局麻胸腔镜术对胸膜肿瘤的诊断价值

目的 通过局麻胸腔镜术对210例胸膜肿瘤诊断分析其实用价值。方法 简介局麻胸腔镜术操作方法及镜下图像。结果 210例胸膜肿瘤术中活检均获得组织学诊断，描述不同病理类型早期与晚期在胸腔内分布及图像特点。与常用方法比较其阳性率，胸腔镜、胸部CT、细胞学、经胸壁针吸活检阳性率分别是90．5％、60．3％、23．3％、21．0％。结论 局麻胸腔镜术能对胸膜肿瘤进行早期组织学诊断；了解肿瘤在胸腔内分布、大小、数量，以便指导选用合理治疗方案；操作简单、安全、易掌握，便于推广。     

内科胸腔镜治疗急性脓胸患者的护理

目的探讨内科胸腔镜治疗急性脓胸患者的护理方法。方法对126例局麻下行内科胸腔镜治疗的急性脓胸患者,术前予以心理护理、术前指导、术中针对清醒、对刺激敏感的特点密切配合,术后观察生命体征及血氧饱和度、做好胸腔闭式引流及并发症的观察护理。结果 126例患者均一次手术治愈出院,随访3个月至1年,无复发。结论内科胸腔镜治疗急性脓胸疗效较好、安全,科学规范的护理可有效促进患者康复。     

电视胸腔镜在脓胸治疗中的应用体会

目的探讨胸腔镜在脓胸治疗中的价值。方法 2002年1月至2011年11月对98例确诊脓胸在胸腔镜下清理和刮除脓苔,剥离纤维膜;对病程稍长,纤维粘连不易剥离者,胸腔镜辅助下小切口,术后彻底冲洗脓腔。结果 71例胸腔镜手术,18例辅助小切口手术,9例中转开胸手术。手术时间50～180min,平均80min;胸腔引流3～35d,平均12d。出院前胸片复查肺复张良好,无脓胸复发及并发症。结论胸腔镜手术或辅助小切口手术治疗脓胸安全、有效、微创。能达到清除病因、闭合脓腔、恢复肺功能的目的 ,特别是对病程较长、心肺功能差的患者尤为适合。     

电视胸腔镜在脓胸治疗中的应用体会

目的探讨胸腔镜在脓胸治疗中的价值。方法2002年1月～2005年4月我院对16例确诊脓胸在胸腔镜下用卵圆钳、吸引器头、骨膜剥离子等清理和刮除脓苔，剥离纤维膜；对病程稍长，纤维粘连不易剥离者，胸腔镜辅助下小切口手术完成，术后彻底冲洗脓腔。结果10例胸腔镜手术，5例辅助小切口手术，1例中转开胸手术。手术时间50～180min，平均80min；胸腔引流3～21d，平均8d。16例术后随访6～36个月，平均20个月，肺功能恢复良好，无脓胸复发及并发症。结论胸腔镜手术或辅助小切口手术治疗非机化晚期脓胸安全、有效、微创。     

电视胸腔镜脓胸廓清术治疗结核性脓胸

目的探讨电视胸腔镜脓胸廓清术治疗结核性脓胸的疗效。方法 2004年1月～2011年6月对82例早期结核性脓胸(病史2周～2个月,处于渗出期和纤维机化早期)行电视胸腔镜脓胸廓清术,在胸腔镜下分离粘连,清理脓苔,刮除脏、壁层胸膜上干酪样物、坏死和肉芽组织,剥除增厚的纤维板,术中反复冲洗,术后充分引流、注药,同时全身抗结核治疗。结果 82例电视胸腔镜脓胸廓清术均顺利完成,术后5～7 d顺利拔管。术后1个月复查CT示脓腔消失,肺脏膨胀良好;术后1个月痰查结核菌无阴转阳者,术前阳性2例分别于术后1、3个月转阴。术后1个月用力肺活量、第1秒用力肺活量、肺总量与术前相比明显改善(P<0.05)。结论电视胸腔镜脓胸廓清术治疗纤维素期和纤维机化早期的结核性脓胸是安全、有效的方法。     

电视胸腔镜手术治疗脓胸26例

目的:总结电视胸腔镜(VATS)下治疗脓胸的经验.方法:电视胸腔镜(VATS)下对胸腔进行清理,纤维板剥脱,术后行胸腔冲洗,胸腔引流量小于100ml/24h拔除胸腔引流管.结果:本组病例经电视胸腔镜(VATS)手术治疗后脓腔消失,肺脏膨胀良好,均达到预期效果,术后无严重并发症.结论:电视胸腔镜(VATS)疗效好、创伤小,恢复快,安全性高,术中失血少,是治疗脓胸的有效方法.     

