严重急性呼吸综合征治愈后患者的肺功能观察

目的　观察严重急性呼吸综合征 (SARS)治愈后病人的肺功能变化。方法　对 12例已治愈并出院 1个月左右的SARS患者进行肺功能测定并对结果进行分析。结果　 12例SARS治愈患者 ,男 3例 ,女 9例 ;年龄 2 1～ 62岁 ,平均 (3 1 0± 10 0 )岁 ;治愈出院时间 2 2～ 43d ,平均 (3 2 2±4 7)d ;肺功能结果 :肺活量 (VC) %预计值 (95 6± 19 0 ) % ;用力肺活量 (FVC) %预计值 (97 2±9 9) % ;第 1秒用力呼气容积 (FEV1) %预计值 (97 5± 9 8) % ;FEV1/FVC(85 9± 5 6) % ;TLC %预计值 (10 2 4± 10 4) % ;RV/TLC(3 2 6± 5 0 ) % ;RV %预计值 (116 8± 2 5 0 ) % ;DLCO %预计值 (73 6±10 9) %。结论　SARS治愈后患者通气功能基本正常 ,弥散功能轻度下降     

传染性非典型肺炎并急性呼吸窘迫综合征的治疗

目的 探讨传染性非典型肺炎(世界卫生组织又称严重急性呼吸综合征,SARS)并急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)的治疗。方法 以2002年l2月至2003年3月,我院及广州医学院第一附院临床诊断SARS并ARDS的12例患为对象,回顾性分析呼吸机通气模式、糖皮质激素、深度镇静等方面的应用。结果 压力控制模式(PCV)优于同步间歇指令通气(SIMV)和持续气道正压通气(CPAP)及双相气道正压通气(BIPAP),早期规律使用糖皮质激素可减少死亡率,深度镇静可减少气胸出现。结论 PCV模式通气,早期规律使用糖皮质激素,深度镇静治疗SARS并ARDS疗效良好。     

SARS合并ARDS临床分析

目的探讨严重急性呼吸综合征(SARS)合并急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)的发病情况、治疗、预后及影响预后的因素.方法回顾性分析25例SARS合并ARDS患者的临床资料.结果 25例SARS合并ARDS患者的病死率为32%;缺氧(PaO2＜60 mmHg或SpO2＜93%)时间＞1 d的病死率显著增高(P＜0.05);发生4个或以上器官功能障碍的病死率显著增高(P＜0.05).治疗以机械通气、糖皮质激素、抗生素、器官功能维护为主.结论以及时纠正缺氧、防治MODS的发生为主的综合治疗可望降低病死率.     

一例有自杀倾向的严重急性呼吸综合征老年患者的整体护理

1　病例资料　患者女性 ,70岁 ,因呼吸困难、胸闷、发热 1个月余于 2 0 0 3年 4月 2 8日由外院转入我院。有明确的严重急性呼吸综合征 (SARS)患者接触史 (其女儿因 SARS在外院治疗 ) ,既往有慢性支气管炎、哮喘、肺心病 2 0余年。查体 :T37.3℃ ,P 10 7次 /min,R 2 6次 /m in,BP 14 .2 /9.2 k Pa,精神差 ,神志清楚但表情淡漠 ,乏力、气喘明显 ,因胸闷不能平卧。胸片提示 :双肺可见大片状阴影。诊断 :SARS。患者左手腕有一长约 5 cm的条形伤瘢 ,已结痂 ,纱布包扎 ,此为本人得知患 SARS后在外院割腕自杀所致。入院后立即予以吸氧、采…     

严重急性呼吸综合征的研究进展

严重急性呼吸综合征 (severeacuterespiratorysyndrome ,SARS)是一种由变异的冠状病毒引起的高度传染性疾病 ,自 2 0 0 2年 1 1月中旬发现首例SARS患者以来 ,至今全世界已有 3 2个国家及地区发现SARS患者。截至 5月 8日全球累计SARS患者共 690 3例 ,其中死亡 495例 ,累计病死率为7.1 7% ;我国内地累计 4698例确诊病例 ,死亡 2 2 4例 ,病死率为 4.77%。SARS具有传染性强、传播迅速、聚集发病、病情进展快、治疗困难及病死率较高等特点[1,2 ] 。为引起重视 ,世界卫生组织(WHO)于 2 0 0 3年 3月 1 2日向全球发出SARS警报[3 ] 。一、…     

