Influence of nutritional status on early outcomes of elderly patients admitted with acute myocardial infarction

Background:   The impact of malnutrition on early outcomes has not been studied widely in acute myocardial infarction (AMI). This study aimed at determining the effect of malnutrition on in-hospital mortality or duration of hospital stay in the elderly AMI patient.
Method:   Data from the Tokai Acute Myocardial Infarction Study II were used. This was a prospective study of all patients admitted to 15 hospitals with AMI. We abstracted the baseline and procedural characteristics, serum albumin level, and in-hospital mortality from detailed chart reviews. Patients aged 65 and over were stratified into two groups according to serum albumin concentration.
Results:   The present analysis included a subsample of 629 patients with serum albumin concentration <35 g/L (undernutrition group) and 962 patients with serum albumin concentration ≥35 g/L (normal nutrition group). Patients in the undernutition group were older, more likely to be dependent in activities of daily living, and have a lower systolic blood pressure or a lower body mass index score, a history of renal failure, and signs of heart failure on presentation. Also, patients in this group frequently had a reduced left ventricular function and multivessel coronary disease. They were more likely to receive vasopressors, intra-aortic balloon pump, or mechanical ventilation, and were less likely to receive percutaneous coronary intervention. Although undernutrition group patients had a significantly higher mortality rate or a longer duration of stay than normal nutrition group patients, the differences disappeared after multivariable adjustment.
Conclusions:   Malnutrition of elderly AMI patients was not associated with poor early outcomes.     

Physician board certification and the care and outcomes of elderly patients with acute myocardial infarction

BACKGROUND: Patients and purchasers prefer board-certified physicians, but whether these physicians provide better quality of care and outcomes for hospitalized patients is unclear. OBJECTIVE: We evaluated whether care by board-certified physicians after acute myocardial infarction (AMI) was associated with higher use of clinical guideline recommended therapies and lower 30-day mortality. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: We examined 101,251 Medicare patients hospitalized for AMI in the United States and compared use of aspirin, beta-blockers, and 30-day mortality according to the attending physicians' board certification in family practice, internal medicine, or cardiology. RESULTS: Board-certified family practitioners had slightly higher use of aspirin (admission: 51.1% vs 46.0%; discharge: 72.2% vs 63.9%) and beta-blockers (admission: 44.1% vs 37.1%; discharge: 46.2% vs 38.7%) than nonboard-certified family practitioners. There was a similar pattern in board-certified Internists for aspirin (admission: 53.7% vs 49.6%; discharge: 78.2% vs 68.8%) and beta-blockers (admission: 48.9% vs 44.1%; discharge: 51.2% vs 47.1). Board-certified cardiologists had higher use of aspirin compared with cardiologists certified in internal medicine only or without any board certification (admission: 61.3% vs 53.1% vs 52.1%; discharge: 82.2% vs 71.8% vs 71.5%) and beta-blockers (admission: 52.9% vs 49.6% vs 41.5%; discharge: 54.7% vs 50.6% vs 42.5%). In multivariate regression analyses, board certification was not associated with differences in 30-day mortality. CONCLUSIONS: Treatment by a board-certified physician was associated with modestly higher quality of care for AMI, but not differences in mortality. Regardless of board certification, all physicians had opportunities to improve quality of care for AMI.     

Patients admitted to the emergency room with symptoms indicative of acute myocardial infarction

All 7157 patients (55% men) admitted to the emergency room with chest pain or other symptoms indicative of acute myocardial infarction during a period of 21 months were registered consecutively. Chest pain was reported by 93% of the patients. On the basis of history, clinical examination, and electrocardiogram in the emergency room, all patients were prospectively classified in one of four categories: (i) obvious infarction (4% of all patients); (ii) strongly suspected infarction (20%); (iii) vague suspicion of infarction (35%); and (iv) no suspected infarction (41%). In patients with no suspected infarction (n = 2910), musculoskeletal (26%), obscure (21%) and psychogenic origins (16%) of the symptoms occurred most frequently. We conclude that few of the patients had an obvious infarction on admission, and that a musculoskeletal origin of the symptoms occurred most frequently in patients with no suspected infarction.     

