童肺炎链球菌携带状况及耐药特征分析

目的 了解济南地区健康6月龄内儿童鼻咽部肺炎链球菌携带血清型及耐药特征,为肺炎球菌疫苗推广接种提供数据。方法 2019年11月—2020年4月采集济南地区216例健康6月龄内儿童鼻咽拭子,经分离培养获得疑似肺炎链球菌菌株;利用基质辅助激光解吸电离飞行时间质谱和奥普托欣敏感试验鉴定后,采用多重PCR方法明确肺炎链球菌血清型;进一步采用微生物药敏分析仪进行药物敏感性检测。结果 216例健康6月龄内儿童肺炎链球菌携带率为5.1%(11/216),共携带7种血清型：15B、23F、6B、8、18C、19F和13。13价肺炎球菌多糖结合疫苗血清型覆盖率为54.5%,23价肺炎球菌多糖疫苗覆盖率为90.9%。19种抗生素中红霉素和阿奇霉素耐药率为100.0%;耐药率80.0%以上的有四环素、克林霉素、甲氧苄胺嘧啶/磺胺甲噁唑;头孢呋辛和青霉素(口服)的耐药率超过50.0%。万古霉素、利奈唑胺、左氧氟沙星、氯霉素和莫西沙星未发现耐药菌株。11例儿童鼻咽部肺炎链球菌分离株显示多重耐药,耐药种类3～6种。结论 济南地区健康6月龄内儿童鼻咽部定植的肺炎链球菌具有多种血清型,且抗生素耐药现象较严重。     

河北省儿童感染肺炎链球菌菌型及疫苗覆盖率分析

目的 对河北省儿童医院分离的410株肺炎链球菌进行分型研究，分析其菌型特点，为控制本地区儿童肺炎链球菌感染和疫苗的正确选择提供依据。方法 将菌株进行核酸提取，采用普通PCR方法进行种属鉴定，多重PCR方法进行血清学分型。结果 410株肺炎链球菌（Streptococcus pneumoniae,Spn）菌株大部分分离自2岁以下儿童，占82.68%，2～3岁患儿占11.22%，4～5岁患儿占3.9%，＞5岁的患儿仅占2.2%。年龄最大患儿为10岁，最小为37 d。410株Spn菌株中菌型占比前3位的是19F、6A/6B和19A，7价、13价和23价肺炎链球菌疫苗的菌型覆盖率分别是55.61%、71.46%、76.83%。结论 本地区儿童肺炎链球菌菌型型别丰富，从疫苗菌株覆盖率和保护性来看，提示13价多糖结合疫苗（13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine, PCV13）对本地区儿童可产生较好的预防效果。     

温州地区青霉素不敏感肺炎链球菌临床分离株的血清分型及耐药性分析

目的评价青霉素的体外药敏试验的检测方法,探讨青霉素不敏感肺炎链球菌(penicillin-nonsusceptible Streptococcus pneumoniae,PNSP)临床分离株的主要血清型、耐药特性及流行特征。方法从温州市中西医结合医院WHONET5.6分析系统筛选出2013-2017年肺炎链球菌1 006株,用E-test法确认青霉素的体外抗菌活性,荚膜肿胀试验进行血清型分型,用VITEK-2 Compact全自动细菌分析仪药敏系统判定药物敏感性,分析不同血清型对常用抗菌药物的耐药率。结果筛选获得602株PNSP菌株,不敏感率59.84%;进一步经E-test法复核,仅86株PNSP,不敏感率8.55%,两种检测方法比较差异具有统计学意义(χ~2=588.100,P<0.001);年龄以<5岁儿童为主;主要血清型分别为19A、19F、23F、6B、4、14,以19A、19F为主,分别占32.56%和23.26%;不同血清型PNSP对喹诺酮类、万古霉素和利奈唑胺具有高度的敏感性,19F和19A对β-内酰胺类药物耐药率较高;6B和23F对β-内酰胺类药物耐药率较低。结论肺炎链球菌血清流行病学分布的研究对于制订疫苗使用策略有着至关重要的意义,应及时监控PNSP血清流行病分布和耐药性变化。     

