Case-based learning in education of Traditional Chinese Medicine： a systematic review

OBJECTIVE： To assess the effect of case-based learning（CBL） in the education of Traditional Chinese Medicine（TCM）.METHODS： The studies concerning TCM courses designed with CBL were included by searching the databases of EBSCO, Pubmed, Science Citation Index, China National Knowledge Infrastructure,Chongqing VIP database. The valid data was extracted in accordance with the included criteria.The quality of the studies was assessed with Gemma Flores-Masteo.RESULTS： A total of 22 articles were retrieved that met the selection criteria： one was of high quality;two were of low quality; the rest were categorized as moderate quality. The majority of the studiesdemonstrated the better effect produced by CBL,while a few studies showed no difference, compared with the didactic format. All included studies confirmed the favorable effect on learners＇ attitude,skills and ability.CONCLUSION： CBL showed the desirable results in achieving the goal of learning. Compared to didactic approach, it played a more active role in promoting students＇ competency. Since the quality of the articles on which the study was based was not so high, the findings still need further research to become substantiated     

Successful treatment of latent autoimmune diabetes in adults with Traditional Chinese Medicine： a case report

INTRODUCTION： Latent autoimmune diabetes in adults （LADA） is regarded as one of the Insulin-de- pendent diabetes mellitus that progress slowly. It gradually became understood since 1970s. The on- set usually appears in adulthood, the islet autoanti- bodies are positive and the function of 13 cell is de- clined rapidly. The treatment is insulin injection. CASE PRESENTATION： The case reported followed is a 37-year-old male patient who was newly diag- nosed with type 2 diabetes. He abandoned oral hy- poglycemic agents since they caused stomach in- disposed. Before visiting, his islet autoantibodies were detected positive and he had never injected insulin before. We treated him with traditional Chi- nese herbals under the guidance of Traditional Chi- nese Medicine and differentiation, and achieved fine efficacy. CONCLUSION： Because the initial presentation of LADA is similar to Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and ex- amination is not in common use, misdiagnosis isnot rare. Once LADA is diagnosed, the therapy must be adjusted. This case report indicated that Traditional Chinese Medicine might be an alterna- tive treatment for LADA.     

Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine International Student Admission for Undergraduate Program of Chinese Medicine （Acupuncture） in 2012

The Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine (SUTCM),a prestigious TCM university known as the Eastern Harvard Chinese Medical School,is ready to welcome you to join the undergraduate programof Chinese medicine (acupuncture) taught in English this September     

Efficacy and safety of Traditional Chinese Medicine for the treatment of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome：a systematic review

OBJECTIVE： To systematically review the efficacy and safety ofTraditional Chinese Medicine（TCM） in- terventions, compared with control interventions（placebo or conventional Western medical thera- py）, in the treatment of acquired immunodeficien- cy syndrome（AIDS）. METHODS： Electronic databases including PubMed, the Cochrane Library, China National Knowledge Infrastructure（CNKI）, and Wanfang Da- ta were searched to identify relevant randomized controlled trials（RCTs） published as of May 2012. Studies were selected according to the specified in- clusion and exclusion criteria and then subjected to methodological quality assessment, data extrac- tion, and meta-analysis according to the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions.RESULTS： Twelve RCTs involving 881 patients with AIDS were included. Methodological quality assess- ment showed that two were high-quality, two were moderate-quality, and eight were low-quality. Me- ta-analysis showed that TCM interventions were as- sociated with significantly reduced plasma viral load compared with placebo [odds ratio OR=2.46, 95% confidence interval CI（1.02, 5.94）; P=0.04]. However, the reductions in plasma viral load signifi- cantly favored conventional Western medical thera- py alone over integrated traditional Chinese and Western medical therapy [OR=0.16, 95% CI（0.05, 0.55）; P=0.004]. Patients receiving TCM interven- tions had significantly higher CD4＋ T lymphocyte counts compared with those on placebo [OR=2.54, 95% CI（1.40, 4.60）; P=0.002]. In addition, TCM inter- ventions were significantly more likely to have im- proved clinical symptoms [OR=2.82, 95% CI（1.85, 4.31）; P0.00001]. TCM interventions conferred a similar risk of adverse events（AEs） compared with control interventions [OR=1.87, 95%CI（0.58, 6.01）; P=0.29]. CONCLUSION： Current evidence suggests that TCM interventions are significantly more effective than placebo in reducing plasma viral load and in- creasing CD4＋ T lymphocyte count in patients with AIDS. When compared with conventional Western medical therapy, TCM interventions were signifi- cantly less effective in reducing plasma viral load, although they were associated with a higher per- centage of patients with improved symptoms. Pa- tients receiving TCM interventions did not seem to be at an increased risk of AEs.     