Acute respiratory distress syndrome in critically ill patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome

Context  Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is an emerging infectious disease with a 25% incidence of progression to acute lung injury (ALI)/acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and mortality exceeding 10%. Objective  To describe the clinical spectrum and outcomes of ALI/ARDS in patients with SARS-related critical illness. Design, Setting, and Patients  Retrospective case series of adult patients with probable SARS admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) of a hospital in Singapore between March 6 and June 6, 2003. Main Outcome Measures  The primary outcome measure was 28-day mortality after symptom onset. Results  Of 199 patients hospitalized with SARS, 46 (23%) were admitted to the ICU, including 45 who fulfilled criteria for ALI/ARDS. Mortality at 28 days for the entire cohort was 20 (10.1%) of 199 and for ICU patients was 17 (37%) of 46. Intensive care unit mortality at 13 weeks was 24 (52.2%) of 46. Nineteen of 24 ICU deaths occurred late (=" BORDER="0">7 days after ICU admission) and were attributed to complications related to severe ARDS, multiorgan failure, thromboembolic complications, or septicemic shock. ARDS was characterized by ease of derecruitment of alveoli and paucity of airway secretion, bronchospasm, or dynamic hyperinflation. Lower Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II scores and higher baseline ratios of PaO₂ to fraction of inspired oxygen were associated with earlier recovery. Conclusions  Critically ill patients with SARS and ALI/ARDS had characteristic clinical findings, high rates of complications; and high mortality. These findings may provide useful information for optimizing supportive care for SARS-related critical illness.      

Critically ill patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome

Context  Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is a newly recognized infectious disease capable of causing severe respiratory failure. Objective  To determine the epidemiological features, course, and outcomes of patients with SARS-related critical illness. Design, Setting, and Patients  Retrospective case series of 38 adult patients with SARS-related critical illness admitted to 13 intensive care units (ICUs) in the Toronto area between the onset of the outbreak and April 15, 2003. Data were collected daily during the first 7 days in the ICUs, and patients were followed up for 28 days. Main Outcome Measures  The primary outcome was mortality at 28 days after ICU admission. Secondary outcomes included rate of SARS-related critical illness, number of tertiary care ICUs and staff placed under quarantine, and number of health care workers (HCWs) contracting SARS secondary to ICU-acquired transmission. Results  Of 196 patients with SARS, 38 (19%) became critically ill, 7 (18%) of whom were HCWs. The median (interquartile range [IQR]) age of the 38 patients was 57.4 (39.0-69.6) years. The median (IQR) duration between initial symptoms and admission to the ICU was 8 (5-10) days. Twenty-nine (76%) required mechanical ventilation and 10 of these (34%) experienced barotrauma. Mortality at 28 days was 13 (34%) of 38 patients and for those requiring mechanical ventilation, mortality was 13 (45%) of 29. Six patients (16%) remained mechanically ventilated at 28 days. Two of these patients had died by 8 weeks' follow-up. Patients who died were more often older, had preexisting diabetes mellitus, and on admission to hospital were more likely to have bilateral radiographic infiltrates. Transmission of SARS in 6 study ICUs led to closure of 73 medical-surgical ICU beds. In 2 university ICUs, 164 HCWs were quarantined and 16 (10%) developed SARS. Conclusions  Critical illness was common among patients with SARS. Affected patients had primarily single-organ respiratory failure, and half of mechanically ventilated patients died. The SARS outbreak greatly strained regional critical care resources.      

