Long-term survival after surgical resection of metachronous lung,brain and thyroid gland metastases from rectal cancer: A case report

Introduction and importanceBrain and thyroid metastasis from rectal cancer are uncommon, and the prognosis is poor. We report a patient with rectal cancer who developed metachronous lung, brain and thyroid metastases. Each metastatic lesion was curatively resected resulting in prolonged survival.Case presentationA 60-year-old male underwent rectal cancer resection, and the pathological diagnosis was tubular adenocarcinoma, pT2,pN1a,M0, pStageⅢa. Ten years after rectal resection, a solitary tumor in the left lung was detected. The tumor was resected thoracoscopically and the pathological diagnosis was metastatic tumor. Three years after the pulmonary resection, a solitary brain tumor was detected. The tumor was removed surgically, and the pathology was metastatic tumor. Two years after brain resection, a thyroid mass was detected. A partial thyroidectomy was performed and the pathology with immunohistochemical staining confirmed the thyroid lesion as a metastasis from the previous rectal cancer. Four years after thyroid resection (19 years after the initial rectal resection), he died from multiple lung and bone metastases.Clinical discussionColorectal metastases to the brain and thyroid gland are uncommon and are usually found with other distant metastases. Overall survival has been reported to be extremely poor. In this patient, lung, brain, and thyroid metastases were solitary and metachronous, and each lesion was curatively resected. Surgical treatment might contribute to prolonged survival.ConclusionThe treatment strategy of each patient should be individualized and depends on the timing of metastasis development. Selected patients with complete resection of metachronous metastases may have prolonged survival.     

Chemoradiotherapy followed by restorative proctocolectomy with partial intersphincteric resection for advanced rectal cancer associated with ulcerative colitis: report of a case

The role of restorative proctocolectomy with ileal J-pouch anal anastomosis (IPAA) is uncertain for patients with ulcerative colitis (UC), when advanced lower rectal cancer is diagnosed. We report what to our knowledge is the first documented case of successful preoperative chemoradiotherapy followed by IPAA with partial intersphincteric resection of advanced rectal cancer associated with UC. A 59-year-old woman with a 24-year history of extensive UC was found to have advanced rectal cancer located 2 cm from the anal verge. She underwent preoperative conventional chemoradiotherapy followed by restorative proctocolectomy with total mesorectal excision. The procedure included intersphincteric resection of one quadrant and construction of an IPAA with diverting ileostomy. The postoperative course was uneventful, and the ileostomy was closed 6 months after the initial surgery. The patient was doing well with good pouch function and no evidence of recurrent disease 1 year after her initial surgery.     

A case of lung squamous cell carcinoma with metastases to the duodenum and small intestine

Gastrointestinal metastasis of lung cancer is fairly rare, and metastasis to the duodenum is very uncommon. We report a case of duodenum and small intestine metastases of lung squamous cell carcinoma. The patient was a 66-year-old man. He was diagnosed with lung squamous cell carcinoma (T4N3M1 [mediastinum, cervical lymph node, and duodenum metastases], stage IV). He noted a sense of abdominal fullness on the evening of the day chemoradiotherapy was given, and emergency surgery was performed for suspected perforation of the digestive tract. Intraoperative findings included a tumor in the small intestine with a perforation at the tumor site; partial resection of the small intestine, including the tumor, was performed. Small intestine metastasis of lung cancer was diagnosed following histopathologic examination. When lung cancer patients complain of abdominal symptoms, it is important to consider gastrointestinal metastases in diagnosis and treatment.     

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??Significance of lateral lymph node dissection in rectal cancer after neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy LIU Qian??WANG Xi-shan. Department of Colorectal Surgery, National Cancer Center & National Clinical Research Center for Cancer & Cancer Hospital??Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021??China
Corresponding author??WANG Xi-shan??E-mail??fcwpumxh@163.com
Abstract Lateral lymph node metastasis is an important pathway for metastasis of middle and low rectal cancer??and it is also a major factor leading to recurrence of rectal cancer. The treatment strategy for lateral lymph node metastasis of rectal cancer has been a hot topic in the field of surgery. Western scholars oppose lateral lymph node dissection??and neoadjuvant and adjuvant chemoradiotherapy are the main methods for the treatment of lateral lymph node metastasis. For patients with swollen lateral lymph node after neoadjuvanttherapy??if only TME surgery is performed?? it will lead to positive lymph node residue and cannot achieve R0 resection. For this situation??how to choose optimal targeted treatment strategy according to the specific condition??and the LLND for R0 resection is of great significance for further reducing local recurrence??improving prognosis and improving patients' quality of life.     