Clinical one-year outcomes after stenting in acute myocardial infarction

We retrospectively review our results of 96 stent placements in 64 patients identified from our data base who received stents acutely and within 48 hr of acute myocardial infarction. The average age was 60 years; 77% were male. The average length of stay was 6.75 days. Three patients needed coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) before discharge: 2 for stent occlusion and 1 for papillary muscle rupture. Need for CABG, further percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA), myocardial infarction, and death defined outcome. Mean patient follow-up was 10.3 (±5.3) months. Seventy-two percent of patients were free of outcome events at 1 year, 17% needed CABG, and 11% required further PTCA. There were 2 myocardial infarctions and 1 death. Presence of left bundle branch block on admission electrocardiogram and angina in hospital after stent placement predicted worse outcome (P < 0.01). Cathet. Cardiovasc. Diagn. 40:337–341, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

在院发生与新入院急性心肌梗死的对比分析

目的 对比在院发生急性心肌梗死（AMI）与新入院AMI患者的发病、治疗及预后特点.方法 记录2013年1月至2014年1月中国人民解放军第422医院AMI患者的发病、治疗及预后信息,根据是否为住院期间发生的AMI,分为在院组和新入院组,对比两组基线资料、治疗和预后指标,分析其相关因素.结果 共纳入105例患者,新入院组90例,在院组15例,在院与新入院发生AMI患者的年龄、性别、高血压、糖尿病、高脂血症等比较,差异均无统计学意义（P＞0.05）.在院组患者重要脏器受累较新入院组多（P＜0.001）,其中基础呼吸系统疾病、脑疾病和运动功能不全比较,差异均有统计学意义（P＜0.05）.在院组患者严重电解质紊乱7例（46.7％）,新入院组21例（23.3％）,差异无统计学意义（P=0.058）.在院组患者死亡7例（46.7％）,新入院组死亡6例（6.7％）,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.001）.在院组行经皮冠状动脉介入治疗（PCI）的患者2例（13.3％）,新入院组42例（46.7％）,差异有统计学意义（P=0.027）,症状发作时间过长和家属拒绝为主要原因.结论 与新入院AMI比较,在院患者发生AMI预后差,死亡率高,可能与衰竭器官多、对介入治疗态度消极相关.     

Thrombolytic therapy for acute myocardial infarction in patients with prior coronary bypass surgery: Results from the thrombolysis in myocardial infarction (TIMI) 4 trial

Little data exist on the value of intravenous thrombolysis for acute myocardial infarction in patients with previous coronary bypass surgery. The Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) 4 trial was a randomized study comparing tissue plasminogen activator, anistreplase, or a combination in patients with evolving myocardial infarction; patients with previous coronary bypass surgery were not excluded. Coronary angiography was performed 90 minutes and 18–36 hours after randomization, a myocardial perfusion scan was performed at 18–36 hours and predischarge, and a radionuclide ventriculogram was obtained predischarge. Angiographic and clinical outcome variables were determined in patients with and without a history of coronary bypass surgery. A total of 416 patients were randomized and 13 of them had previous bypass surgery; of these, 6 had an occluded vein graft as the infarct-related vessel. The incidence of TIMI grade 3 flow at 90 minutes was lower in patients with previous coronary surgery as compared with controls (42% vs. 49%), and overall patency was significantly lower (50% vs. 77%, p = 0.04). This trend persisted at 18–36 hours after randomization. Furthermore, patients with previous coronary surgery had more thrombus in their infarct-related arteries, especially with occlusion of a vein graft (83% vs. 32%, p=0.04) and higher rates of recurrent ischemia (15% vs. 8%) and recurrent infarction (23% vs. 5%, p=0.03) than controls. Thus, in patients with previous coronary bypass surgery intravenous thrombolysis yields results that are inferior to those achieved in patients without such a history and alternative methods of reperfusion should be considered.     

Trends in case-fatality in 117 718 patients admitted with acute myocardial infarction in Scotland.

OBJECTIVES: To analyse short- and long-term case-fatality trends following admission to hospital with a first acute myocardial infarction, in men and women between 1986 and 1995, after adjusting for risk factors known to influence survival. DESIGN: A Scottish-wide retrospective cohort study. SETTING: The Linked Scottish Morbidity Record Database was analysed. This contains accurate data on all hospital admissions since 1981, for the Scottish population of 5.1 million. It is linked to the Registrar General's death certificate data. SUBJECTS: All 117 718 patients admitted to Scottish hospitals with a principal diagnosis of first acute myocardial infarction (ICD-9 code 410) between 1986 and 1995. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The outcome was death, both in and out of hospital, from any cause, at 30 days, 1 year, 5 and 10 years. RESULTS: Overall case-fatality following hospital admission with acute myocardial infarction was 22. 2%, 31.4%, 51.1% and 64.0% at 1 month, 1 year, 5 and 10 years, respectively. Multivariate analyses identified statistically significant independent prognostic factors. Thirty day mortality increased twofold for each decade of increasing age, and increased with any prior admission to hospital. When comparing the most deprived category to that of the most affluent, men had a 10% increased mortality (P<0.01), whilst women had an increased mortality of 4% (not significant). After adjustment for age, sex, deprivation and prior admission to hospital, case-fatality rates fell significantly between 1986 and 1995. Short-term case-fatality fell by 46% in men (27% in women) and long-term by 34% in men (30% in women) (both P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Population-based case-fatality rates in Scotland have fallen dramatically since 1986, particularly in men. The increasing survival in patients admitted to hospital suggests that the trial-based efficacy of modern therapies is now translating into population-based effectiveness. However, an individual's life expectancy still halves after a diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction. Of the variables that we could examine, age was the most powerful predictor of prognosis.     