Survival of people living with HIV after treatment with Traditional Chinese Medicine in Henan province of China： a retrospective cohortstudy

OBJECTIVE： To provide survival estimates of people living with human immunodeficiency virus（PLHIV） after treatment with Traditional Chinese Medicine（TCM） in rural China, to identify the prognostic factors at enrollment, and to explore the effectiveness of TCM intreating PLHIV.METHODS： PLHIV who enrolled in national TCM HIV treatment trial program in October 2004 were analyzed in this study and followed up to October 2010. Survival time was estimated by the Kaplan-Meier curve and hazard ratios, and identifying prognostic factors were computed through Cox proportional hazard models.RESULTS：A total of 1666 PLHIV were included with 102 591 person-months of follow-up. Overall, 312（18.7%） patients died. The total mortality rate over the study period was 3.6 per 100 person-years,which was lower than the worldwide rate. The cumulative survival rate was 95.9% at 1 year[95% confidence interval（CI）（94.8-96.8）] and 80.4% at 6years [95% CI（78.4-82.3）]. Elevated death risks emerged among males, older individuals, and thosewithlowerCD4＋T-cellcounts.CONCLUSION： TCM could increase survival and lengthen the life span of PLHIV in Henan province of China, as shown by our retrospective cohort study. Factors such as sex, age, education, and CD4＋ T-cell counts correlated to survival. However,retrospective cohorts bias the data, so more prospective studies should be performed to confirm our primary results.     

Treatment of constipation-predominant irritable bowel syndrome by focusing on the liver in terms of Traditional Chinese Medicine： a meta-analysis

OBJECTIVE：To assess the efficacy of Traditional Chinese Medicine（TCM）on constipation-predominant irritable bowel syndrome by focusing on the liver.METHODS：Databases（domestic and foreign）were searched with the key words＂irritable bowelsyndrome＂,＂constipation＂,and＂Chinese medicine＂;the relevant articles were retrieved and evaluated.Cure rate,＂remarkable efficacy＂,recurrence rate and the incidence of adverse reactions were the outcome indicators.Review Manager ver 5.1 was used for this meta-analysis,and funnel plots used to detect publication bias.RESULTS：Nineteen randomized controlled trials were included and 1510 patients involved.The treatment guided byTCM based on the liver was superior to Western Medicine[odds ratio（OR）=2.46,95%confidence interval（CI）1.80,3.35）],cure rate[OR=2.61,95%CI（1.93,3.52）],remarkable efficacy[OR=2.68,95%CI（1.82,3.95）],recurrence rate[OR=0.19,95%CI（0.12,0.29）]and the incidence of adverse reactions[OR=0.24,95%CI（0.09,0.65）].However,funnel plots showed publication bias.CONCLUSION：Compared with Western Medicine,the treatment of IBS-C based on the liver is significantly better but the results must be treated with caution because publication bias was recorded.     

Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine International Student Admission for Undergraduate Program of Chinese Medicine （Acupuncture） in 2012

The Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine (SUTCM),a prestigious TCM university known as the Eastern Harvard Chinese Medical School,is ready to welcome you to join the undergraduate program of Chinese medicine (acupuncture) taught in English this September.     

Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine International Student Admission for Undergraduate Program of Chinese Medicine （Acupuncture） in 2012

The Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine (SUTCM), a prestigious TCM universityknown as the Eastern Harvard Chinese Medical School, is ready to welcome you to join theundergraduate program of Chinese medicine (acupuncture) taught in English this September. Theprogram will be organized by the     

Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine International Student Admission for Undergraduate Program of Chinese Medicine （Acupuncture） in 2012

The Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine (SUTCM), a prestigious TCM university known as the Eastern Harvard Chinese Medical School, is ready to welcome you to join the undergraduate program of Chinese medicine (acupuncture) taught in English this September. The program will be     

Development of Chinese Chiropractics Based on Traditional Thought

The incidence of neck and lumbar injuries is continuously increasing along with more and more people finishing their work in sitting position. We shall explore the objective principles of spinal injuries with the research on spinal kinemechnics as a cutting through point in order to seek for a reasonable therapeutic modality that can resolve spinal kinemechnic issues without aggravation of injuries, attempting to use traditional medical thinking mode in conjunction with spinal morphologic anatomy with fragmented thinking substituted by integral thinking, mechanic thinking substituted by systematic thinking, dynamic thinking substituted by static thinking.     

Does the Burning of Moxa （Artemisia vulgaris） in Traditional Chinese Medicine Constitute a Health Hazard

Background: Concerns have been expressed about potential toxicity of the smoke produced by the burning of moxa in traditional Chinese medicine. With the advent of strict anti-smoking legislation in the UK, it was decided to test the volatiles produced by moxibustion and compare them with current agreed safe exposure levels.     

Similarities between ＂Big Data＂ and Traditional Chinese Medicine information

In this paper,we analyze the four distinct characteristics of information on Traditional Chinese Medicine（TCM）, namely epistemological information,phenomenon information, overall information, and time information. These characteristics bear to some extent strong similarity to the three characteristics of ＂Big Data＂, namely integrity data, fuzzy data and correlation data, so the advent of the age of ＂Big Data＂ is bound to create good opportunities for the development of TCM informatics and is also be expected to provide methods and techniques for processing and analysis of TCM ＂comprehensive data＂.     

论中医传统医学与西方现代医学关于白血病论治的区别

1白血病认识的两种不同的方法 西方发达的现代医学,由于它的科学实验方法而取得了举世皆知的辉煌成就.但这种方法在微观具体认识对象的同时,也暴露了其宏观整体辩证联系认识对象的缺陷.然而,人类的认识方法是多种方式的综合模式,实验方法无法认识的人体现象,抽象思维推导可以认识和把握.东方中国古代文明奇葩之<黄帝内经素问>就是运用抽象概括共性思维认识人体现象的医学典范著作.在对危害人类健康的白血病病魔的认识和治疗实践上有与现代西医学大相径庭之别.本文就白血病的<素问>医学与现代西医学论治区别进行探讨.     

Expert knowledge maps for knowledge management： a case study in Traditional Chinese Medicine research

OBJECTIVE： To design a model to capture information on the state and trends of knowledge creation,at both an individual and an organizational level, in order to enhance knowledge management.METHODS： We designed a graph-theoretic knowledge model, the expert knowledge map（EKM）,based on literature-based annotation. A case study in the domain of Traditional Chinese Medicine research was used to illustrate the usefulness of the model.RESULTS： The EKM successfully captured various aspects of knowledge and enhanced knowledge management within the case-study organization through the provision of knowledge graphs, expert graphs, and expert-knowledge biography.CONCLUSION： Our model could help to reveal thehot topics, trends, and products of the research done by an organization. It can potentially be used to facilitate knowledge learning, sharing and decision-making among researchers, academicians, students, and administrators of organizations.     

