鱼藤酮对体外培养的大鼠中脑脑片多巴胺能神经元的毒性作用

目的研究鱼藤酮（rotenone）对多巴胺（DA）能神经元的早期毒性作用,并探索一种较理想的组织模型.方法采用界面组织培养法建立SD乳鼠的中脑脑片长期培养体系.加入鱼藤酮作用一定的时间,并用测定培养基中乳酸脱氢酶（LDH）活力、组织中DA含量以及进行酪氨酸羟化酶（TH）染色等技术观察它对整个脑片及脑片上DA能神经元的毒性效应.结果不同浓度的鱼藤酮作用24 h后,组织中DA含量随浓度增加明显下降,TH阳性神经元突起呈串珠样改变,数量减少甚至消失.低浓度鱼藤酮作用14 d后,脑片组织中的DA水平显著降低,但未见明显的DA能神经元形态学变化.结论建立了长期、稳定的中脑脑片培养体系;鱼藤酮对整个脑片以及脑片上DA能神经元的毒性作用具有浓度依赖性;功能性损伤早于形态学变化,突起的变性是形态学变化的早期特征.     

Neurturin对体外培养的GABA阳性神经元生长发育的作用

为探讨neurturin(NRTN)、神经生长因子(NGF)对新生大鼠海马的γ氨基丁酸能神经元生长发育的影响,本研究用免疫组化结合图像分析技术观察neurturin和NGF对体外培养海马的γ氨基丁酸能阳性神经元生长发育的作用。结果显示:培养4d时,NRTN组的γ氨基丁酸能阳性神经元细胞数目、突起数、胞体面积和最长突起长度均与对照组有显著性差异(P<0.05),NGF组各项指标与对照组均无显著性差异(P>0.05),NGF+NRTN组突起数多于NRTN组(P<0.05);培养8 d时,NRTN组各项指标均与对照组仍有明显差异(P<0.05),NGF+NRTN组突起数仍多于NRTN组(P>0.05)。上述结果提示,neurturin对体外培养的新生大鼠γ氨基丁酸能阳性神经元生长发育有营养作用,但NGF对体外培养的新生大鼠γ氨基丁酸能阳性神经元无神经营养作用;neurturin和NGF的联合应用并不比单独使用neurturin好。     

胶质细胞源性神经营养因子对培养的背根神经节的影响

目的 探讨胶质细胞源性神经营养因子(GDNF)在体外促进正常胚胎大鼠背根神经节(DRGn)的存活及突起生长情况。方法 用原代分离培养法建立体外胚胎大鼠背根神经节单细胞培养体系，通过活体观察、MTT微量比色法、NSE免疫组织化学染色观察不同浓度GDNF对体外培养的正常感觉神经元的影响。结果 GDNF组培养的DRG神经元存活数量增加，神经元突起的长度比对照组明显增长。结论 GDNF能明显促进体外培养的正常大鼠胚胎背根神经节感觉神经元的存活及突起生长，表明GDNF对正常大鼠胚胎发育期感觉神经元具有神经营养作用。     

双胸蚓溶栓酶对体外培养的WISTAR胎鼠大脑神经元突起生长的影响

目的：探讨双胸蚓溶体酶对神经元突起的影响及其作用机制。方法：应用神经元细胞体外培养技术观察了１～１０d内在不同剂量双胸蚓溶栓酶蚓溶栓酶作用下的Ｗistar胎鼠大脑神经元突起的生长发育过和。结果：不同剂量双蚓溶栓酶对神经元突起的数量和长度以及轴索的形态与增长均有影响。结论：双胸蚓溶栓酶对体外培养的胎鼠大脑神经元突起的生长发育有促进作用。     

下丘脑加压素能神经元体外培养方法的探讨

在下丘脑加压素能神经元的体外培养中 ,大部分加压素能神经元死亡。为此作者等对前人的培养方法进行了改良 ,应用联合培养技术 ,建立了下丘脑和垂体联合培养体系。通过形态学和加压素免疫组织化学方法观察了下丘脑加压素能神经元的体外发育。结果发现 :在联合培养体系中 ,下丘脑加压素能神经元发育良好 ,胞体饱满、突起增长 ,且阳性神经元数目增多。上述结果表明 :下丘脑与垂体联合培养是用于检测不同神经营养因子或其他促生长物质对下丘脑加压素能神经元生物学作用的一个有效的生物鉴定系统     