Intractable pneumothorax secondary to pulmonary metastasis of angiosarcoma

A 68-year-old male suffered from right pneumothorax and was admitted to our hospital. He had a previous history of angiosarcoma of the scalp, and had received local resection and chemoradiotherapy. Chest computed tomography (CT) on admission revealed right pneumothorax and bilateral multiple thin-walled cavities of the lung. We performed partial resection of right lung. Histopathological examination showed a small metastatic lesion around the thin-walled cavities of the lung. Four months after the 1st lung resection, he suffered left pneumothorax. We performed partial resection of the left lung. Ten days after the 2nd lung resection, left pneumothorax recurred. Nine days later, he also developed right pneumothorax. We performed the 3rd operation for right lung. Thoracoscopy demonstrated multiple bullas in right lung and it showed impossibility for radical surgery. Although surgical resection for pneumothorax secondary to metastatic lung cancer is usually efficient, it is very hard to manage the pneumothorax of metastatic angiosarcoma.     

Lateral pelvic node dissection after neoadjuvant chemoradiation in rectal cancer with right internal iliac node metastasis but without regional node metastasis: A case report

Introduction and importanceTotal mesorectal excision (TME) with lateral pelvic node dissection was routinely done in low clinical T3 rectal tumors below the peritoneal reflection as stated in the Japanese guidelines for colorectal cancer. Our institution follows the same practice in selected patients. This is our first reported case wherein a patient with rectal cancer underwent total mesorectal excision with lateral lymphadenectomy after neoadjuvant treatment with a positive lateral node on histopathology.Case presentationA 49 year old female rectal had rectal adenocarcinoma 4 cm FAV. Pelvic MRI revealed a low rectal tumor abutting the mesorectal fascia anteriorly, anal sphincters not involved, and confluent enlarged right iliac nodes. After neoadjuvant treatment, interval decrease in size of the rectal lesion and the right iliac nodes were noted. Patient underwent partial intersphincteric resection, lateral pelvic node dissection and protective loop ileostomy.Clinical discussionHistopathology revealed a rectal adenocarcinoma with one right internal iliac lymph node was positive for tumor involvement. Circumferential resection margin was 4.0 mm. Patient is currently on 4th cycle of adjuvant chemotherapy. Preoperative chemoradiation could not completely eradicate lateral pelvic node metastasis. Therefore, lateral pelvic node dissection should be considered if lateral pelvic lymph node metastasis is suspected even after neoadjuvant therapy.ConclusionUnlike TME, performance of a routine lateral lymphadenectomy in rectal cancer surgery varies by geographic location. Reports from Asian countries and our practice in our institution shows that it can be performed safely. This could improve the oncologic outcomes of patients especially if combined with neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy.     

Margin-negative limited resection of metastatic pancreatic tumors from rectal cancer preoperatively diagnosed by endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration biopsies: report of two cases

Pancreatic tumor metastasis from colorectal cancer is very rare. This study evaluated the significance of an endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration biopsy (EUS-FNAB) and surgical treatment. Case 1 was a 67-year-old male with a history of rectal cancer (6 years ago) and lung metastases (5 years ago) who had two masses in the pancreatic head and body. Case 2 was a 58-year-old male with the history of rectal cancer and simultaneous lung metastasis (7 years ago) who had a mass in the pancreatic body. Imaging studies showed stenosis of the pancreatic duct with distal dilatation in both cases, mimicking primary pancreatic cancer. An EUS-FNAB with immunohistochemical staining made a definitive diagnosis of pancreatic metastasis from rectal cancer. Both patients received margin-negative limited resection, middle-segment-preserving pancreatectomy and distal pancreatectomy, respectively, and were alive 16 and 6 months after pancreatectomy, respectively. An EUS-FNAB is helpful to make a definitive diagnosis of pancreatic metastasis and in determining the subsequent therapeutic approach.     