小儿肺炎链球菌的耐药性及其血清学特征

目的　了解小儿肺炎链球菌的耐药性及其血清型分布情况 ,为小儿上呼吸道感染的临床抗生素合理治疗提供依据。　方法　肺炎链球菌自小儿上呼吸感染者的鼻咽拭子标本分离取得 ,并用标准 E- test法和琼脂稀释法测定其耐药性 ;采用 Quellung反应方法对其血清分型 ;采用 BOX- PCR和琼脂糖电泳技术对其进行基因特征分析。　结果　研究了 1999年至 2 0 0 1年期间从患儿鼻咽拭子标本中分离出来的 84株肺炎链球菌。 78.6% ( 66株 )的菌株对青霉素敏感 ,也同时对其他的 β-内酰胺类抗生素敏感。仅有 2 1.4 % ( 18株 )的菌株对青霉素耐药 ,其中 ,88.9% ( 16株 )的是低度耐药 ,11.1% ( 2株 )是高度耐药。几乎所有的菌株对利福平和万古霉素是敏感的。但大多数菌株对四环素、氯霉素、复方新诺明、红霉素表现出多重耐药性。占 60 .6%的肺炎链球菌其血清型是 6A( 14 .3 % )、2 3 F( 13 .1% )、19F( 11.9% )、15 B( 7.1% )、14( 7.1% ) ,不能分型 ( 7.1% ) ,而 18株青霉素耐药菌株的血清型是 2 3 F、19F、6B、14不能分型 ,以 2 3 F为主 ,它们有相似的BOX基因指纹图谱和耐药谱。　结论　本研究小儿肺炎链球菌对青霉素的耐药率较其他地区高 ,耐药模式以四环素、氯霉素、复方新诺明、红霉素、氯林可霉素为主。 2 3 F血清型是     

肺炎链球菌疫苗在不同年龄组儿童中应用价值分析

目的根据感染患儿来源的肺炎链球菌血清型分布特征,初步评价不同肺炎链球菌疫苗在相对应年龄组儿童中的应用价值。方法参考文献对2014年收集到的182株肺炎链球菌菌株提取DNA,应用多重PCR方法进行分型,分析不同疫苗血清型比例。结果从河北省儿童医院的182株肺炎链球菌菌株中19F和19A型数量最多,分别为68株(占37.36%)和33株(占18.13%),其次较多的型别有6B、35B型、14型、23F型、15B/15C型等。7价、10价、13价肺炎链球菌结合疫苗所含血清型在2岁以下儿童来源菌株中分别占61.33%、61.33%、82.67%。所有2岁以上儿童来源菌株中81.25%属于23价肺炎链球菌多糖疫苗血清型。结论本研究中肺炎链球菌血清型分布存在以19F、19A型为主同时兼有多样性的特点。针对不同年龄组儿童应用结合疫苗或多糖疫苗都将取得一定的免疫效果。     

2017-2019年苏州地区儿童肺炎链球菌血清分型及耐药特征

目的 了解苏州大学附属儿童医院呼吸道感染儿童肺炎链球菌菌株的血清型分布及耐药特征,为制定肺炎链球菌相关疾病的治疗和预防接种策略提供参考.方法 采用乳胶凝集和荚膜肿胀试验对肺炎链球菌菌株进行血清分型,采用E-test法检测菌株对多种抗生素的耐药性.结果 2017年1月-2019年7月共收集3 652株肺炎链球菌,主要来自...     

Carriage of Streptococcus pneumoniae 3 years after start of vaccination program, the Netherlands

To evaluate the effectiveness of the 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7) program, we conducted a cross-sectional observational study on nasopharyngeal carriage of Streptococcus pneumoniae 3 years after implementation of the program in the Netherlands. We compared pneumococcal serotypes in 329 prebooster 11-month-old children, 330 fully vaccinated 24-month-old children, and 324 parents with age-matched pre-PCV7 (unvaccinated) controls (ages 12 and 24 months, n = 319 and n = 321, respectively) and 296 of their parents. PCV7 serotype prevalences before and after PCV7 implementation, respectively, were 38% and 8% among 11-month-old children, 36% and 4% among 24-month-old children, and 8% and 1% among parents. Non-PCV7 serotype prevalences were 29% and 39% among 11-month-old children, 30% and 45% among 24-month-old children, and 8% and 15% among parents, respectively; serotypes 11A and 19A were most frequently isolated. PCV7 serotypes were largely replaced by non-PCV7 serotypes. Disappearance of PCV7 serotypes in parents suggests strong transmission reduction through vaccination.     