Obesity is associated with premature occurrence of acute myocardial infarction

BACKGROUND: The American Heart Association has classified obesity as a major modifiable risk factor for coronary artery disease, but its relationship with age at presentation with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is poorly documented. HYPOTHESIS: The study was undertaken to evaluate the impact of obesity on age at presentation, and on in-hospital morbidity and mortality in patients with AMI. METHODS: Our analysis includes a consecutive series of 906 Olmsted County patients (mean age 67.7 years, 51% male) admitted with AMI to the Mayo Clinic Coronary Care Unit (CCU). The patients were entered into the Mayo CCU Database, a prospective registry of data pertaining to patients admitted to the Mayo Clinic CCU with AMI. Age at AMI occurrence and in-hospital morbidity and mortality were noted. RESULTS: Obese patients (body mass index [BMI] >30) with AMI were significantly younger than patients with AMI in the overweight (BMI 25-30) and normal-weight (BMI < 30) groups (62.3+/-13.1 vs. 66.9+/-13.2 and 72.9+/-13.4, respectively. p < 0.001). Obesity and overweight status were associated with male gender, diabetes mellitus, hypercholesterolemia, and smoking history; however, after multivariate adjustment for these risk factors, excess weight and premature AMI remained significantly associated. Compared with normal-weight patients, overweight patients presenting with AMI were 3.6 years younger (p < 0.001, confidence interval [CI] 1.9-5.4) and obese patients 8.2 years younger (p < 0.001, Cl 6.2-10.1). No significant increase in in-hospital morbidity and mortality was seen. CONCLUSION: In this population-based study, overweight and obese status are independently associated with the premature occurrence of AMI, but not with an increased incidence of in-hospital complications.     

Intervention with PTCA and CABG following thrombolysis for acute myocardial infarction

The patterns of revascularisation with percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) and coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery in the GUSTO 1 trial patients in Australia are described.
In comparison with rates documented in earlier trials of thrombolytic therapy in Australia, the rates of revascularisation post-thrombolysis increased by 50%, primarily due to a doubling in the rate of use of PTCA. However, the rates were low by international comparisons. There were marked variations in the rates of revascularisation between States, but no correlation with differences in mortality between States. The main predictors of post thrombolysis PTCA were prior angina, mild infarction and access to PTCA facilities.     

Mortality in sepsis: Comparison of outcomes between patients with demand ischemia,acute myocardial infarction,and neither demand ischemia nor acute myocardial infarction

Introduction

Elevation in cardiac troponins is common with sepsis despite unclear impact.

Hypothesis

We investigated whether demand ischemia(DI) resulted in variable outcomes compared to acute myocardial infarction(AMI) and those with neither DI nor AMI in sepsis.

Methods

We analyzed data from the 2011‐2014 National Inpatient Sample among patients admitted for sepsis. We compared outcomes among patients with DI i) versus AMI and ii) versus neither DI nor AMI, respectively using propensity matching. Primary study end‐point was in‐hospital mortality.

Results

We studied 666,154 patients, with mean age 63.7 years and 50.8% female participants. Overall, 94.7% of the included patients had neither DI nor AMI, 4.4% had AMI and 0.83% had DI. Between 2011 and 2014, we observed an increasing trend for DI but decreasing trend for AMI in sepsis. Patients with DI experienced higher rates of atrial and ventricular arrhythmias, had longer length of stay and higher cost of stay compared to patients with neither demand ischemia nor AMI. Despite higher hospital mortality at baseline with DI, post‐propensity matching revealed no difference in hospital mortality between patients with DI and those with neither (26.9% vs. 27.0%, adjusted odds ratio 0.99, 95% confidence intervals 0.92‐1.07;p=0.87). Patients with DI experienced lower hospital mortality compared to those with AMI pre (28.5% vs. 48.3%;p<0.001) and post‐propensity matching (41.1% vs. 29.1%, aOR 0.58, 95% CI 0.54‐0.63;p<0.001).