AngⅡ诱导神经干细胞向多巴胺能神经元分化的时间效应

目的:体外分离培养神经干细胞(NSCs),探讨血管紧张素II(AngII)诱导NSCs向多巴胺(DA)能神经元分化的时间效应。方法:取第二代NSCs在含有AngII的诱导分化液中培养,根据诱导持续时间不同,分为A(10d),B(14d),C(17d)和D(21d)四组。终止诱导后,用免疫学法检测分化细胞中DA能神经元标志物酪氨酸羟化酶(TH)的表达,半定量-PCR测定THmRNA的相对表达量。结果:在AngII作用下,B,C组分化细胞数量均比A组增多,细胞胞体饱满,突起粗长,而D组细胞部分开始老化、脱壁悬浮。其中,C组TH阳性细胞率最高(15.64%),且THmRNA相对表达量(0.5047±0.0212)明显高于其他三组(P0.05)。结论:AngII诱导NSCs分化成DA能神经元存在分化的时间效应,诱导持续达17d时分化细胞中DA能神经元的比例最高。     

神经干细胞向神经元诱导和分化的研究

为探讨无血清条件下联合应用bFGF、PDGF、RA、HRG、Forskolin对大鼠神经干细胞诱导分化的作用,本研究采用体外分离、培养神经干细胞,传2~3代后,联合应用因子体外诱导神经干细胞分化等方法;通过Ⅱ型微管相关蛋白(MAP2)和S100抗体免疫荧光染色鉴定分化的细胞;图像分析系统测量神经元样细胞的参数;全细胞膜片钳技术记录分化后细胞的钠电流。结果显示:MAP2阳性神经元样细胞所占比例,联合因子组明显高于血清组(P<0.05);胞体面积及周长、突起的长度,联合因子组明显高于血清组和bFGF组(P<0.05)。另外,联合因子组中80%形态似神经元样的细胞能诱发电压依赖性的Na+通道电流。以上结果表明在体外无血清条件下联合应用bFGF、PDGF、RA、HRG、Forskolin对大鼠神经干细胞向神经元定向诱导分化是可行的,分化的神经元比例高,且细胞更具有神经电生理特性。     

MPP~+对原代培养SAMP8小鼠中脑神经元的毒性作用

目的:建立MPP+(1-甲基-4-苯基吡啶离子)干预SAMP8(快速老化小鼠P8)小鼠中脑神经元的体外细胞模型。方法:SAMP8新生1 d小鼠的中脑神经元原代混合培养6 d,加入100μmol/L浓度的MPP+,再培养6、9、12 h和24 h后分别对各时间点的中脑原代培养神经元免疫荧光染色或提取蛋白测定TH水平。结果:MPP+导致原代培养的SAMP8小鼠中脑神经元形态学改变。正常对照组神经元形态完整,免疫反应性强,胞体大呈椭圆形,突起多而长且粗壮;MPP+组神经元随时间逐渐出现形态变化,MPP+后6 h即可见突起不完整断续,9 h突起数目减少,缩短;12 h神经元胞体明显变小,24 h突起多消失,神经元胞体小且免疫反应性弱。MPP+导致原代培养的SAMP8小鼠中脑神经元数量在MPP+后9 h开始有显著减少,同时TH蛋白的表达也开始有显著减少,24 h最低。结论:MPP+对原代培养的SAMP8小鼠中脑神经元具有毒性作用。MPP+导致SAMP8小鼠中脑神经元原代混合培养体系的神经元数量下降,同时TH蛋白表达降低,提示MPP+导致其中脑DA能神经元损伤死亡。     

纹状体和中缝核外植块促进体外培养的中脑多巴胺神经元的发育

为了探讨神经元与其靶组织之间的相互作用及作用因素，建立了不同时期的纹状体外植场与１４ｄ大鼠胚胎中脑黑质神经元联合培养；１４ｄ大鼠胚胎中缝核外植块与黑质神经元联合培养。结果表明，生后２周、新生及１４ｄ大鼠胚胎纹状体外植块和１４ｄ大鼠胚胎中缝核外植块，对中脑黑质多巴胺神经元的形态发育有明显促进作用，其中包括长突起神经元数目和神经元突起长度的增加。上述３个时期的纹状体外植块，对中脑黑质多巴胺神经元的作用     

