额肌瓣悬吊术治疗完全性上睑下垂临床观察

目的 观察额肌瓣悬吊术治疗完全性上睑下垂的治疗效果。方法 对18例（21只眼）完全性上睑下垂患者施行额肌瓣悬吊术。平均随访18个月，观察其睑裂高度、上睑弧度、闭眼状态和角膜情况。结果 15例（17只眼）效果理想，3例（4只眼）效果显著，总有效率100％。结论 额肌瓣悬吊术治疗完全性上睑下垂效果良好，并有其独特优势。     

额肌瓣悬吊术矫正重度先天性上睑下垂

目的:探讨额肌瓣悬吊术矫正重度先天性上睑下垂的临床效果。方法:对28例35眼重度先天性上睑下垂患者,施行额肌瓣悬吊术,观察分析术中、术后并发症,随访观察术后效果。结果:本组病例均矫正理想,无严重术中术后并发症发生。结论:额肌瓣悬吊术矫正重度先天性上睑下垂的手术可靠,效果满意,是治疗重度上睑下垂较可靠的手术方法。     

改进的额肌瓣悬吊术矫正儿童先天性上睑下垂

目的评价改进的额肌筋膜瓣悬吊术治疗儿童先天性上睑下垂。方法对35例中重度先天性上睑下垂采用改进的额肌瓣悬吊术。术后观察3～6月。结果眼睑高度正常，上睑弧度自然，无并发症发生。结论改良型额肌瓣悬吊术适用于儿童先天性上睑下垂，其效果优于上睑提肌缩短术及传统额肌瓣悬吊术，能达到矫正畸形及改善外观的效果。     

额肌瓣悬吊术治疗重度先天性上睑下垂临床观察

目的:探讨额肌瓣悬吊术治疗重度先天性上睑下垂的临床效果。方法:采用额肌瓣悬吊术治疗重度先天性上睑下垂患者22例27眼。并对术后效果进行随访观察。结果:本组22例27眼,随访3～36mo,除1眼矫正不足外,余均取得良好效果。结论:额肌瓣悬吊术适用于治疗重度先天性上睑下垂,效果确切。     

改良式额肌瓣悬吊术治疗先天性上睑下垂的体会

目的:探讨额肌瓣悬吊术治疗先天性上睑下垂的临床效果和方式方法。方法:采用额肌瓣悬吊术治疗先天性上睑下垂患者34例46眼,对术后效果进行随访观察并对疗效进行回顾性分析。结果:本组病例34例46眼随访3～12mo,上睑下垂全部矫正,均获得良好效果。术后3mo满意率96%,基本满意率100%。结论:额肌瓣悬吊术是治疗提上睑肌肌力<4mm的先天性上睑下垂的有效方法,不仅能恢复上睑功能,同时能够达到美观的效果。     

重度先天性上睑下垂的手术治疗

目的分析额肌筋膜瓣悬吊术和异体阔筋膜悬吊术矫正重度先天性上睑下垂的优缺点。方法对重度先天性上睑下垂66例87眼进行手术治疗,其中额肌筋膜瓣悬吊术30例45眼,异体阔筋膜悬吊术36例42眼,分析术后上睑下垂矫正效果、上睑弧度、双重睑成形及暴露性角膜炎发生情况。结果额肌筋膜瓣悬吊术取材方便、复发率较低、上睑弧度匀称;阔筋膜悬吊手术简单、重睑形成良好,但取材困难、复发率稍较高。结论额肌筋膜瓣悬吊术和阔筋膜悬吊术均能有效治疗重度先天性上睑下垂,前者无需特殊材料,术后效果较稳定。     

重度先天性上睑下垂术式的评估

目的分析异体阔筋膜悬吊术和额肌筋膜瓣悬吊术矫正重度先天性上睑下垂的效果。方法对56例78眼重度先天性上睑下垂住院病例行手术治疗,其中额肌瓣悬吊术20例36眼,阔筋膜悬吊术36例42眼。结果阔筋膜悬吊术的复发率高于额肌瓣悬吊术,且眼险弧度不易掌握,术后兔眼征明显。额肌瓣悬吊术双重睑形成稍差,术中出血较多。结论综合评估额肌瓣悬吊术,矫正重度先天性上睑下垂较为优势。     