Conclusion

Among patients with sepsis, those with DI had similar adjusted in‐hospital mortality compared to those with neither DI nor AMI. Patients with AMI had the highest in‐hospital mortality among all groups.     

Unruptured left ventricular pseudoaneurysm following myocardial infarction

A 73 year old man developed a left ventricular pseudoaneurysm following acute myocardial infarction. Coronary angiography showed triple vessel disease with total occlusion of the right coronary artery. On left ventriculography, a serpentine-like pseudoaneurysm was demonstrated that originated from the posterobasal wall of the left ventricle and extended to the right ventricular free wall. He underwent coronary artery bypass surgery with no plication of the pseudoaneurysm. An organised thrombus was also found within the cavity of the pseudoaneurysm. He was doing well approximately eight months after the operation. The prognosis might be determined by the organised thrombus, the serpentine-like structure of pseudoaneurysm, the coronary revascularisation, and the vigorous medical management.

Keywords: acute myocardial infarction;  pseudoaneurysm;  coronary artery bypass surgery     

Coronary stenting for failed angioplasty in acute myocardial infarction

Intracoronary stents were implanted in 15 patients after unsuccessful PTCA in the setting of acute myocardial infarction (AMI). The stented vessel was the left anterior descending (LAD) in 11 patients, the right coronary artery (RCA) in 3 patients, and a venous bypass graft to the LAD in a single patient. A total of 16 stents were implanted (15 Palmaz-Schatz, Johnson and Johnson; and 1 Wiktor, Medtronic). Follow-up: 1 patient died 10 days after stent implantation as a result of renal failure and cardiogenic shock. Subacute thrombosis occurred in 2 patients, 5 and 15 days after stent implantation; both underwent successful emergency coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). The remaining 12 patients were free from major ischemic events (death, AMI, and further revascularization) after a mean follow-up of 18.7 ± 4.1 months. We conclude that the long-term results of intracoronary stenting in AMI after failed PTCA are favourable. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

High apolipoprotein AI concentrations are associated with lower mortality and myocardial infarction five years after coronary artery bypass graft surgery

OBJECTIVE: To examine mortality and myocardial infarction five years after coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery and the association with different lipid fractions and haemostatic, glycaemic, and demographic risk factors. SETTING: A regional cardiothoracic centre, Freeman Hospital, and the University Clinical Investigation Unit, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK. DESIGN: 353 consecutive patients (297 male, mean age 57.2 years) undergoing first time CABG for stable angina were recruited to a prospective cohort study and studied to five years. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: All cause mortality, late cardiac mortality (beyond 30 days) alone and in combination with non-fatal myocardial infarction. Risk factor assessments before operation and 3, 6, 12, 24, and 60 months after surgery. For each laboratory variable a weighted mean for the period of exposure was calculated from the concentration at each time interval and the time between measurements. The distribution was divided into tertiles. RESULTS: 41 patients died (16 late cardiac deaths) and eight had a myocardial infarct. An adverse outcome occurred more frequently in the lower tertile of weighted apolipoprotein AI compared with the upper tertile. An adverse outcome was also more common in patients in the upper tertile of weighted total white blood cell count and less consistently so in patients in the upper tertile of the haemostatic covariates, factor VIIc and factor VIIIc. There was no association with other lipid fractions except for total mortality and apolipoprotein B (owing to low levels in five patients with carcinoma). CONCLUSIONS: Low apolipoprotein AI concentrations, but no other markers of an adverse lipid profile, were associated with mortality and myocardial infarction five years after CABG. Apolipoprotein AI is associated with paraoxonase, an enzyme located on high density lipoprotein, which may limit the oxidation of low density lipoprotein. An association between outcome and other covariates such as white cell count provides a credible pointer to inflammation mediating a component of cardiovascular risk.     