脑源性神经营养因子体外诱导神经干细胞向神经元分化

目的观察脑源性神经营养因子(BDNF)对新生SD大鼠海马神经干细胞在体外分化为神经元的作用。方法取新生SD大鼠海马组织,以无血清培养技术培养获得神经干细胞,在BDNF诱导下让其在体外分化,7d后,通过免疫荧光技术结合图像分析技术来观察分化所得神经丝(neurofilament,NF)抗原阳性神经元的比率及其最长突起的长度。结果BDNF组分化所得细胞NF阳性率为13.66%,神经元突起长度为(146.27±26.30)μm,对照组分化所得细胞NF阳性率为9.38%,神经元突起长度为(117.00±23.98)μm,两组结果有显著性差异。结论BDNF能提高新生SD大鼠海马神经干细胞体外定向分化为神经元的比率,并且能刺激新生神经元突起的生长。     

帕金森病模型大鼠中脑腹侧被盖区多巴胺能神经元改变的实验研究

目的：探讨帕金森病（Parkinson’s disease，PD）大鼠模型中脑腹侧被盖区（ventral tegmentalarea，VTA）多巴胺能神经元的改变。方法：应用6-羟基多巴胺（6-hydroxydopamine，6-OHDA）注射右侧黑质致密区（substantia nigra compacta，SNc）制作PD大鼠模型，进行阿朴吗啡（apomorphine，APO）诱发行为学观察、电镜、尼氏染色观察中脑VTA神经元的改变、酪氨酸羟化酶（tyrosine hydroxylase，TH）免疫组织化学ABC观察其DA能神经元的改变并进行图像分析。结果：APO诱发PD大鼠模型异常旋转行为，尼氏染色见PD大鼠中脑VTA有神经细胞肿胀、坏死等变化，VTA TH阳性神经元数量减少，形态学改变。结论：中脑VTA DA能神经参与PD模型大鼠的改变；APO能诱导6-OHDAPD模型大鼠的旋转行为，其强弱可能与TH^＋神经元数量直接相关。     

Hypertrophy of dopamine neurons in the primate following ventromedial mesencephalic tegmentum lesion

Summary Morphological changes in ventral mesencephalic dopamine (DA) neurons of a monkey sustaining a unilateral electrolytic lesion of the ventromedial mesencephalic tegmentum four years earlier were examined. Substantia nigra (A9) DA neurons lateral to the lesion underwent hypertrophic changes. The mean area of these neurons was enlarged by approximately 30% relative to corresponding neurons in the contralateral substantia nigra. Semi-quantitative immunohistochemical measurements of the intensity of tyrosine hydroxylase-like immunoreactivity (TH-li) indicated an increase in the amount of TH-li protein per cell in the hypertrophied neurons. Hypertrophic changes were also observed in ipsilateral A11 DA neurons of the caudal hypothalamus, suggesting that the increase in size was related to transection of the axons of DA neurons as they pass through the midbrain in their projections to target sites. The lesion did not overtly change the density or pattern of the substance P innervation of the substantia nigra, indicating that the striato- and pallido-nigral projections were spared by the lesion. These data suggest that hypertrophy may be a compensatory mechanism of dopaminergic neurons in response to partial lesions of the nigrostriatal system, and thus represent a morphological counterpart to the compensatory biochemical processes effected in response to partial lesions of the striatal dopaminergic innervation.     

Dopaminergic mesencephalic systems and behavioral performance in very old rats

Morphologic and functional studies describing the impact of aging on mesencephalic dopaminergic (DA) neurons in laboratory animals are rather scanty and inconclusive. In rats, stereological studies characterizing age changes in the mesencephalic DA neurons have not been documented. In order to fill this information gap and to determine whether the very old rat may serve as a suitable animal model of Parkinson's disease, we performed a stereological assessment of the mesencephalic tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactive (TH-ir) neurons in young-adult (4-6 months), old (22-24 months) and senile (30-32 months) Sprague-Dawley female rats. Morphometric analysis of the TH-ir neurons of the substantia nigra (SN) and ventral tegmental area (VTA) was performed using an appropriate image analysis system. Age changes in motor performance were assessed measuring the endurance of rats to hang from a wire mesh pole or to remain on a ramp set at different angles to the floor. Age changes in locomotion and exploratory activity were evaluated by the open field test. We observed a significant age-related reduction in TH-ir neuron numbers in the SN (17 and 33% reduction in old and senile rats, respectively compared with young counterparts) but not in the VTA. The size of the TH-ir cells increased significantly in both the SN and VTA of the senescent animals but TH labeling intensity fell. Motor, locomotor and exploratory performance deteriorated markedly in the old and senile rats as compared with young animals. These findings reveal the existence of a moderate but significant vulnerability of mesencephalic DA neurons to aging in rats. This phenomenon, which is particularly marked in the SN of very old rats, may contribute to the age-related decline in motor and exploratory performance recorded in this species.     

