毛细管区带电泳法测定益肾壮骨颗粒淫羊藿苷与柚皮苷含量

目的建立测定益肾壮骨颗粒中淫羊藿苷及柚皮苷含量的毛细管区带电泳法。方法采用石英毛细管（50 cm×50 μm,50 cm）,以10 mmol•L－1硼砂（pH 7.3）为背景电解质,运行电压25 kV,流体静压进样10 s（高度10 cm）,紫外检测波长220 nm。结果淫羊藿苷在6.75～337.50 mg•L－1范围内线性关系良好（r＝0.998 7）,平均回收率93.5%（RSD＝1.9%）;柚皮苷在3.66～183.00 mg•L－1范围内线性关系良好（r＝0.997 7）,平均回收率为96.2%（RSD＝2.3%）。结论该方法简便、快速、污染小,适用于益肾壮骨颗粒中淫羊藿苷及柚皮苷的含量测定。     

不同产地柚子中柚皮苷的含量测定

摘要目的测定不同产地柚子果皮果肉中柚皮苷的含量。方法采用高效液相色谱（HPLC）法,色谱柱为Zorbax Eclipse XDB C18（4.6 mm×150 mm,5 μm）。流动相为甲醇 水（30：70）,流速为1.0 mL•min－1,检测波长为270 nm。结果柚皮苷在11.0～220.0 μg•mL－1浓度范围内与峰面积积分值呈良好线性关系（r＝0.999 7）;加样回收率为98.8%（RSD＝1.52%）。其中柚皮苷含量最高的是新鲜的玉环蜜柚果皮（10 396.75 μg•g－1）。结论该方法简便,快速,灵敏,准确,稳定性,重复性好,可用于柚皮中柚皮苷的测定。     

高效液相色谱法测定接骨续筋片中柚皮苷的含量

（1. ［摘要］目的建立接骨续筋片骨碎补中有效成分柚皮苷的含量测定方法。方法采用Phenomenex C18色谱柱，流动相：甲醇 水 冰醋酸（35：65：4），流速1.0 mL•min 1，检测波长283 nm，柱温为室温。结果柚皮苷进样量在0.144～0.720 μg范围内线性关系良好，r＝0.999 9，平均回收率为98.7%，RSD为1.30%（n＝5）。结论该方法操作简便，灵敏度高，结果准确，可靠，适用于接骨续筋片中柚皮苷的含量测定。     

透皮促渗剂对醋酸地塞米松壳聚糖凝胶透皮特性的影响

目的观察透皮促渗剂对醋酸地塞米松壳聚糖凝胶透皮特性的影响。方法实验分为无促渗剂组和促渗剂组。无促渗剂组为0.75%药物5%壳聚糖凝胶剂;促渗剂组根据含促渗剂不同又分为月桂氮酮+丙二醇、月桂氮酮、丙二醇+二甲亚砜、二甲亚砜+月桂氮酮组。以无毛大鼠皮肤为渗透屏障,进行体外渗透实验,分析该凝胶稳态透皮速率（Js）和Js提高率。结果无促渗剂组①Js为（3.75±0.56） μg•（cm2） 1•h 1。促渗剂组效果明显,其中二甲亚砜+月桂氮酮组②Js为（8.12±0.58） μg•（cm2） 1•h 1,月桂氮酮+丙二醇组③Js为（5.41±0.74） μg•（cm2） 1•h 1,丙二醇+二甲亚砜组④Js为（4.31±0.42） μg•（cm2） 1•h 1,月桂氮酮组⑤Js为（4.35±0.36） μg•（cm2） 1•h 1。与①比较,②的Js提高率为2.17%（P＜0.01）,与③④⑤比较,②的Js分别为1.51,1.89,1.87倍（P＜0.05或P＜0.01）。结论混合促渗剂具有比单一促渗剂更好的促渗效果。     

反相高效液相色谱法测定 胆芩注射液中3种成分含量

［摘要］目的同时测定胆芩注射液中黄芩苷、靛玉红、绿原酸的含量。方法采用反相高效液相色谱法 ,色谱柱为Kromasil C18（150 mm×4.6 mm ,5 μm）,流动为甲醇 乙腈 0.4%磷酸（ 40：13：47）,流速为 1.0 mL•min 1 ,检测波长为 277 nm,柱温20 ℃。结果黄芩苷、靛玉红、绿原酸分别在 2.10～21.00 μg•mL 1 （r＝0.999 9）; ０.４５～4.50 μg•mL 1（r＝0.999 9） 和0.25～1.85 μg•mL 1（r＝0.999 9）范围内呈线性关系,加样回收率分别为 100.2% （RSD＝0.34%）,99.3%（ RSD＝0.68%） 和 99.9%（ RSD＝0.26%）。结论该方法简便 、快速、准确、灵敏、可靠、重复性好,一次测定多组分,可作为胆芩注射液质量控制方法。     