传染性非典型肺炎的影像学表现

目的　探讨传染性非典型肺炎 (又称SARS)的影像表现特征和发展规律。　方法　对 2 2例确诊为SARS的地方患者影像资料进行观察 ,就其病变发生的时间、部位、性质和病变进展情况进行分析。　结果　本组确诊患者中 ,临床症状出现 1～ 4d影像表现为阳性者占 82 %,48d影像为阳性的占 18%。多数患者的病灶首先发生在肺下野。进展期病变发展迅速 ,常累多部位及双肺 ,不以肺叶或肺段分布。好转病例 ,肺部阴影吸收一般出现在治疗后的 8～ 12d。　结论　SARS的主要影像表现为 :(1)边缘起病 ;(2 )多部位病变 ,累及下肺多于累及上肺 ;(3)影像表现与临床体征有时不符 ;(4)病变变化迅速 ;(5 )CT比X线胸片早 1～ 3d发现早期病变。影像诊断必须密切结合临床和实验室检查。     

Pathogenesis of severe acute respiratory syndrome

Severe acute respiratory syndrome （SARS） first emerged in Guangdong province, China in November 2002. During the following 3 months, it spread rapidly across the world, resulting in approximately 800 deaths. In 2004, subsequent sporadic cases emerged in Singapore and China. A novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV, was identified as the etiological agent of SARS.1＇2 This virus belongs to a family of large, positive, single-stranded RNA viruses. Nevertheless, genomic characterization shows that the SARS-CoV is only moderately related to other known coronaviruses.3 In contrast with previously described coronaviruses, SARS-CoV infection typically causes severe symptoms related to the lower respiratory tract. The SARS-CoV genome includes 14 putative open reading frames encoding 28 potential proteins, and the functions of many of these proteins are not known.4 A number of complete and partial autopsies of SARS patients have been reported since the first outbreak in 2003. The predominant pathological finding in these cases was diffuse alveolar damage （DAD）, This severe pulmonary injury of SARS patients is caused both by5 direct viral effects and immunopathogenetic factors, Many important aspects of the pathogenesis of SARS have not yet been fully clarified. In this article, we summarize the most important mechanisms involved in the complex pathogenesis of SARS, including clinical characters, host and receptors, immune system response and genetic factors.     

严重急性呼吸综合征患者糖皮质激素的应用

为探讨严重急性呼吸综合征(SARS)治疗过程中糖皮质激素的应用时机、疗程和效果，对7例SARS患者(其中男4例，女3例，平均年龄31．3岁)应用糖皮质激素治疗，甲泼尼龙平均剂量为126mg／d，平均疗程7．8d；口服泼尼松平均疗程12d。结果高热患者在治疗后2d体温恢复正常，肺部进行性病变者在3～5d内有所恢复，疗程结束时病灶明显吸收，无1例患者发生呼吸衰竭。提示糖皮质激素对改善SARS中毒症状，阻止病情进展有一定疗效。     

Digestive system manifestations in patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome

Objective To explore digestive system manifestations in patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS).Method The clinical data of 96 cases with SARS admitted into our hospital from February 6, 2003 to March 28, 2003 were retrospectively analyzed.Results Among the 96 cases, 26 cases (27%) had diarrhea, 17 (18%) had nausea, 6 (6%) had vomiting, 16 (17%) had bellyache, and 8 (8%) had ALT elevation.Conclusions Patients with SARS may have digestive system manifestations; diarrhea is the most common symptom.     

SARS患者尸检肺组织的免疫组织化学观察

目的 通过对严重急性呼吸综合征(severe acute respiratory syndrome,SARS)肺组织病变的免疫组织化学研究,结合组织学观察,探讨SARS肺部病变的特点及发病机制。方法 以常规HE染色组织学观察结合CD8、CD20、CD34、LCA、CD56、CD68及AEl／AE3等单克隆抗体免疫组织化学染色,分别观察淋巴细胞、巨噬细胞、肺泡上皮细胞及肺毛细血管等在肺病变中的数目及分布特点,观察肺组织内血管变化、肺泡上皮增生以及机化和纤维化改变,从而分析SARS肺病变的特点。结果 从病变早期至早期纤维化,SARS肺组织中毛细血管数目增多,血管分布符合肺泡壁结构轮廓;炎细胞反应表现为淋巴细胞数目下降而巨噬细胞数目显著增多;Ⅱ型肺泡上皮显著增生;在晚期纤维化及实变的肺组织中,血管数目减少,管腔增大,分布分散,失去肺泡壁的结构轮廓。结论 SARS肺部病变具有血管反应、渗出、增生及纤维化等特点,其中巨噬细胞渗出可能在发病过程中起关键作用。     