45例急性脓胸电视胸腔镜术后早期中药治疗疗效观察

目的：讨论急性脓胸电视胸腔镜治疗后，早期配合中药治疗疗效观察。方法将87例急性脓胸患者，随机分为实验组45例，对照组42例，实验组在全麻下行电视胸腔镜清理术后早期运用千金苇茎汤加味煎服治疗，对照组术后常规治疗。结果实验组在退热时间、拔管时间、精神症状及食欲改善时间、住院时间方面均较对照组缩短（P＜ 0.05），有效率高于对照组（P＜ 0.05）。结论急性脓胸电视胸腔镜治疗后，早期配合中药治疗，可有效缩短退热时间及拔管时间，有效率高，有利于患者的术后恢复，缩短住院天数。     

内科胸腔镜下胸膜滑石粉粘连术治疗恶性胸腔积液12例疗效观察

目的观察内科胸腔镜下胸膜滑石粉粘连术治疗恶性胸腔积液的疗效。方法将25例恶性胸腔积液患者随机分为两组,治疗组12例采用内科胸腔镜下喷洒滑石粉胸膜固定法;对照组13例采用常规胸腔穿刺后胸腔内注入重组人白细胞介素-2100万U。结果治疗组完全缓解9例,部分缓解2例,有效率为91．7％,随访90d,11例缓解患者均未见胸腔积液复发或进展;对照组完全缓解3例,部分缓解4例,有效率为53．8％,两组有效率比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论内科胸腔镜下喷洒滑石粉胸膜固定法治疗恶性胸腔积液疗效确切,值得临床推广。     

电视胸腔镜辅助下射频消融治疗晚期非小细胞肺癌

目的探讨胸腔镜辅助下治疗晚期非小细胞肺癌的疗效及安全性,总结治疗经验。方法对18例原发性晚期肺癌和肺转移癌患者,在全身麻醉胸腔镜下行射频消融术,消融电极针在胸腔镜引导下穿刺进入肿瘤组织中心,消融范围超过病变区并延伸至正常组织0．5～1．0cm,消融温度58～90℃,治疗时间12～24min。结果住院期间全组患者无严重并发症发生,术后30d复查肿瘤标记物CYFRA21—1值较术前降低（6．26±2．31ng／ml vs．14．62±3．65ng／ml）,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）;术后45d复查CT,肿瘤最大截面长径27±12mm,CT值31±9Hu,较术前相应值46±18mm,52±16Hu明显减小,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。全组患者6、12、18个月生存率分别为88．9％,77．8％和38．9％。结论胸腔镜辅助下射频消融治疗晚期非小细胞肺癌,疗效较确切,安全性好。     

应用碘伏冲洗治疗脓胸的临床观察与护理

脓胸是呼吸内科及胸外科常见而难治的呼吸系统疾病，一般胸穿引流很难彻底治愈．抗生素难以进入包裹的脓胸，故往往病程长而治疗效果差。碘伏是近年广泛应用于临床的广谱杀菌剂，具有毒性低、杀菌力强的特点。对金黄色葡萄球菌、淋病奈瑟菌、铜绿假单胞菌等都有较强的杀灭作用，对皮肤黏膜无刺激．可直接作用于创面。2006年3月至2007年10月，本院对9例急性及慢性脓胸患者采用了胸腔镜手术下脓胸清除术和术后0．5％碘伏冲洗的综合治疗方法，取得了较好的疗效。现将护理措施报道如下。     

颈动脉手术的麻醉管理与脑保护

目的：探讨颈动脉手术的麻醉管理方法与脑保护效果。方法：37例颈动脉手术的病人，在全身麻醉的基础上采用局部低温及药物治疗综合实施脑保护，对其中12例病人以监测脑氧供需平衡的方法，评价综合脑保护措施的效果。结果：全组病人麻醉及脑保护效果满意，颈动脉阻断后的颈动－静脉血氧含量差和脑氧摄取率有增加趋势（P＞0．05），但颈动脉开放后，脑的颈动－静脉血氧含量差和脑氧摄取率比阻断前显著增加（P＜0．05），结论：在全身麻醉的基础上，局部低温及药物治疗等综合措施有一定的脑保护作用。但不能完全消除脑的缺血－再灌注损伤。     