高效液相色谱蒸发光散射检测法测定芪麦益气口服液中黄芪甲苷的含量

目的 建立用高效液相色谱蒸发光散射检测法（HPLC-ELSD）测定芪麦益气口服液中黄芪甲苷含量的测定 方法 . 方法 采用Kromasil ODS色谱柱（250 mm×4.6 mm, 5 μm）, 流动相为乙腈 水（32：68）, 流速为1.0 mL•min-1; 柱温：40 ℃; ELSD参数：漂移管温度100 ℃, 氮气流速：2.5 mL•min-1. 结果 黄芪甲苷在1.174～11.740 μg范围内线性关系良好, r＝0.999 4; 平均回收率98.39%, RSD为1.54%.结论 该 方法 简便、准确, 重复性好, 适用于芪麦益气口服液的质量控制.     

泮托拉唑钠致肝损害1例

患者,女,73岁,因“恶心,尿黄,反酸,食欲、睡眠稍差”等入院。2011年8月3日开始服用泮托拉唑钠（厂家与批号不详）160 mg.d 1,治疗反流性食管炎、胃溃疡。外院检查肝功能：直接胆红素（D BiL）28.5 μmol•L－1,总胆红素（T BiL）53.8 μmol•L－1,丙氨酸氨基转移酶（ALT）1 259 U•L－1,天冬氨酸氨基转移酶（AST）1 278 U•L－1,腹部B超检查提示：肝胆胰脾未见异常。给予水飞蓟宾胶囊、亮菌口服液治疗,复查肝功能：D BiL 8.3 μmol•L－1,T BiL 21.7 μmol•L－1,ALT 694 U•L－1,AST 341 U•L－1,碱性磷酸酶（ALP）133 U•L－1,γ 谷氨酰转肽酶（GGT）232 U•L－1,加用护肝宁片口服,患者小便颜色仍较深,间断恶心,于2011年8月11日就诊我院,以“肝功能异常原因待查”收入我院。     

东莨菪碱对丙泊酚无痛人工流产麻醉致梦幻的预防

［摘要］目的观察东莨菪碱对丙泊酚无痛人工流产麻醉致梦幻的预防效果。方法选择门诊人工流产患者97例，随机分为两组：术前30 min肌内注射东莨菪碱3 μg•kg 1组48例（S组）、阿托品10 μg•kg 1组49例（A组）。两组均以丙泊酚2.5 mg•kg 1诱导，12 mg•kg 1•h 1持续泵注并吸入70%一氧化二氮（N2O）和氧气（O2）混合气体维持；术后20 min和6 h询访两组患者做梦情况和特征。结果丙泊酚停注后20 min，S组无做梦现象，A组47%诉有梦幻；6 h后S组6%、A组43%回忆有梦幻。S组梦幻发生率明低于A组（P＜0.05）。结论术前肌内注射东莨菪碱可明显预防丙泊酚麻醉在无痛人工流产术中产生梦幻现象。     

高效液相色谱法测定复方伪麻敏芬胶囊中3组分的含量

（1. ［摘要］目的建立高效液相色谱法测定复方伪麻敏芬胶囊中3组分的含量的方法。方法Zorbax C18柱（4.6 mm×250 mm，5 μm）；流动相为甲醇 6 mmol•L-1十二烷基硫酸钠溶液 0.025 mol•L-1磷酸二氢钾溶液 三乙胺（75：20：20：0.25，用磷酸调pH值至3.25）；流速：1 mL• min 1；检测波长：盐酸伪麻黄碱、马来酸氯苯那敏为259 nm，布洛芬为264 nm. 结果布洛芬浓度在100.6～704.2 μg•mL-1范围内，盐酸伪麻黄碱50.0～600.0 μg•mL-1范围内，马来酸氯苯那敏5.02～50.20 μg•mL-1范围内，其浓度与吸收之间线性关系均良好，平均回收率分别为99.7%，99.1%，99.1%，RSD分别为0.71%，0.73%，0.71%（n＝5）。结论该方法准确，灵敏度高，重现性好，可用于测定复方伪麻敏芬胶囊中布洛芬、盐酸伪麻黄碱、马来酸氯苯那敏的含量。     

高效液相色谱法同时测定桑菊感冒片中连翘苷和甘草苷含量

目的 建立测定桑菊感冒片中连翘苷及甘草苷2组分含量的方法. 方法 采用高效液相色谱法,Diamonsil C18柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm), 以乙腈 05%醋酸水溶液（1：4）为流动相,检测波长为276 nm,流速为1 mL•min-1. 结果 连翘苷和甘草苷分别在线性范围3.77～18.84 mg•L-1和30.62～153.10 mg•L-1,具有良好线性关系. 连翘苷和甘草苷加样回收率分别为99.75%和99.50%;RSD分别为0.40%和0.50%. 结论 该法简单易行,可用于桑菊感冒片中连翘苷及甘草苷的含量测定.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.