Significant impact of pneumococcal conjugate vaccination on pediatric parapneumonic effusion: Italy 2006–2018

Etiology and serotyping of parapneumonic effusion (PPE) and the impact of vaccination was evaluated over a 12-year period, before and after the PCV13 introduction (2011) for Italian children From 0 to 16 years of age.Five hundred and two children were evaluated; 226 blood and 356 pleural fluid samples were obtained and tested using Realtime-PCR and culture. In the pre-PCV13 era S. pneumoniae was the most frequent pathogen identified (64/90; 71.1%) with a large predominance of serotypes 1 (42.4%), 3 (23.7%), 7F (5.1%) and 19A (11.9%).The impact of vaccination, calculated on children 0–8 years of age, demonstrated a significant reduction of PPE: with an incidence rate of 2.82 (95%CL 2.32–3.41) in the pre-PCV13 era and an age-standardized rate (ASR) of 0.66 (95% CL 0.37–1.99) in the post-PCV13 era, p < 0.0001. No increase in non-PCV13 serotypes was recorded. S. pneumoniae remained the most frequent pathogen identified in the post-PCV13 era in unvaccinated children with an unchanged serotype distribution: respectively 26/66 (39.4%), 25/66 (37.9%), 5/66 (7.6%), and 4/66 (6.1%) for 1, 3, 7F and 19A. On the other hand 7F and 19A disappeared in vaccinated children and serotype 1 and 3 decreased by 91.8% and 31.5%, respectively. Realtime PCR was significantly more sensitive than culture both in pleural fluid (79.7% vs 12.5%) and in blood (17.8% vs 7.4%).In conclusion, our findings indicate that routine immunization with PCV13 has significantly reduced the burden of childhood PPE in vaccinated children, without increasing PPE due to other bacteria and without serotype shift. Moreover, the impact of PCV13 may be underestimated due to the increase in pneumococcal surveillance in Italy. Data has also shown that Real-time PCR is an essential tool to better define the etiology of PPE and to monitor vaccination plans. Longer studies will be necessary to evaluate the role of herd protection in PPE prevention.     

儿童侵袭性肺炎链球菌感染的血清型和耐药性

目的 了解某医院住院患儿侵袭性肺炎链球菌感染的临床特征以及菌株的血清型和耐药性,以期指导临床合理用药,寻找防治侵袭性肺炎链球菌感染的有效方法.方法 回顾性分析2014年1月—2018年12月该院明确诊断为侵袭性肺炎链球菌感染患儿的临床资料,肺炎链球菌的药敏结果、血清型,以及疫苗对其血清型覆盖情况.结果 74例侵袭性肺炎...     

Increase in Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 3 associated parapneumonic pleural effusion/empyema after the introduction of PCV13 in Germany

IntroductionPediatric pneumococcal pneumonia complicated by parapneumonic pleural effusion/empyema (PPE/PE) remains a major concern despite general immunization with pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs).MethodsIn a nationwide pediatric hospital surveillance study in Germany we identified 584 children <18 years of age with bacteriologically confirmed PPE/PE from October 2010 to June 2018. Streptococcus pneumoniae was identified by culture and/or PCR of blood samples and/or pleural fluid and serotyped.ResultsS. pneumoniae was identified in 256 of 584 (43.8%) children by culture (n = 122) and/or PCR (n = 207). The following pneumococcal serotypes were detected in 114 children: serotype 3 (42.1%), 1 (25.4%), 7F (12.3%), 19A (7.9%), other PCV13 serotypes (4.4%) and non-PCV13 serotypes (7.9%). Between October 2010 and June 2014 serotype 1 (38.1%) and serotype 3 (25.4%) were most prevalent, whereas between July 2014 and June 2018 serotype 3 (62.7%) and non-PCV13 serotypes (15.7%) were dominant. Compared to children with other pneumococcal serotypes, children with serotype 3 associated PPE/PE were younger (median 3.2 years [IQR 2.1–4.3 years] vs. median 5.6 years [IQR 3.8–8.2 years]; p < 0.001) and more frequently admitted to intensive care (43 [89.6%] vs. 48 [73.8%]; p = 0.04). Seventy-six of 114 (66.7%) children with pneumococcal PPE/PE had been vaccinated with pneumococcal vaccines. Thirty-nine of 76 (51.3%) had received a vaccine covering the serotype detected. Thirty of these 39 breakthrough cases were age-appropriately vaccinated with PCV13 and considered vaccine failures, including 26 children with serotype 3, three children with serotype 19A and one child with serotype 1.ConclusionFollowing the introduction of PCV13 in general childhood vaccination we observed a strong emergence of serotype 3 associated PPE/PE in the German pediatric population, including a considerable number of younger children with serotype 3 vaccine breakthrough cases and failures. Future PCVs should not only cover newly emerging serotypes, but also include a more effective component against serotype 3.     