术前新辅助化疗联合同步放化疗对局部进展期直肠癌预后及血清标志物影响

目的:探讨术前同步放化疗联合氟尿嘧啶+亚叶酸钙+奥沙利铂(FOLFOX4)新辅助化疗对局部进展期直肠癌患者血清血清脂肪酸合成酶(FAS)、肿瘤型M2丙酮酸激酶(Tu M2-PK)表达的影响,为直肠癌的临床治疗方案提供参考.方法:选取100例进展期直肠癌患者为研究对象,以抽签法随机分为试验组和对照组,各50例.试验组术前...     

Surgical treatment for small bowel metastasis of pleomorphic carcinoma 6 months after pulmonary resection

The prognosis of patients with distant metastases of pulmonary pleomorphic carcinoma is poor. We report a case of pulmonary pleomorphic carcinoma patient who underwent surgical resection of small bowel metastasis. A 69-year-old man developed anemia secondary to melena 6 months after right upper lobectomy for pulmonary pleomorphic carcinoma and small bowel metastasis was detected endoscopically. He underwent laparoscopic ileocecal resection and has survived for 2 years after lung cancer resection without any other recurrence or metastasis.     

A Simplified Tumor Regression Grade Correlates with Survival in Locally Advanced Rectal Carcinoma Treated with Neoadjuvant Chemoradiotherapy

Background  Locally advanced rectal cancer is frequently treated with neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy to reduce local recurrence and possibly improve survival. The tumor response to chemoradiotherapy is variable and may influence the prognosis after surgery. This study assessed tumor regression and its influence on survival in patients with rectal cancer treated with chemoradiotherapy followed by curative surgery. Methods  One hundred twenty-six patients with locally advanced rectal cancer (T3/T4 or N1/N2) were treated with chemoradiotherapy followed by total mesorectal excision. Patients received long-course radiotherapy (50 Gy in 25 fractions) in combination with 5-flourouracil over 5 weeks. By means of a standardized approach, tumor regression was graded in the resection specimen using a 3-point system related to tumor regression grade (TRG): complete or near-complete response (TRG1), partial response (TRG2), or no response (TRG3). Results  The 5-year disease-free survival was 72% (median follow-up 37 months), and 7% of patients had local recurrence. Chemoradiotherapy produced downstaging in 60% of patients; 21% of patients experienced TRG1. TRG1 correlated with a pathological T0/1 or N0 status. Five-year disease-free survival after chemoradiotherapy and surgery was significantly better in TRG1 patients (100%) compared with TRG2 (71%) and TRG3 (66%) (P = .01). Conclusion  Tumor regression grade measured on a 3-point system predicts outcome after chemoradiotherapy and surgery for locally advanced rectal cancer.     

Long-term survival cases of lung cancer presented as solitary bone metastasis.

The prognosis of non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) with bone metastasis has been regarded as very poor. We report herein on two cases of NSCLC which presented as a solitary bone metastasis, were treated with surgical resection. Both these cases survived for over 5 years after their last operations. A 71-year-old-man was hospitalized with right crural pain. A diagnosis of squamous cell carcinoma of the left lower lobe with right fibula metastasis was made. A marginal resection of the right fibula was performed. After that, a left lower lobe lobectomy and systemic chemotherapy were carried out. He had a local recurrence in the right mediastinal lymph nodes eleven months after the operation. He received intraluminal and external radiation therapy and obtained complete remission. He has survived for 5 years without any other recurrence or metastasis. A 52-year-old-man was admitted to our hospital with left thigh pain. A diagnosis of adenocarcinoma of the right upper lobe with left thigh metastasis was made. A right upper lobe lobectomy and a resection of the left thigh tumor were performed. Three cycles of systemic chemotherapy were given after that. He has survived for 5 years since his last operation without any recurrence or metastasis.     