提上睑肌短缩术矫治重度上睑下垂临床分析

目的 证明提上睑肌短缩术治疗重度上睑下垂的可行性及疗效,并与其他手术方法进行比较,为临床选择合理手术方法提供理论及临床依据。方法 将32例已施行上睑下垂手术的病人按照不同的手术方式分为：提上睑肌短缩术组24例、额肌瓣悬吊术组8例。通过上睑下垂矫正术后上睑缘位置、眼睑闭合程度、上睑迟滞现象及暴露性角膜炎的发生情况,对病人进行至少6个月的随访观察,比较各组的手术疗效。结果 提上睑肌短缩术组治愈率与额肌筋膜瓣悬吊术组差异无统计学意义(P＞().05),其上睑迟滞及其他并发症发生率均低于额肌筋膜瓣悬吊术组(P＜0.05)。结论 对于肌弹性15 mm以上的重度上睑下垂患者,提上睑肌短缩术效果优于额肌筋膜瓣悬吊术的手术方法,能达到既符合眼睑生理功能,又改善美观的效果。     

不同术式治疗先天性上睑下垂

目的选择治疗先天性上睑下垂的最佳手术方案.方法对210例先天性上睑下垂患儿采用不同的手术方式治疗,如提上睑肌缩短术,利用额肌的弗盖式手术,睑轮匝肌肌瓣转移术,睑皮肤及皮下组织肌瓣悬吊术,额肌瓣悬吊术,对其效果进行分析.结果各种术式均有不同的并发症,但其中以额肌瓣悬吊术并发症最少,治疗效果最佳.结论大部分重度先天性上睑下垂应以利用额肌的术式为主,而利用额肌的诸术式中以额肌瓣悬吊术最为适宜.     

三种术式治疗重度先天性上睑下垂的疗效对比

目的:探讨提上睑肌缩短术、额肌瓣悬吊术、阔筋膜悬吊术治疗重度先天性上睑下垂的效果。方法:手术治疗重度先天性上睑下垂患者42例47眼,其中提上睑肌缩短术25例28眼、额肌瓣悬吊术10例12眼、阔筋膜悬吊术7例7眼,比较手术效果,上睑弧度、双重睑成形情况及手术并发症情况。结果:采用提上睑肌缩短术者,术后外观自然美观,兔眼恢复时间短,效果满意;采用额肌瓣悬吊术者术后外形欠自然、兔眼恢复时间长;采用阔筋膜悬吊术者,上睑迟滞和眼睑闭合不全较明显,易发生矫正不足。结论:三种手术方式均能有效治疗先天性上睑下垂。提上睑肌缩短术更符合生理状态,手术效果最好且并发症少。     

Long-term results of frontalis suspension using autogenous fascia lata for congenital ptosis in children under 3 years of age

PURPOSE: To evaluate the outcome of frontalis suspension surgery for congenital ptosis using autogenous fascia lata for children under 3 years of age. DESIGN: Retrospective nonrandomized interventional case series. METHODS: This study included nine children (14 eyelids) with severe congenital ptosis aged less than 3 years. All patients underwent frontalis suspension surgery using autogenous fascia lata. Postoperative lid level results, ptosis recurrence, and cosmetic appearance of leg scars were evaluated after the operation. RESULTS: The mean age of the patients was 15.3 months (range, 6 months to 2.5 years) with a mean follow-up period of 41.6 months (range, 18 to 96 months). All children achieved satisfactory cosmetic and functional results, with no postoperative complications such as wound infection, corneal exposure, eyelid contour abnormalities, or ptosis overcorrection. No recurrence of ptosis was encountered. Harvesting was not difficult, and a sufficient amount of material was achieved. There was one patient (11.1%) with a hypertrophied leg scar. CONCLUSIONS: Frontalis suspension using autogenous fascia is proposed as a possible procedure for correcting congenital ptosis in children younger than 3 years of age. It appears to be an effective and feasible treatment for children with poor levator muscle function in this age group.     

Analysis of treatment results 389 patients with congenital blepharoptosis

PURPOSE: Retrospective analysis of the results in the treatment of congenital blepharoptosis. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the records of 389 patients with blepharoptosis who underwent surgical treatment in the Hospital of Plastic Surgery in Polanica-Zdrój, from January 1976 to January 2005. The age of patients, degree of malformation and unilateral or bilateral occurrence of ptosis, was analyzed. Moreover, we studied treatment results of patients with blepharoptosis treated in our hospital and patients treated elsewhere, before admission to our hospital. RESULTS: 218 patients from 327 operated in our hospital had levator muscle resections. After 6 months of observation 39 patients were qualified for surgical re-correction. 12 months after surgery 4 patients had recurrence of ptosis. Frontalis suspension technique with using the temporal fascia, was performed in 109 patients. After 6 months observation, 8 patients were qualified for surgical re-correction. CONCLUSIONS: For patients with maintained function of the levator muscle the most effective and physiological procedure, is the muscle shortening. Frontalis suspension technique with use of the temporal fascia should be limited to treat failure cases and patients with poor or absent function of the levator muscle.     