Papers published from 1995 to 2012 by six Traditional Chinese Med- icine universities in China： a bibliometric analysis based on science citation index

OBJECTIVE： The quality and quantity of published research papers are important in both scientific and technology fields. Although there are several bibliometric studies based on citation analysis, very few have focused on research related to Traditional Chinese Medicine in China. METHODS： The bibliometric method used in this study included the following focuses： publication outputs for each year, paper type, language of pub- lication, distribution of internationally collaborative countries, sources of funding, authorization num- ber, distribution of institutes regarding collabora- tive publications, research fields, distribution of out-puts in journals, citation data, and h-index RESULTS： A total of 3809 papers published from 1995 to 2012 were extracted from the science cita- tion index （SCI）. The cumulative number of papers from all six universities is constantly increasing. The United States attained the dominant position re- garding complementary and alternative medicine research. The Chinese Academy of Sciences was the greatest participator in collaborative efforts. Re- search field analysis showed that the research main- ly focused on pharmacology pharmacy, chemistry, integrative complementary medicine, plant scienc- es, and biochemistry molecular biology. The Shang- hai University of Chinese Medicine had the most ci- tations. CONCLUSION： In recent years, in terms of SCI pa- pers, the six Traditional Chinese Medicine universi- ties studied here have made great advances in sci- entific research.     

Effects of Radix Ginseng on microbial infections： a narrative review

OBJECTIVE： To summarized the antimicrobial-like effects of Radix Ginseng, which provide important information to the relevant researchers and clinicians, and will benefit the clinical treatment of infectious diseases. METHODS： PubMed and Google were used to search for and collect scientific publications related to Radix Ginseng and microbial infections. The authors read, classified, and discussed the associated scientific results or evidences, and summarized the corresponding results. RESULTS： In this review, recent studies on the beneficial effects of Radix Ginseng extracts on microbial and biofilm infections were reviewed. The impor- tance and significance of Radix Ginseng＇s beneficial effects are discussed. Evidence for the favorable ef- fects of Radix Ginseng extracts on viral, bacterial, fungal, and parasitic infections and the possible un- derlying mechanisms are summarized. CONCLUSION-＂ Radix Ginseng might be a promising supplemental remedy for the prevention and treat- ment of infectious diseases.     

What is the Role of Chinese Medical Theory in Modern Scientific Research

经典中医诊断，例如根据中医的海德堡模型进行诊断，研究结果很大程度依赖于经典的诊断标准。未来中医的研究质量会受到很多因素的影响，如将经典的中医诊断作为纳入标准；用客观指标作为衡量研究结果的标准；采用双盲对照研究。因此，有必要对传统中医学诊断和功能性标准可测参数达成一致，同时也需要对其功能性术语及基本理论达成共识。本文指出经典中医学理论对现代研究具有重要指导意义，在现代研究中应正确理解并恰当应用。     

Correlation between tobacco and alcohol use and Traditional Chi- nese Medicine constitutions： an analysis based on a sample from general population of China

OBJECTIVE： To investigate the relationship between smoking and drinking and constitution types from Traditional Chinese Medicine（TCM） theory.METHODS： The Constitution in Chinese Medicine Questionnaire（CCMQ） was used. A sample of 8448subjects from nine provinces and municipalities was chosen from the database of the TCM constitution and health status survey. Constituent ratio and correspondence analysis were used to find the relationship between smoking and drinking and TCM constitution.RESULTS： There was an association between smokinganddrinkingandtheGentleness,phlegm-dampness, and dampness-heat type constitutions. People that did not smoke tobacco or drink alcohol tended to have Yang-deficiency, Yin-deficiency,Qi-depression, Qi-deficiency, special diathesis, orblood-stasis type constitutions.CONCLUSION： There was a significant correlation between tobacco and alcohol use and TCM constitutions. To improve patient health, more attention should be paid to tobacco and alcohol control.