幼儿教师期望的问卷编制及发展特点

目的:编制幼儿教师期望问卷,并考察其性别和年级发展特点。方法:通过文献分析、半结构式访谈构建幼儿教师期望因子结构,编制初始问卷,对其使用探索性结构方程进行结构分析和检验,使用方差分析考察幼儿教师期望的性别和年级发展差异。结果:问卷包括12个题目,分为认知期望、行为期望、交往期望3个维度,问卷结构拟合良好(CFI=0.983,TLI=0.965,RMSEA=0.064),问卷内部一致性信度为0.91,分半信度为0.86,重测信度为0.89,与教师期望简表的校标关联效度在0.242~0.447之间。教师期望存在显著的性别差异(Ps0.05)和年级差异(Ps0.001)。结论:自编的幼儿教师期望问卷具有良好的信度和效度,可以作为幼儿教师期望的评定工具;教师对女孩的期望水平高于男孩,且年级发展趋势一致;教师期望随年级的增长显著提高。     

The Health Role Expectations Index: A measure of alignment,disparity, and change

Growing controversy over mutual role expectations of physician, nurse, and consumer underlines the need to clarify attitudes toward their responsibilities in health care. This article describes the development and testing of the Health Role Expectations Index, a measure of attitudes regarding the amount of shared responsibility which should exist in the relationships of nurse, physician, and consumer. Testing for validity through differential prediction to known groups and prediction to external measures is detailed. Internal consistency and test-retest reliability findings are also presented. While both the validity and the reliability of the Health Role Expectations Index are supported, the preliminary nature of test results and areas for further testing of the tool are emphasized. Implications for the instrument's use are then discussed.This research was supported by Grant RO-NU00597-03, from the Division of Nursing, Health Resources Administration, DHHS.     

The Effect of Temporal Framing on Behavioral Intentions,Expectations, and Behavior: The Case of Healthy Eating

Temporal framing has been heralded as a promising strategy to make risks appear more proximal and concrete and thus counter temporal discounting effects that are often limiting the appeal of long‐term benefits of health behaviors. Previous research has shown that temporal framing affects behavioral intention. This study extends on this previous research by examining the effects of temporal framing on behavioral expectations—which are said to better reflect feasibility concerns than intentions—and actual behavior in the context of eating five portions of fruit and vegetables a day. Results show that while temporal framing has effects on behavioral expectations similar to those on behavioral intentions, this effect was not significant for actual behavior.     

期望、体验和即时评价对消费者学习的影响

目的探讨消费者的期望、体验和即时评价对消费者学习的影响。方法采用2×2×3混合实验设计和两种食品材料,对140名本科生进行问卷考察。结果 1预测组对两种食品的评分有显著差异(口感t=6.000,P0.001;新鲜度t=3.107,P0.01;质量t=3.111,P0.001);2有预期组对知名食品的质量评分显著低于预测组(质量t=-2.22,P0.05),无预期组对知名食品的口感和质量评分显著低于预测组(口感t=2.27,P0.05;质量t=2.28,P0.05);3有预期的即时评价组对两种食品评分无显著差异,无预期的即时评价组对不知名食品的口感和新鲜度评分显著高于知名食品(口感的Paired t=-2.15,P0.05;新鲜度的Paired t=-2.00,P0.05);4有预期的即时评价组对两种食品的口感和新鲜度评分差异显著不同于延迟3天和延迟6天回忆组(口感t=2.180,P0.05;新鲜度t=2.611,P0.05;口感t=2.531,P0.05;新鲜度t=1.989,P0.05);5有预期的即时评价组间隔6天后对知名食品的评分显著不同于预测组(口感t=-2.692,P0.01;新鲜度t=-2.075,P0.05;质量t=-2.073,P0.05),无预期的即时评价组间隔6天后对知名食品的评分显著不同于预测组(口感t=-3.81,P0.001;新鲜度t=-3.24,P0.05;质量t=-3.39,P0.05)。结论当消费者先前持有对产品的期望,它会与体验共同影响对产品的回忆;当仅存在消费体验而不存在期望时,回忆趋于同体验相一致;存在即时评价效应,并可持续一段时间。     

Expectations, experiencing and change in psychotherapy.

The relationships of client prognostic expectations and of level of Experiencing in psychotherapy with three variables of therapeutic change were explored in a correlational study that used 26 volunteer Ss who were in treatment with experienced therapists. A positive relationship was found between prognostic expectation and perceived improvement and a negative relationship between Experiencing and perceived improvement. The data also suggested positive relationships between Experiencing and cognitive change and attitude and cognitive change, while they provided no evidence for a relation between expectations and cognitive change.     