Integrin alphav and NCAM mediate the effects of GDNF on DA neuron survival,outgrowth, DA turnover and motor activity in rats

Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) is a specific neurotrophic factor for midbrain dopamine (DA) neurons, but the mechanism underlying the neurotrophic action of GDNF is not well known. The cell adhesion molecules integrin and Neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) play important roles in neurite outgrowth and fasciculation. In the present study, we found that subchronic GDNF administration to the pars compacta of substantia nigra in rats increased the expression of integrin alphav and NCAM. Immunostaining results demonstrated the wide distribution of integrin alphav and NCAM in all mesencephalic neurons. The results also demonstrated the co-expression of TH with integrin alphav and NCAM in the same neurons of mesencephalic culture. Further, GDNF significantly increased integrin alphav expression in single TH-positive neurons. Function-blocking anti-integrin alphav and anti-NCAM antibodies antagonized the effects of GDNF on DA neuron survival, outgrowth, DA turnover, and locomotor activity in rats. These results demonstrate that integrin alphav and NCAM mediate the effects of GDNF on DA neuron survival and outgrowth during development and on DA turnover and motor function during adulthood.     

体外长期培养大鼠中脑多巴胺神经元的形态学观察

本文研究了中脑多巴胺神经元在体外长期培养过程中的形态发育。动物选用胚胎14天SD大鼠,取中脑腹侧部制成细胞密度为2×10~5/ml的悬液,接种于24孔培养板中,培养1天至6周,以酪胺酸羟化酶免疫组化方法、单纯荧光组化方法和外源性儿茶酚胺荧光组化方法,观察中脑多巴胺神经元的体外长期培养发育状况。培养3天后多巴胺神经元已有单极或双极的突起发出,培养1周突起进一步伸长,并在沿途开始发出分支,有些末端见有生长锥。除散在分布的多巴胶神经元外,还能见到多巴胺神经元细胞群。培养2至3周,突起的分支增多,并明显出现念珠状膨大。在培养4-6周的标本中,仍可见到部分发育成熟的多巴胺神经元。多巴胺神经元在体外培养中的形态可分为二类,即梭形细胞和多极细胞。棱形细胞一般有两个突起,分别从胞体两极发出;多极细胞胞体呈圆形、多角形或三角形,可发出3-6个突起。实验结果表明多巴胺神经元的体外发育过程与在体相似。     

Specific effects of platelet derived growth factor (PDGF) on fetal rat and human dopaminergic neurons in vitro

The neurotrophic effects of the BB isoform of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) on rat and human fetal mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons have been characterized in vitro. A dose-response analysis demonstrated maximal responses at 30 ng/ml of PDGF-BB. This concentration resulted in a marked increase in the survival and neurite outgrowth from rat and human tyrosine hydroxylase-(TH) positive, presumed dopaminergic neurons after 7 days in vitro. The effects of PDGF-BB on survival of TH-positive neurons were comparable to those of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), whereas neurite outgrowth was more pronounced after addition of BDNF. The combination of BDNF and PDGF-BB yielded no additive effects. Double immunohistochemical staining of rat cultures demonstrated PDGF -receptors on about 90% of the TH-positive neurons. PDGF-BB treatment of rat mesencephalic cultures induced an upregulation of c-fos and TH mRNA with maximal levels after 0.5–2 h as assessed by quantitative PCR analysis. An increased number of Fos protein-positive cells was detected immunohistochemically after 4 h of PDGF-BB treatment. The present results provide further evidence for specific and direct effects of PDGF-BB on gene expression, survival and neurite outgrowth of mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons of rat and human origin.     