Vaccine-driven serotype-rearrangement is seen with latency in clinical isolates: Comparison of carried and clinical pneumococcal isolates from the same time period in Hungary

Young children – the main asymptomatic carriers of pneumococcus – are often the source of pneumococcal infections. PCV13 replaced PCV7 in 2010 in Hungary and it became a mandatory vaccine in 2014. In this work we surveyed the effect of vaccination in three groups: in healthy children under 7?years; in children of the same age but infected with pneumococcus (P1); in older patients (P2) who were very likely not vaccinated.Nasal swabs were taken from 522 healthy children to screen pneumococcal carriage between March 2015 and May 2016. In the same time period, 146 clinical isolates were collected, mainly from mucosal infections. Serotypes, antibiotic susceptibility and clonality of the isolates was determined and compared.The carriage rate was 39.1%. Regarding carriage, the serotype distribution showed the total disappearance of serotypes 3 and 6A compared to former Hungarian studies. The prevalence of PCV13 serotypes was only 5.8% represented by three serotypes (19F, 19A, 9V). Of note, serotype 19A (a very resistant and invasive type) also decreased significantly. In the patient groups, PCV13 prevalence was higher: 17.5% (P1) and 32.6% (P2). Although serotype 3 was present in P1 (7.9%), the leading serotype was 23B (22.2%), a non-vaccine type (NVT). P2 showed the most diverse serotype distribution, but serotype 3 was predominant here (15.7%). Pneumococcal isolates from the patients were more resistant towards the tested antibiotics compared to those from carriers.PCV13 seems to be highly successful in reducing the prevalence of vaccine serotypes. The serotype-rearrangement can be seen also among clinical isolates, albeit somewhat later in time. Fortunately, the replacing serotypes are less invasive and less resistant, but, most worrisome, serotype 19F can be found again with increased frequency among carriage isolates and mucosal infections. Further surveillance is needed to carefully monitor such successful, antibiotic resistant “refugees”.     

Nasopharyngeal carriage of Streptococcus pneumoniae in healthy children aged less than five years

PurposeIn Turkey, pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) was introduced to the national immunization program as PCV7 in 2008, and was replaced with PCV13 in 2011. The aim of the study was to demonstrate the pneumococcal carriage rate and the serotype distribution in healthy children under 5 years in Turkey who were vaccinated with PCV13.MethodsWe conducted a cross-sectional study including the collection of questionnaire data and nasopharyngeal (NP) specimens among children aged <5 years from five centers from March 2019 to March 2020. Pneumococcal isolates were identified using optochin sensitivity and bile solubility. Serotyping was performed using a latex agglutination kit and Quellung reaction.ResultsNP swab samples were collected from 580 healthy children. The observed overall carriage rate was 17.8%. None of the hypothesised predictors of S. pneumoniae carriage, except maternal education level was statistically significant (p = 0.017). High maternal education level appeared to decrease the risk (lower vs. higher maternal education OR: 1.992 [95% CI; 1.089–3.643], p = 0.025). The overall NP S. pneumoniae carriage prevalence for the PCV13-vaccinated children was 17.8% (103/580). The most common serotypes detected were serotype 15B (n = 10, 9.7%), serotype 23F (n = 9, 8.7%), serotype 23A (n = 9, 8.7%), serotype 11A (n = 7, 6.7%), serotype 19F (n = 5, 4.8%) and serotype 15F (n = 5, 4.8%). Of the isolates, 28 (27.2%) were in PCV13 vaccine strains (VSs), and 75 (72.8%) strains were non-VS. The serotype coverage rate was 27.2% for PCV13.ConclusionThe overall S. pneumoniae carriage rate was higher than in earlier studies from Turkey. Post-vaccine era studies from around the world have reported a decrease in VS serotypes and a ‘serotype replacement’ to non-VS serotypes, as we determined in our study.     

PCV13 serotype decrease in Italian adolescents and adults in the post-PCV13 era: Herd protection from children or secular trend?