利巴韦林在严重急性呼吸综合征中的应用

抗病毒药利巴韦林(ribavirin)被临床用于抗严重急性呼吸综合征(SARS)病毒，利巴韦林与激素联用对SARS的疗效肯定，但亦有一定不良反应。本文对其临床使用方法、疗效、不良反应及注意事项等作一综述。     

Cardiovascular complications of severe acute respiratory syndrome

Background and Aims

Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is a virulent viral infection that affects a number of organs and systems. This study examined if SARS may result in cardiovascular complications.

Methods and Results

121 patients (37.5 (SD13.2) years, 36% male) diagnosed to have SARS were assessed continuously for blood pressure, pulse, and temperature during their stay in hopsital. Hypotension occurred in 61 (50.4%) patients in hospital, and was found in 28.1%, 21.5%, and 14.8% of patients during the first, second, and third week, respectively. Only one patient who had transient echocardiographic evidence of impaired left ventricular systolic function required temporary inotropic support. Tachycardia was present in 87 (71.9%) patients, and was found in 62.8%, 45.4%, and 35.5% of patients from the first to third week. It occurred independent of hypotension, and could not be explained by the presence of fever. Tachycardia was also present in 38.8% of patients at follow up. Bradycardia only occurred in 18 (14.9%) patients as a transient event. Reversible cardiomegaly was reported in 13 (10.7%) patients, but without clinical evidence of heart failure. Transient atrial fibrillation was present in one patient. Corticosteroid therapy was weakly associated with tachycardia during the second (χ² = 3.99, p = 0.046) and third week (χ² = 6.53, p = 0.01), although it could not explain tachycardia during follow up.

Conclusions

In patients with SARS, cardiovascular complications including hypotension and tachycardia were common but usually self limiting. Bradycardia and cardiomegaly were less common, while cardiac arrhythmia was rare. However, only tachycardia persisted even when corticosteroid therapy was withdrawn.     

SARS尸检的肺部病理改变

目的 通过研究严重急性呼吸综合征(severe acute respiratory syndrome,SAPS)患者的尸检肺部标本。总结SAPS的肺部病变特点及发病机制。方法 详细检查SARS患者肺脏标本的大体特点,并用常规方法研究显微光镜下SAPS累及各肺叶的病变特点。结果 7例SAPS患者的双肺均明显膨胀,镜下表现以弥漫性肺泡损伤(DAD)不同时期的病变为主。7例均有肺水肿及透明膜形成,肺水肿尤以早期明显。病程超过3周者开始有肺泡内机化及肺间质纤维化,造成肺泡的纤维性闭塞。几乎每例都可见到小血管内的微血栓和肺出血、散在的小叶性肺炎、肺泡上皮脱落、增生等病变。2例可见曲霉菌感染,l例累及左全肺及右肺部分区域,l例出现在肺门淋巴结。肺门淋巴结多表现为充血、出血及淋巴组织减少,窦组织细胞增多。结论 SAPS肺可能为SAPS病毒造成的弥漫性肺泡损伤,表现为肺泡上皮及毛细血管的严重损伤导致肺水肿和肺泡及细支气管的纤维索性渗出性炎症,出现透明膜。继而出现肺泡内机化及肺泡间隔的成纤维细胞增生,共同使肺泡萎陷、机化,最终形成纤维化实变。肺门淋巴组织的减少可能是此病影响免疫系统的又一形态学表现。     

SARS的流行病学研究概述

在2002～2003年间发生的重症急性呼吸综合症（SARS）流行，表明一种新的传染病可以在短期内从局部扩散到全世界。本文参考了SARS流行期间和之后的相关文献，对SARS冠状病毒的起源和进化、潜伏期、传染性、病程和预后，传播动力学及超级传播事件（SSE）等进行了综述。     

