哈萨克族与汉族高血压患者血浆抵抗素和脂联素水平的分析

目的分析新疆哈萨克族（哈族）与汉族高血压（HT）患者血浆抵抗素、脂联素水平及其与胰岛素抵抗（IR）、血压、血糖、血脂及肥胖指标的关系。方法选取新疆哈族人127例及汉族人131例作为研究对象。根据血压水平,分为哈族HT组、哈族对照组、汉族HT组、汉族对照组。测量血压及人体参数,检测空腹血浆抵抗素、脂联素、胰岛素（FINS）、血糖（FPG）、总胆固醇（TC）、甘油三酯（TG）、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（HDL—C）、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（LDL—C）。计算体质量指数（BMI）、腰臀比（WHR）、体内脂肪百分比（BF％）、HOMA-胰岛素抵抗指数（HOMA—IR）等进行比较。结果（1）哈、汉HT组血浆抵抗素水平升高、脂联素水平降低,均与相应的对照组比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。（2）哈、汉HT组间比较或哈、汉对照组间比较,血浆抵抗素差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）,脂联素差异亦无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。（3）抵抗素在哈、汉HT组均与年龄、SBP、WC、BMI、WHR、BF％、FPG、FINS、HOMA—IR、TG呈正相关（P〈0．05或P〈0．01）,均与脂联素呈负相关（P〈0．01）。（4）脂联素在哈族HT组与SBP、DBP、WC、BMI、WHR、FPG、FINS、HOMA-IR、TG、LDL—C呈负相关（P〈0．05或P〈0．01）,在汉族HT组与SBP、DBP、WE、BMI、WHR、FPG、FINS、HOMA．IR、TG呈负相关（P〈0．05或P〈0．01）。结论哈、汉HT患者血浆抵抗素水平升高、脂联素水平降低,两因子均与胰岛素抵抗、血压、血糖、血脂及肥胖存在一定的相关性。     

益气养阴通络方对2型糖尿病大鼠血清TNF—α水平及脂肪组织TNF—α蛋白表达的影响

目的 观察益气养阴通络方对2型糖尿病大鼠FBG、FINS、血清TNF-α水平及脂肪组织TNF—α蛋白表达的影响。方法 高脂饲料喂养，一次性尾静脉注射STZ 30mg／kg造模，益气养阴通络方治疗。放射免疫分析法检测血清FINS、TNF-α水平，免疫荧光法检测脂肪组织TNF-α蛋白表达。结果 治疗组与病理组大鼠相比，体质量减轻（P〈0．01）；FBG降低（P〈0．01）；ISI提高（P〈0．05）；血清TNF-α水平降低（P〈0．01）；脂肪组织TNF-α蛋白表达降低（P〈0．01）。中药Ⅱ组脂肪组织TNF-α蛋白表达接近正常组（P〉0．05）。结论 益气养阴通络方能降低2型糖尿病大鼠血糖水平，改善糖尿病大鼠糖代谢紊乱，缓解2型糖尿病大鼠胰岛素抵抗。其机制可能与其能减轻2型糖尿病大鼠体质量。降低大鼠血清TNF-α和脂肪组织TNF-α蛋白表达水平有关。     

肥胖高血压病患者瘦素水平与代谢紊乱的关系

目的探讨肥胖高血压病患者血清、脂肪组织中瘦素水平与肥胖、高血压、血脂紊乱、胰岛素抵抗等代谢紊乱的关系。方法选取腹部手术患者48例为研究对象，肥胖高血压痛患者（肥胖高血压组）及单纯肥胖患者（单纯肥胖组）各24例，测定血压、体质指数、腰围臀围、血脂、空腹血糖、空腹胰岛素以及血清和大网膜脂肪组织瘦素水平。结果肥胖高血压组患者的血清瘦素、甘油三酯、空腹胰岛素、空腹血糖均显著高于单纯肥胖组（P〈0．01），血清胰岛素敏感指数、高密度脂蛋白显著低于单纯肥胖组（P〈0．01）。肥胖高血压组患者大网膜脂肪组织瘦素水平与单纯肥胖组无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。血清瘦素与性别、体质指数、腰臀比、收缩压和舒张压、空腹胰岛素、空腹血糖呈显著正相关。脂肪组织瘦素水平与上述指标均无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论血清瘦素水平与肥胖程度、血压、胰岛素抵抗存在相关性；脂肪组织瘦素水平与血清瘦素水平、肥胖高血压患者的代谢紊乱无明显关联。     