Background and aim of the workIn 2010 PCV13 replaced PCV7 in the pediatric vaccination schedule for Italian children. While a strong herd effect was demonstrated for PCV7, a possible herd effect due to PCV13 is still under debate. Our aim was to evaluate differences in the distribution of pneumococcal serotypes between the pre and post-PCV13 eras in unvaccinated Italian adolescents and adults with laboratory-confirmed pneumococcal infection from 3 Italian Regions with a high rate of PCV13 vaccination of children.Patients and methodsAdolescents and adults admitted with laboratory-confirmed pneumococcal infection in the hospitals of 3 Italian Regions (Friuli-Venezia Giulia, Emilia Romagna, and Tuscany) between April 2006 and June 2016 were included in the study. Diagnosis of pneumococcal infection and serotyping were performed with Real Time PCR directly on normally sterile fluids or on culture isolates.Results523 patients with laboratory-confirmed pneumococcal infection were enrolled (Male/Female ratio was 300/223, 1.3; median age 67.1, IQR 53.4–74.9). None of the patients had been vaccinated with any pneumococcal vaccine; 96.4% were serotyped. Overall, the most frequent serotypes were 3 (67/504, 13.3%), 8 (43/504, 8.5%), and 19A (38/504, 7.5%). Serotype distribution differed among age classes and clinical presentations.Overall, PCV13 serotypes accounted for 47.6% of cases: 62.3% in the pre-PCV13 era and 45.0% in the post-PCV13 era; (p = 0.005 OR = 2.03; CL 95%: 1.2–3.3). Serotype 7F accounted for 12/77 (15.6%) of all serotypes in the pre-PCV13 period and for 12/427 (2.8%) in the post-PCV13 period and was the only serotype significantly contributing to the difference in percentage between pre and post-PCV13 eras.ConclusionOur study demonstrated a difference in percentage in serotype distribution in adolescents and adults laboratory-confirmed pneumococcal infection between the pre and post-PCV13 eras. This difference is mainly due to the decrease of serotype 7F. Thus, in order to decrease disease burden, adults and in particular the elderly should be offered a specific vaccination program.     

Streptococcus pneumoniae serotypes in Utah adults at the end of the PCV7 era

While heptavalent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) has decreased vaccine type invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) nationwide, rapid serotype replacement and increasing parapneumonic empyema, has been reported in Utah children. The effect of pediatric vaccination on adults in this population is unknown.We identified 117 adults with IPD from the Intermountain Healthcare Central Laboratory between November 2009 and October 2010. We serotyped 61 (52%) stored isolates. We compared the serotype distribution of adult IPD isolates with that of pediatric isolates collected in 2009-2010.PCV7 serotypes were rare in adults (3%) and children (3%). Emerging 13-valent PCV serotypes 3, 7F, and 19A caused the majority of IPD in adults (63%) and children (56%). Fifty-one (84%) adult isolates were serotypes included in 23-valent polysaccharide vaccine and 66% in PCV13.Adult and pediatric IPD serotypes are closely associated in Utah. PCV13 vaccination in Utah children is likely to significantly impact IPD in Utah adults.     

Long-term impact of 10-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccination on invasive pneumococcal disease among children in Finland

BackgroundThe ten-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV10) was introduced into the Finnish National Vaccination Programme (NVP) in September 2010. The impact of PCV10 vaccination against invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) in vaccine-eligible children has been high. We evaluated the long-term impact of PCV10 vaccination against IPD in vaccine-eligible and older, unvaccinated children six years after PCV10 introduction with a special focus on cross-protection against PCV10-related serotypes (serotypes in the same serogroups as the PCV10 types).MethodsWe used data on IPD from the national, population-based surveillance. A target cohort of vaccine-eligible children (born June 2010 or later) was followed from 3 months of age until the end of 2016. For the indirect effect, another cohort of older PCV10-ineligible children was followed from 2012 through 2016. IPD rates were compared with those of season- and age-matched reference cohorts before NVP introduction.ResultsAmong vaccine-eligible children, the incidence of all IPD decreased by 79% (95% CI 74–83%). There was a statistically significant reduction in the incidence of 6A IPD, but for 19A, the reduction was non-significant and the incidence of 19A increased towards the end of the study period in the older vaccine-eligible children. The increase in non-PCV10 related serotypes was non-significant.In the unvaccinated older children, the incidence of all IPD decreased by 33% (95% CI 8–52%) compared to the reference cohort, and there was no impact on serotype 6A or 19A IPD.ConclusionOverall, the impact of PCV10 vaccination on IPD was high in vaccine-eligible children, with a major reduction in vaccine-type disease, and without notable replacement by other serotype groups. Our data suggest that PCV10 results in long-lasting direct cross-protection against 6A IPD. For 19A, no net reduction was observed six years after NVP introduction in the vaccine-eligible cohort. The indirect impact on IPD in unvaccinated children sustained.