Pathological study on severe acute respiratory syndrome

Objective To study the pathological characteristics of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)and its relationship to clinical manifestation.Methods Tissue specimens from 3 autopsies of probable SARS cases were studied by microscope,and the clinical data was reviewed.Results The typical pathological changes of lungs were diffuse hemorrhaging on the surface. A combination of serous, fibrinous and hemorrhagic inflammation was seen in most of the pulmonary alveoli with the engorgement of capillaries and detection of micro-thrombosis in some of these capillaries. Pulmonary alveoli thickened with interstitial mononuclear inflammatory infiltrates, suffered diffuse alveolar damage, experienced desquamation of pneumocytes and had hyaline-membrane formation, fibrinoid materials, and erythrocytes in alveolar spaces. There were thromboembolisms in some bronchial arteries. Furthermore, hemorrhagic necrosis was also evident in lymph nodes and spleen with the attenuation of lymphocytes. Other atypical pathological changes, such as hydropic degeneration, fatty degeneration, interstitial cell proliferation and lesions having existed before hospitalization were observed in the liver, heart, kidney and pancreas.Conclusion Severe damage to the pulmonary and immunological systems is responsible for the clinical features of SARS and may lead to the death of patients.     

重症急性呼吸综合征临床特点分析

目的了解本地区重症急性呼吸综合症(severe acute respiratory syndrome,SARS)的临床特点及治疗和预后.方法回顾性分析广东省佛山市第一人民医院2002年11月～2003年2月收治的16例SARS病人的临床资料,分为普通型、重症两组.结果本组病例年龄在20～57岁,男9例,女7例,青壮年为主,44%为医护人员.潜伏期平均为6.7±3.4天.重症7例,占44%.重症SARS较普通型肺部病灶发现晚,发热持续时间长,多累及双肺,易并发急性呼吸窘迫综合症(ARDS),多器官功能损害.重症患者采用早期氧疗,充分镇静及抗病毒,抗细菌感染,激素,增强免疫功能等综合治疗.结论重症SARS患者临床表现严重,但经过积极综合治疗,及早氧疗、采取"肺保护性策略"人工通气,预防和处理好并发症,是可以治愈的.     

严重急性呼吸综合征相关冠状病毒的发现及其研究进程

严重急性呼吸综合征(SARS)暴发流行，引发了一场全球性通力合作、激烈竞争的攻关研究。2003年3月，中国香港及美国、加拿大和德国的科学家相继从SARS患者标本中发现并分离到一种SARS相关冠状病毒(SARS—CoV)，并得到世界卫生组织(WHO)的确认。之后，2003年4、5月间，美国、德国、中国香港、加拿大、荷兰的学者分别将他们对SARS病原体的研究成果发表于Sciece、NEJM、Luncet、Nature等国际权威学术期刊上，先后报告了SARS—CoV全基因组结构、基因组序列分析、SARS—CoV分子模型构建等，为进一步建立SARS诊断、治疗及疫苗研究等奠定了基础。分析这一迅速取得大量成果的研究进程，认真反思、深刻总结，将会使我们有很多收益。     

温病和传染性非典型肺炎

传染性非典型肺炎(非典型肺炎)属于中医温病范畴，非典型肺炎的防治可以在温病理论指导下进行辨证论治，寻找有效方药。温病学科的发展经历了一个漫长的历史时期，积累了不少防治传染病、流行病的宝贵临床经验，可在非典型肺炎的防治中发挥很好的作用。非典型肺炎从临床表现来看，其反应和温病卫气营血辨证基本一致，但要注意气分证的表现和治疗，这是病情控制的关键；从治疗上看，温病的治法也同样适用于非典型肺炎，在透邪的同时，要注意扶正，同时根据药随证变的原则，要及时加减用药；从预防角度来看，温病的消毒隔离很重要，在病变后期应注意饮食调护和药物调养，以促进肺部炎症的吸收和防止肺纤维化。