老年肥胖患者血浆抵抗素水平与胰岛素抵抗相关

目的研究抵抗素在老年肥胖患者及健康对照血浆中的平均水平,探讨抵抗素与肥胖及胰岛素抵抗的关系。方法竞争性酶联免疫吸附法检测43例老年肥胖患者及41例对照的空腹血浆抵抗素水平,测量身高、体重、腰围、臀围,计算体重指数（BMI）及腰臀比（WHR）,口服葡萄糖耐量试验（OGTT）测定空腹血浆葡萄糖浓度及胰岛素浓度,计算胰岛素敏感指数（ISI）。结果空腹血浆抵抗素与BMI呈正相关（r=0．23,P〈0．05）,与胰岛素呈负相关（r=-0．34,P〈0．05）,与ISI呈负相关（r=-0．31,P〈0．05）,未发现与血脂、年龄、性别及WHR之间的相关性。结论人类血浆抵抗素与肥胖及胰岛素抵抗相关。     

二甲双胍对单纯性肥胖患者血清脂联素和瘦素水平的影响

目的观察盐酸二甲双胍对的单纯性肥胖患者血清脂联素和瘦素的影响,探讨单纯性肥胖发病机制和盐酸二甲双胍的作用机制。方法选取50例新诊断单纯性肥胖患者,予盐酸二甲双胍1500mg／d口服,治疗12周;选取30名年龄和性别匹配的正常体质量对照者,检测空腹真胰岛素水平、血清脂肪细胞因子瘦素和脂联素水平的变化。结果A组空腹真胰岛素水平、瘦素和HOMA—IR均较健康对照组升高,脂联素下降（P〈0．05）;12周后瘦素显著下降（P〈0．01）,单纯性肥胖组脂联素呈上升趋势。结论单纯性肥胖患者存在胰岛素抵抗、血清瘦素水平升高和脂联素下降;盐酸二甲双胍可能通过降低血清瘦素水平和平衡各种脂肪细胞因子水平而发挥改善胰岛素抵抗作用。     

结直肠腺瘤与结直肠癌患者血清瘦素、脂联素及抵抗素的相关性研究

目的：研究结直肠腺瘤性息肉与结直肠癌患者血清中瘦素、脂联素及抵抗素的相关性。方法选取经纤维结肠镜活检或切除并经病理证实的结直肠腺瘤患者37例,结直肠癌患者36例,同时选取健康对照组25例。提取血清以ELISA的方法测定血清中瘦素、脂联素及抵抗素的含量。平均BMI值也同时测定。结果37例息肉样腺瘤患者中,高分化型25例,低分化型12例。所有结直肠癌患者皆为腺癌。高分化型息肉样腺瘤患者与低分化型息肉样腺瘤患者中,血清脂肪细胞因子含量差异无统计学意义（ P ＞0=．05）。结直肠癌患者血清中瘦素及脂联素的含量明显低于息肉样腺瘤患者（ P ＜0．05）,明显低于健康对照组（ P ＜0．05）。结直肠癌患者血清中抵抗素含量与息肉样腺瘤患者差异无统计学意义（ P ＞0．05）,明显高于健康对照组（ P ＜0．05）。血清中脂联素与瘦素含量具有明显相关性（ r ＝0．61）。结论血清中脂联素与抵抗素在结肠癌变中可能起重要作用。瘦素可能对临床预后具有参考价值。     

合并2型糖尿病的急性脑梗死患者血清脂联素、肿瘤坏死因子与胰岛素抵抗的关系

目的：分析合并2型糖尿病的急性脑梗死患者血清脂联素、TNF—a水平变化及其与胰岛素抵抗（IR）、肥胖的相关性。方法：选择合并2型糖尿病的急性脑梗死患者92例,分为肥胖组（体重指数BMI≥25kg／m2）42例、非肥胖组（BMI〈25奴／m2）50例、正常对照组40例,测定血清脂联素、TNF—a、体重、身高、血脂、空腹血糖（fPG）、餐后2h血糖（2hPG）、空腹胰岛素（fINS）、餐后2h胰岛素（2hINS）、计算胰岛素抵抗指数（HOMA—IR）,做相关性分析。结果：肥胖组脂联素低于非肥胖组（P〈0．05）及正常对照组（P〈0．01）,非肥胖组又低于正常对照组（P〈0．05）。而肥胖组TNF-a高于非肥胖组（P〈0．05）及正常对照组（P〈0．01）,非肥胖组又高于正常对照组（P〈0．05）。脂联素与BMI、HOMA-IR呈负相关TNF-a与BMI、HOMA-IR呈正相关。结论：脂联素、TNF—a与IR密切相关,参与了糖脂代谢紊乱。     