Progression to AIDS,a clinical AIDS condition and mortality: psychosocial and physiological predictors

BACKGROUND: The primary aim of this study is to examine prospectively the association of stressful life events, social support, depressive symptoms, anger, serum cortisol and lymphocyte subsets with changes in multiple measures of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease progression. METHODS: Ninety-six HIV-infected gay men without symptoms or anti-retroviral medication use at baseline were studied every 6 months for up to 9 years. Disease progression was defined in three ways using the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) classifications (e.g. AIDS, clinical AIDS condition and mortality). Cox regression models with time-dependent covariates were used, adjusting for control variables (e.g. race, age, baseline, CD4 T cells and viral load, number of anti-retroviral medications). RESULTS: Higher cumulative average stressful life events and lower cumulative average social support predicted faster progression to both the CDC AIDS classification and a clinical AIDS condition. Higher anger scores and CD8 T cells were associated with faster progression to AIDS, and depressive symptoms were associated with faster development of an AIDS clinical condition. Higher levels of serum cortisol predicted all three measures of disease progression. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that stressful life events, dysphoric mood and limited social support are associated with more rapid clinical progression in HIV infection, with serum cortisol also exerting an independent effect on disease progression.     

The AIDS epidemic: multidisciplinary trouble

The author presents an overview of the diversity of issues involved in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) epidemic. The 1st round of AIDS cases has severely strained both human and societal resources in the US. To appreciate the economics of the problem, its is useful to think of evey case of AIDS as costing the same as a heart transplant. The anticipated doubling in numbers of patients diagnosed in the next year will have far more than twice the impact of the 1st wave on the health care industry, especially in the cities where the majority of cases are concentrated. Progress in the area of biomedical science has been spectacular in terms of the speed with which the virus was isolated and blodd screening techniques were developed. Problematic, however, has been the antigenic variation of the AIDS virus. It is possible that monoclonal technology will help to identify on parts of antigenic molecules that pervade the immune response to many variants and might be effective in neutralization. On the scientific level, there is cause of concern regarding a vaccin for AIDS, since the cellular receptor that the virus requires to initiate infection is the receptor for the T-cell antigen. On the practical level, the logistics of testing such a vaccine are complex. The largest hope for intervention may rest in understanding the role of various co-factors in determining whether a person remains asymptomatic or develops the disease. At present, however, preventive medicine appears to be the solution.     

The Radiology Virtual Reading Room: During and Beyond the COVID-19 Pandemic

The COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted the radiology reading room with a potentially lasting impact. This disruption could introduce the risk of obviating the need for the reading room, which would be detrimental to many of the roles of radiology that occur in and around the reading room. This disruption could also create the opportunity for accelerated evolution of the reading room to meet the strategic needs of radiology and health care through thoughtful re-design of the virtual reading room. In this article, we overview the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on radiology in our institution and across the country, specifically on the dynamics of the radiology reading room. We introduce the concept of the virtual reading room, which is a redesigned alternative to the physical reading room that can serve the diverse needs of radiology and healthcare during and beyond the pandemic.     

Prediction of Children's Postoperative Pain: The Role of Presurgical Expectations and Anticipatory Emotions

Examined predictors of children s ratings of postoperative painintensity based on a model of children's expectations for surgerydeveloped from the Children's Health Belief Model (Bush &Iannotti, 1990) and McGroth's (1990) model of children s painexperiences. Prior to their inpatient surgeries, 28 children(ages 7–17 years) and their parents completed ratingsof children's expected surgery pain, anticipatory anxiety, andexpected helpfulness of pain medicine. Following surgery, childrencompleted ratings of their postoperative pain intensity. Age,total analgesics administered, and anticipatory anxiety emergedas significant predictors of children's postoperative pain ratings.Methodological issues concerning the measurement of children'sexpectations for surgery are discussed.     

老年人孤独感与亲子支持、孝顺期待的关系研究

目的:了解老年人的孤独感现状,探讨老年人孤独感与孝顺期待、成年子女间的亲子支持的关系.方法:采用UCLA孤独感量表、孝顺期待问卷、接受亲子支持问卷、给予亲子支持问卷对长沙市区423位年龄60～94岁老人进行问卷调查.结果:孤独感平均得分为39.8(s=7.3);回归分析表明在控制年龄、性别、受教育程度、婚姻状况、居住方式、家庭收入水平等影响因素后,接受亲子支持(OR=2.208,P=0.006)、给予亲子支持(OR=2.056,P=0.01)和孝顺期待(OR=1.872,P=0.027)对老年人孤独感的影响均有统计学意义.孝顺期待直接影响孤独感,同时还通过给予亲子支持、接受亲子支持间接影响老年人孤独感的产生.结论:老年人孝顺期待以及与亲子之间的互动支持对老年人孤独感有显著影响.