胃肠肿瘤根治联合肝移植术治疗晚期胃肠肿瘤并肝脏广泛转移

目的 总结胃肠肿瘤根治联合肝移植治疗晚期胃肠肿瘤并发肝脏多发转移的近期疗效。方法 1例胃癌和2例直肠癌并发肝脏多发转移患者，分别接受胃癌和直肠癌根治、联合原位同种异体肝移植手术，其中1例因肺结核同时行左上肺部分切除术。结果 3例患者无围手术期死亡。随访5-7个月，胃癌患者术后5个月死于肿瘤复发；1例直肠癌并肺结核患者术后7个月死于肝功能衰竭，无肿瘤复发；另1例直肠癌患者已完成3个月化疗，术后半年无复发，肝功能和血常规正常，精神食欲好，已恢复工作。结论 胃肠肿瘤根治联合肝移植为部分晚期肿瘤患者提供了生存的希望，远期效果有待进一步观察。     

进展期低位直肠癌新辅助放化疗后侧方淋巴结清扫的选择和意义

侧方淋巴引流是低位直肠癌3个重要的淋巴引流方向之一。沿引流途径清扫淋巴结是直肠癌根治术基本要求,也决定淋巴结清扫范围。但侧方淋巴结是区域淋巴结还是远处淋巴结,一直存在争议。这带来新辅助放化疗和侧方淋巴结清扫、以及新辅助放化疗对侧方淋巴结转移疗效的争议。笔者综合分析国内外研究进展,对直肠癌侧方淋巴结转移规律、影响侧方淋巴结转移复发危险因素以及放化疗前后MRI检查对侧方淋巴结评估等进行深入阐述,并结合临床实践,探讨进展期低位直肠癌新辅助放化疗后侧方淋巴结清扫的选择和意义。     

新辅助治疗后直肠癌侧方淋巴结清扫的意义

侧方淋巴结转移是中低位直肠癌转移的重要途径,也是导致直肠癌复发的主要因素。直肠癌侧方淋巴结转移的治疗策略一直是外科领域争论的热点话题。西方学者主张将新辅助放化疗作为治疗侧方淋巴结转移的主要方法,但新辅助治疗并不能完全消除转移至侧方的淋巴结,对于新辅助治疗后仍然存在侧方淋巴结肿大的病例,如果单纯行全直肠系膜切除,势必导致阳性淋巴结残留而无法达到R0切除。对于这部分病例,如何根据具体病情,合理选择治疗策略,有针对性地进行侧方淋巴结清扫以争取R0切除,对进一步降低局部复发,改善预后,提高病人生活质量具有重要意义。     

Completion pneumonectomy after 4 times of resections for metastatic lung tumors from rectal carcinoma

We report a case of completion pneumonectomy after 4 times of metastasectomy for metastatic lung tumors from rectal carcinoma. A 63-year-old man underwent Miles' operation for advanced rectal carcinoma. Forty-seven months after the operation, bilateral metastasis was appeared, and bilateral metastasectomy was performed. After the resection, 3 times of metastasectomy were performed during 40 months. Follow-up X-ray and computed tomography (CT) showed abnormal shadow in his left hilum of lung. Completion pneumonectomy with mediastinal lymph node sampling was performed. He is still alive without recurrence 4 years after first thoracotomy. Repeated pulmonary resection can lead to good outcome for selective patients with metastatic colorectal carcinoma, and repeated surgery can be useful for pulmonary recurrences after thoracotomy.     

结直肠癌根治术后复发模式

目的:探讨结直肠癌根治术后复发模式.方法:回顾性分析1990年至1999年行根治术的692例结直肠癌病例,术后出现复发162例.结果:复发转移率23.4%(162/692),复发转移在术后2年内出现者占74.1%(120/162),3年内出现者占92.0%(149/162).结肠癌、直肠癌术后复发转移率分别为16.3%(46/282)、28.3%(116/410).结肠癌69.6%(32/46)为单纯远处转移,最常见的远处转移位置是肝脏.直肠癌41.4%(48/116)为单纯局部复发,10.3%(12/116)为兼有局部复发和远处转移.结论:结直肠癌术后2～3年应加强随访.结肠癌术后最常见的复发是远处转移,直肠癌则为局部复发.     