Early Frontalis Flap Surgery as First Option to Correct Congenital Ptosis with Poor Levator Function

Abstract

In congenital blepharoptosis the upper eyelid cannot be lifted normally because of congenital impairment in the levator function. The descended eyelid margin partially or completely obstructs of the visual axis with the consequent risk of amblyopia. Frontalis suspension is the surgery of choice for ptosis with poor levator function creating a linkage between the frontalis muscle and the tarsus; the frontalis muscle is used to elevate the eyelid. Direct transplantation of frontalis muscle to the upper eyelid has been widely described. We report our experience using frontalis flap in congenital ptosis with poor levator function in children.

Methods: Retrospective study of 30 eyes with severe congenital ptosis and poor levator function treated by means of direct frontalis flap. Mean age 2 years. Eyelid measurements were taken at baseline, 1, 3, 12 months postoperatively and last visit. Mean ptosis degree was 5?mm (3--8?mm) and levator function 2?mm (1--5?mm). The presence of complications, flap function and palpebral contour were evaluated. Mean follow up time was 27 months. At last visit, ptosis degree ranged from 0 to 3?mm.

Discussion: Direct advancement of the frontalis muscle to treat severe eyelid ptosis is effective and stable in the long term avoiding the use of a linking structure, therefore the risk of foreign-body reaction, absorption, granuloma and late exposure, as well as the need for a second visible incision in the forehead. Patients learn how to control the lid height by means of the frontalis muscle achieving more symmetry.     

Causes, diagnostics and therapy for paediatric ptosis

BACKGROUND: The diagnosis of and therapy for paediatric ptosis present challenges because of difficulties in performing preoperative examinations and the inability of the patient to provide intraoperative cooperation for proper lid placement. The authors provide an overview of the different forms and findings in congenital ptosis patients and point out the difficulties of the surgical procedures. DIAGNOSTICS AND THERAPY: The majority of paediatric ptosis cases is simple unilateral congenital ptosis with dysgenesis of the levator palpebrae superioris muscle. Other different forms exist due to neurological, neuro-myogenic, aponeurotic, sympathic, and mechanical reasons or syndromes. The relevant history is obtained, including birth history and family history, careful observation and full ophthalmological examination are necessary. Amblyopia because of ptosis, strabismus or anisometropia with corneal astigmatism should be recognised and treated early. The preoperative examination is vital for determining the appropriate diagnosis and is useful for selecting the appropriate procedure. Ptosis correction is based on ptosis severity, Bell phenomenon and levator function. The primary goal is symmetry of the upper lids. Most frequently a levator resection is performed between the 3rd and 5th year with a levator function of more than 3 mm. The most common complication is undercorrection, poor lid contour or amblyopia. Overcorrection may be associated with dry eye syndrome and keratopathy. CONCLUSION: Levator resection is a useful procedure for the correction of mild to moderate ptosis. Frontalis suspension surgery is effective for congenital ptosis with poor levator function.     

额肌瓣悬吊术治疗儿童先天性重度上睑下垂

观察额肌瓣悬吊术治疗儿童重度先天性上睑下垂的效果。 方法：收集2007-06/2011-06我院行额肌瓣悬吊术治疗的17例32眼儿童重度先天性上睑下垂的临床资料,进行回顾性分析研究。 结果：术后随访6～48（平均26）mo,所有患儿外观改善,矫正满意12例 23 眼,一般4例 7 眼,矫正不足1例 2 眼,无失败病例,所有患儿未出现严重并发症。 结论：额肌瓣悬吊术治疗儿童先天性重度上睑下垂,效果明显,并发症少     

Broad fascia fixation enhances frontalis suspension

PURPOSE: To report the use of a modified frontalis suspension procedure for congenital ptosis patients with minimal to no levator function. METHODS: Retrospective, non-comparative case series of frontalis suspension by 2 surgeons over a 21-year period. RESULTS: Frontalis suspension with broad fascia fixation was performed on 48 eyelids of 25 patients. All patients had visual obscuration due to blepharoptosis with only 0 mm to 2 mm of measurable levator function. Age ranged from 3 to 13 years. Minimum length of follow-up was 6 months (range, 6-174 months). The palpebral fissure was increased in all patients, improving their head position and unmasking their visual axis in primary gaze. Postoperatively, all patients developed transient exposure symptoms. There were no migrations, extrusions, infections, or granulomas. All patients achieved a satisfactory postoperative result based on eyelid position, function, and contour. CONCLUSIONS: This modified frontalis suspension procedure maximizes frontalis muscle recruitment, creating powerful eyelid elevation with stable effect over time. The technique minimizes other procedures' pitfalls and advances in cosmesis are achieved with enhanced eyelid crease formation and adjustable eyelid contour.     