Evidence for a protective action of the vigilance promoting drug Modafinil on the MPTP-induced degeneration of the nigrostriatal dopamine neurons in the black mouse: an immunocytochemical and biochemical analysis

Summary Based on the observations that the psychostimulant drug amphetamine in combination with physiotherapy can promote recovery of brain function after brain injury, we have studied the ability of the vigilance promoting drug Modafinil to counteract 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-(MPTP)-induced degeneration of the nigrostriatal dopamine (DA) neurons of the black mouse. MPTP was given s.c. in a dose of 40 mg/kg and the mice were sacrificed 2 weeks later. The effects of acute and chronic treatment with Modafinil were studied on MPTP-induced DA neurotoxicity. The substantia nigra and neostriatum were taken to both biochemical and histochemical analysis of presynaptic parameters of the nigrostriatal DA neurons, the latter in combination with image analysis. In separate experiments in rats in vivo tests for DA uptake blocking activity were made using intrastriatal microdialysis to study superfusate levels of DA and its metabolites and the 4--dimethylmetatyramine (H77/77) model to test for a possible ability of Modafinil to protect against H77/77-induced depletion of forebrain DA stores. Chronic treatment with Modafinil in doses of 10 to 100 mg/kg counteracted the MPTP-induced disappearance of nigral TH IR nerve cell body profiles and neostriatal TH IR nerve terminal profiles as evaluated after 2 weeks with image analysis. Chronic treatment with Modafinil (10–100 mg/kg) also dose-dependently counteracted the MPTP-induced disappearance of striatal DA uptake binding sites as evaluated at the same time interval. Also in the dose range 10–100 mg/kg Modafinil counteracts the MPTP-induced depletion of DA stores both in the neostriatum and the substantia nigra. In the acute experiments Modafinil (30 mg/kg) protected against the MPTP-induced depletion of striatal DA, dihydrophenylacetic acid (DOPAC) and homovanillic acid (HVA) levels both when given 15 min before, at the same time and 3 h following the MPTP injection. In the substantia nigra, however, these protective actions of Modafinil were only observed when the drug was coadministered with MPTP. Experiments with microdialysis in intact rats failed to demonstrate any increases of superfusate DA levels in neostriatum with 30 mg/kg of Modafinil. Modafinil in high doses of 2 × 50 mg/kg, however, significantly counteracted the H77/77 induced DA depletion of striatal DA stores. Thus, morphological and biochemical evidence has been obtained that Modafinil in the dose range 10–100 mg/kg protects against MPTP-induced degeneration of the nigrostriatal DA neurons of the black mouse. The results also indicate that the protective action of Modafinil is not caused by monoamine oxidase inhibition or by DA uptake inhibition, although the latter action may contribute in the highest dose used (100 mg/kg). Instead, it is hypothesized that its protective action may be related to actions on GABAergic mechanisms as evidenced by reduced cortical GABA outflow in doses of 3–30 mg/kg (Tanganelli et al. 1991) and/or to other unknown mechanisms.     

Genetic determination of mesencephalic tyrosine hydroxylase activity in the mouse

The hereditary factors that affect mesencephalic tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) activity were investigated in highly inbred mouse strains (CXBI/ByJ, C57BL/6ByJ, and BALB/cJ). The progenitor strains and their F, hybrids, were compared for mesencephalic TH activity with each other and with replicated F₂ generations. Quantitative and non-parametric genetic analysis of the data raise the possibility that there is a major gene with robust additive effect that is primarily responsible for the difference between the progenitor strains with intermediate and high mesencephalic TH activity. Strain differences in mesencephalic TH activity have been linked to differences in number of dopamine (DA) neurons in that area. If genetic variation of mesencephalic TH activity is entirely attributable to variation in number of mesencephalic dopamine (DA) neurons, identification of the genetic sources of variation of mesencephalic TH activity may take us a step closer to animal models and preparations that are needed in the study of the physiological and constitutional mechanisms of human disorders in which DA neurotransmission is involved.     

Genetic determination of mesencephalic tyrosine hydroxylase activity in the mouse

The hereditary factors that affect mesencephalic tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) activity were investigated in highly inbred mouse strains (CXBI/ByJ, C57BL/6ByJ, and BALB/cJ). The progenitor strains and their F1 hybrids, were compared for mesencephalic TH activity with each other and with replicated F2 generations. Quantitative and non-parametric genetic analysis of the data raise the possibility that there is a major gene with robust additive effect that is primarily responsible for the difference between the progenitor strains with intermediate and high mesencephalic TH activity. Strain differences in mesencephalic TH activity have been linked to differences in number of dopamine (DA) neurons in that area. If genetic variation of mesencephalic TH activity is entirely attributable to variation in number of mesencephalic dopamine (DA) neurons, identification of the genetic sources of variation of mesencephalic TH activity may take us a step closer to animal models and preparations that are needed in the study of the physiological and constitutional mechanisms of human disorders in which DA neurotransmission is involved.