肛门内括约肌切除术治疗T1～2期超低位直肠癌的疗效评价

目的评价在全直肠系膜切除术（TME）的基础上采取肛门内括约肌切除术（ISR）治疗T1和T2期超低位直肠癌患者的临床疗效和生存结果。方法对2000年3月至2007年3月间实施ISR的40例超低位直肠癌患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果40例患者术前的肿瘤分期为T1-2N0-1M0。实施完全ISR者5例,部分ISR者23例,改良的部分ISR（保留部分齿状线）12例。术后3例患者出现并发症,其中吻合口瘘1例,伤口感染2例：无围手术期死亡。全组术后5年生存率97％,5年无瘤生存率86％。术后12个月时,接受部分ISR者和改良的部分ISR者的肛门功能优于完全ISR者（分别P=0．008和P=0．004）;接受预防性造口患者的肛门功能优于未接受造口者（P=0．043）。结论ISR选择性治疗超低位直肠癌安全可行。在保证根治的前提下尽可能保留齿状线和部分内括约肌以及行预防性造口可能有助于改善术后肛门功能。     

Endoscopic posterior mesorectal resection as an option to combine local treatment of early stage rectal cancer with partial mesorectal lymphadenectomy

Background and aims Low anterior resection and abdominoperineal resection with total mesorectal excision are the standard treatment in patients with low rectal cancer. Rectal resection remains a surgical intervention with considerable morbidity and long-term impairment of quality of life. Local excision of low rectal cancer is regarded as an alternative to radical surgery; however, occurrence of lymph node metastasis even in patients with highly differentiated early-stage rectal cancer may be underestimated. Patients and results In two patients with T1 rectal cancer, minimal-invasive partial excision of the mesorectum was performed after transanal excision of the tumor. The postoperative course was uneventful in both patients. Patients left the hospital on the fourth and fifth postoperative day without any complaints. In one patient, histo-pathological workup revealed a lymph node metastasis in the specimen. Discussion The technique of “Endoscopic posterior mesorectal resection” represents an interesting option in the surgical treatment of rectal cancer, as it allows for the first time an organ preserving resection of local lymph nodes in the small pelvis. It may evolve as an efficient new staging procedure to identify patients with metastatic disease who may benefit from multimodal treatment or extended surgery.     

A case of rectal carcinoid with extensive sacral breakage

A 48 year old woman with a massive retrorectal tumor extensively invading the sacrum is presented herein. A submucosal tumor, apparently of rectal origin, was found on the posterior rectal wall infiltrating posteriorly into the sacrum. Abdominosacral resection of the rectum with partial sacrectomy was thus performed and postoperative examination revealed the tumor to be carcinoid which has hitherto been associated with moderately benign behavior. Although remote metastasis was absent, extensive lymph node metastasis was observed, however, 2 years have passed since the operation without any evidence of recurrence.     

经肛门切除内括约肌治疗超低位直肠癌的保肛手术47例临床经验

目的报告在直肠癌全系膜切除术（totalmesorectal excision TME）基础上采用内括约肌切除（intersphincter resection ISR）治疗超低位直肠癌的手术经验和初步结果。方法患者选自2000年3月至2008年12月的超低位直肠肿瘤患者47例。,男29例,女18例,年龄34～75岁。手术方式：腹部手术施行TME,会阴部手术施行ISR。术后随访,了解患者术后肛门功能、有无肿瘤的局部复发和转移。结果本组患者均施行该手术,手术无死亡。术后随访3个月-8年,平均3年10个月,46例手术后获得较好的肛门功能,Kirwan分级1～4级。2例手术后直肠癌局部复发,其中1例死亡。2例手术后肛门狭窄,再次手术扩肛。结论内括约肌切除（ISR）治疗超低位直肠癌的保肛手术,是一种安全可行的手术方式,可以达到在根治性的前提下保留肛门的目的。