替米沙坦和雷米普利对2型糖尿病患者脂联素和血压的影响

本文对87名2型糖尿病患者的基线水平和使用替米沙坦（最终剂量80mg,n=45）或雷米普利（最终剂量10mg,n=42）治疗9周后的血清脂联素水平进行评价。结果显示,患者的脂联素水平与基线水平收缩压（SBP：r＝0．240,P〈0．05）和舒张压（DBP：r＝0．227,P〈0．05）、以及替米沙坦或雷米普利治疗后的SBP（r＝0．228,P〈0．05）和DBP（r=－0．286,P〈0．05）均呈负相关。脂联素水平的改变与SBP（r=－0．357,P〈0．0I）和DBP（r=-0．286,P〈0．01）的改变有关。     

血清脂联素与中年男性冠状动脉病变程度的相关性研究

目的观察中年男性血清脂联素水平与冠心病发生及冠脉病变程度的相关性。方法选取经冠脉造影证实的32例冠脉粥样硬化者（冠脉狭窄〈50％）、86例冠心病患者（冠脉狭窄〉50％）,并选30例冠脉正常者作为对照组,用ELISA法进行血清脂联素的测定,同时检测体重指数（BMI）、空腹血糖（FPG）、血浆胰岛素水平（FINS）、甘油三酯（TG）和总胆固醇（TC）等相关指标,计算HOMA-IR指数。结果冠心病组及冠脉粥样硬化组血清脂联素浓度明显低于对照组（尸〈0．01）,冠心病组脂联素浓度明显低于冠状动脉粥样硬化组（P〈0．05）。冠心病组中急性冠脉综合征脂联素浓度明显低于稳定性心绞痛组（P〈0．01）。冠状动脉三支病变组、双支病变组及单支病变组血清脂联素浓度明显低于对照组（P〈0．01）。三支病变组血清脂联素水平低于单支病变组及双支病变组（P〈0．05）,而双支病变组与单支病变组血清脂联素水平差别无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。冠心病血清脂联素水平与体重指数、低密度脂蛋白（LDL-C）呈负相关（r分别为-0．291、-0．221,P〈0．05）,与HORA-IR指数呈显著负相关（r=-0.476,P〈0．01）。多元线性回归分析结果显示,HORA-IR指数是影响冠心病患者血清脂联素的最重要因素（r^2=-0．46,P〈0．01）。结论脂联素参与中年男性冠状动脉粥样硬化病变的发生发展,冠心病患者血清脂联素的水平降低,且其浓度变化与动脉粥样硬化斑块的稳定性和病变程度有关。     

脂联素对高糖环境下hRPE活性及VEGF mRNA表达的影响

目的观察脂联素对高糖环境下人视网膜色素上皮细胞（hRPE）活性及血管内生长因子（VEGF）mRNA表达的影响,探讨脂联素对糖尿病视网膜病变（DR）可能具有的保护机制。方法①将hRPE随机分为对照组、高糖组、甘露醇组、脂联素组,培养48h后MTT法测定细胞活性。②再将hRPE分为对照组、高糖组、脂联素组,分别培养24、48、72h后用荧光定量PCR测定VEGF mRNA的表达。结果与对照组相比,甘露醇组细胞活性无明显改变（P〉0．05）,高糖组明显降低（P〈0．01）;加入脂联素后,细胞活性显著升高（P=〈0．01）。高糖组与对照组相比,mRNA表达明显上调,加入脂联素后表达呈时间依赖性下调,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。结论脂联素可以促进hRPE增殖,下调VEGF mRNA的表达。提示脂联素可通过下调hRPE VEGF mRNA的表达来抑制DR中病理性新生血管的形成。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.