女性急性心肌梗死患者的临床特点及预后分析

目的评价女性与男性急性心肌梗死(AMI)患者的临床特点及预后。方法连续入选AMI患者284例,男216例,女68例,比较女性与男性患者临床特点、合并症、PCI及院内预后的差异,随访3个月主要不良心血管事件(MACE),评价影响患者死亡及MACE的危险因素。结果与男性比较,女性患者年龄偏大、入院时心率偏快、TIMI分级及GRACE评分明显升高(P<0.05,P<0.01)。女性冠状动脉造影比例明显降低(30.9%vs 48.6%,P=0.012);院内死亡有增高趋势,但差异无统计学意义(17.6%vs 9.3%,P=0.077),3个月MACE发生率高于男性(27.9%vs 15.7%,P=0.032)。多因素logistic回归分析显示,年龄(OR=1.078,95%CI:1.035¹.123,P=0.000)和Killip分级(OR=1.901,95%CI:1.3731.123,P=0.000)和Killip分级(OR=1.901,95%CI:1.373².633,P=0.000)是院内死亡的独立危险因素;年龄(OR=1.040,95%CI:1.0082.633,P=0.000)是院内死亡的独立危险因素;年龄(OR=1.040,95%CI:1.008¹.074,P=0.015)、Killip分级(OR=1.543,95%CI:1.1701.074,P=0.015)、Killip分级(OR=1.543,95%CI:1.170².034,P=0.002)是3个月MACE的独立危险因素;PCI(OR=0.090,95%CI:0.0262.034,P=0.002)是3个月MACE的独立危险因素;PCI(OR=0.090,95%CI:0.026⁰.306,P=0.000)是3个月MACE的保护因素。结论女性AMI患者年龄偏大、心功能差、危险程度高,接受PCI比例低,但性别本身并非预测院内死亡及3个月随访MACE的独立预测因素。     

炎症因子与急性心肌梗死的研究进展

急性心肌梗死是临床较为常见的心血管疾病之一,是在冠状动脉粥样硬化发生发展基础上,因血栓形成、斑块破裂所致心肌持久性缺血缺氧,造成局部心肌坏死。炎症因子参与冠状动脉粥样硬化斑块的形成和进展,与急性心肌梗死的发生发展存在密切的关系。本文就相关炎症因子在急性心肌梗死中的研究进展进行综述。     

Digitoxin-associated mortality in acute myocardial infarction

The use of digitalis in patients who have sustained an acute myocardial infarction has been controversial. A number of reports have suggested that the use of the glucoside actually can increase mortality. In all previous reports, digoxin has been the glucoside in use. In 620 patients admitted to Hamar Hospital from January 1, 1982 to December 31, 1984 with an acute myocardial infarction, 159 were using digitoxin at entry. Their survival until January 1, 1985 was compared with the rest of the population, not using digitoxin. The patients on digitoxin had a significantly higher mortality than those who were not, with a relative risk ratio of 2.33. However, major differences in baseline risk factors existed, and a multivariate Cox regression analysis was employed to adjust for the inequalities in baseline covariates. Only variables available at the entry of the index infarction were used for adjustment. Serum sodium, serum creatinine, age and no smoking were identified in a backward selection procedure as independently influencing mortality. By adjusting for these variables the relative risk ratio was reduced to 1.41, but digitoxin still exerted a significant influence on mortality. It is concluded that the results obtained with the use of digitoxin during a myocardial infarction is similar to previous reports with digoxin. Most of the excess mortality in the digitoxin group can be accounted for by inequalities in baseline characteristics. However, the possibility that a small excess in mortality is due to the digitalis glucoside cannot be excluded.     

Clinical outcomes and predictors of unprotected left main stem culprit lesions in patients with acute ST segment elevation myocardial infarction

Objectives : We aimed at comparing the clinical outcomes of the patients who underwent percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) for ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) due to left main coronary arteries (LMCA) and non‐LMCA determining the predictors of mortality in the patients. Background : There are few data regarding the midterm prognosis of STEMI due to LMCA as compared with them due to non‐LMCA. Methods : A total of 4,697 patients with STEMI (61 patients with LMCA and 4,636 patients with non‐LMCA) were enrolled in a nationwide Korea Acute Myocardial Infarction (MI) Registry between November 2005 and September 2009. The primary endpoints was a composite of cardiac death, nonfatal MI, and target lesion and vessel revascularization (TLR/TVR) during a 12‐month clinical follow‐up. Results : The LMCA group had a higher incidence of total major adverse cardiac events (MACEs) (26.2% vs. 7.8%; P < 0.001) at 12 months, which was largely attributable to cardiac deaths at 1 month (21.3% vs. 3.8%; P < 0.001). Therefore, there was no statistical difference in cardiac deaths, nonfatal MI, TLR/TVR, and MACEs after 1 month between the two groups. Presenting in cardiogenic shock (HR, 4.25; 95% CI, 1.01–17.97; P = 0.049) and heart rate ≥100 bpm (HR, 4.97; 95% CI, 1.18–21.00; P = 0.029) were independent predictors of cardiac death due to LMCA. Conclusion : Patients with STEMI and a LMCA had poor clinical outcomes, which is attributable to hemodynamic deterioration during the periprocedural period. However, after that time, midterm MACEs of the survivors following the periprocedural period may not be different between STEMI due to LMCA and non‐LMCA. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.