Frontalis suspension for upper eyelid ptosis: evaluation of different surgical designs and suture material

PURPOSE: To compare two sling designs (single loop or double pentagon) and a variety of suture material that was used in frontalis suspension surgery for correction of upper eyelid ptosis. DESIGN: Retrospective, nonrandomized, comparative interventional case series. METHODS: Medical record review of 99 patients (164 surgeries) who underwent frontalis suspension surgery for upper eyelid ptosis was conducted at the Jules Stein Eye Institute in 1996 to 2002. Functional and cosmetic success, margin reflex distance (MRD) and lagophthalmos were evaluated. RESULTS: MRD increased an average of 1.1 mm after the operation (P < .001). Ptosis recurrence was noticed in 42 cases (26%); polytetrafluoroethylene achieved the lowest recurrence rate (15%), although not statistically significant. No difference in functional success, ptosis recurrence, or change in MRD was noticed between single loop and double pentagon design. A better cosmetic outcome was noted in cases in which nylon suture was used. Complications included four cases (2.4%) of over-correction, three cases (1.8%) of suture infection (all in polytetrafluoroethylene), two cases of pyogenic granuloma (1.2%), and two cases (1.2%) of suture exposure. CONCLUSION: Frontalis suspension for upper eyelid ptosis resulted in 26% ptosis recurrence after a mean of 12 months from first surgery. Polytetrafluoroethylene showed the lowest incidence of ptosis recurrence. No statistically significant difference was found between different suture materials or loop shape that was used in the surgical technique. A better cosmetic outcome, as graded by different observers, was noted in cases in which a nylon sling was used.     

Therapeutic Algorithm for Congenital Ptosis Repair with Levator Resection and Frontalis Suspension: Results and Literature Review

Background: Several treatments have been described for the treatment of congenital ptosis, but there are few studies that analyze the effectiveness of a therapeutic approach rather than a single technique. Aims: In this study, we aim to evaluate the effectiveness of our therapeutic algorithm, which relies on levator muscle resection and frontalis suspension with silicone rods, polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), or autologous fascia lata. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed all patients affected by congenital ptosis who underwent corrective surgery at a single department between January 1998 and January 2016. Results: A total of 116 procedures were performed in 86 patients, accounting for 35 levator resections, 67 frontalis suspensions, and 14 revisions. A satisfactory result was observed in 65 cases after one procedure (75.6%). Complications occurred in 13 cases after primary surgery (15.1%). Ptosis relapse was observed in 25 cases after primary procedure (21.5%). Frontalis suspension displayed a higher number of complications than levator resection (22.2% vs 3.1%, p=0.02). Conclusion: Our therapeutic algorithm was effective in 75.6% after one procedure. Frontalis suspension procedures encountered a higher rate of complication than levator resection. Fascia lata should be preferred to silicon rods whenever possible due to the lower recurrence rate. These issues confirm the therapeutic algorithm, although larger prospective studies are necessary to validate our approach.     

外伤性眶壁骨折伴上睑下垂矫治方法的改进--一期行高密度聚乙烯充填和额肌瓣悬吊术

目的 评价高密度聚乙烯(Medpor)作为填充物同期行额肌瓣悬吊术在治疗晚期眶壁骨折伴外伤性上睑下垂中的作用。方法 对眼眶壁骨折伴上睑下垂进行整复，术中使用Medpor人工材料充填修复眶壁缺损，以矫治眼球内陷和移位；同期行额肌瓣与上睑提肌远端吻合治疗外伤性上睑下垂。结果 1998年1月～2002年12月施行此手术7例，随访3～24月(平均9．8月)，显示整形后的眼眶眼睑外形良好，无感染、排异；其中7例原眼球内陷、下移均获得改善，7例睑裂宽度与健眼对称，3例复视消失，4例复视明显的改善。结论 Medpor是一种良好的眼眶骨缺损填充替代骨移植的人工材料，同期行额肌瓣与上睑提肌远端吻合治疗复杂眼眶骨折伴上睑下垂疗效确切。