局麻下微通道经皮肾镜取石术

目的探讨局麻下微通道经皮肾镜取石术（MPCNL）治疗肾结石的可行性及效果。方法分析我院近6年来在利多卡因局麻下行MPCNL186例患者的临床资料，其中肾盂结石6例，MPCNL术后结石残留180例，结石大小0．5—2．0cm。结果186例患者实施局麻下MPCNL，184例顺利完成，2例因疼痛难以耐受而放弃局麻手术，局麻总有效率98．9％；结石取净166例，残留结石18例，结石取净率89．5％，手术时间10-65min，平均（25±8）min。结论对于简单肾结石或MPCNL术后肾结石残留，局麻下MPCNL技术可行、安全有效。     

Patients’ satisfaction with anesthesia in enzymatic debridement from a surgical perspective

IntroductionVarious clinical studies found that enzymatic debridement (EDNX) is superior to tangential excision after severe burns. The current study evaluates patients’ satisfaction with pain management in EDNX with special respect to different anesthesia techniques.MethodsBetween 2015 and 2016, all patients at a department of plastic surgery were asked to complete a German-wide validated pain questionnaire. In a retrospective study design, satisfaction with pain management was compared between the control group (diagnosis from the whole field of plastic surgery except burns) and the EDNX group (burns treated with EDNX only). Analgosedation, general, regional and local anesthesia were chosen for pain management.ResultsIn the control group 403 patients (153 females, 250 males, medium age 53 years) could be included The EDNX group included 88 patients (20 females, 68 males, medium age 38 years). The mean burn size was 5.3% TBSA. Between 0.5%–10.5% of the surface was treated with EDNX. EDNX patients could be treated under analgosedation and regional anesthesia, by topical anesthesia creme and without any anesthesia. They reported less pain during stress (p = 0.04) and were less frequently affected by motion (p = 0.024) and nausea (<0.001). However, they felt that they need more information about alternative anesthetic treatments (<0.001).ConclusionEDNX can be performed sufficiently either under analgosedation, regional or local anesthesia. Thus, side effects of general anesthesia can be reduced and treatment costs can be decreased. However, it was found that neither after topical anesthetic creme nor after hand block pain treatment was sufficient.     

Carotid endarterectomy under regional (conductive) anesthesia.

Carotid endarterectomy is reliable in the prevention of strokes due to arteriosclerotic disease at the carotid bifurcation. This is a retrospective review of 314 carotid endarterectomies performed at the University Health Center of Pittsburgh. The objectives of the study were to determine if regional anesthesia was a safe technique for carotid endarterectomy and to determine whether the neurologic complications that occurred were embolic or ischemic in origin. In patients who were neurologically intact before operation, the perioperative mortality was 0.88% and the incidence of neurologic complications was 3.1%. This is comparable to the current literature. Observations of the awake patient suggested that half the neurologic deficits that occurred in this series were due to embolization rather than to cerebral ischemia. Further more, the incidence of non-neurologic complications under general anesthesia was 12.9%. Under regional anesthesia, the incidence of non-neurologic complications was 2.8%. The data supports carotid endarterectomy under regional block as safe and reliable method.     

Single-trocar thoracoscopy under local anesthesia for pleural space infection

Objective

The role of single-trocar thoracoscopy for complicated parapneumonic effusion (CPE) and pleural empyema is not established as yet. The aim of this study was to report our experience and analyze the efficacy and safety of debridement by single-trocar thoracoscopy for the patients with CPE and multiloculated empyema.

Methods

We performed a retrospective study reviewing the medical records of the patients treated parapneumonic effusion and multiloculated empyema by single-trocar thoracoscopy under local anesthesia at our department from January 2000 to December 2012.

Results

A total 29 patients with CPE and multiloculated empyema were treated by single-trocar thoracoscopy. As the staging of pleural infection, class 5 and class 7 by Light classification were 21 and 8 patients, respectively. The onset of the symptom was on average 13.9 ± 11.7 days before the procedure. This procedure was successful in 23 of 29 patients (79.3 %) without further operation under general anesthesia. Complication occurred in 1 case of 29 patients (3.4 %). Six patients required subsequently the operation under general anesthesia, and one of the 6 patients died to multiple organ failure caused by sepsis. A microbiological diagnosis could be made in fifteen patients (51.7 %).

Conclusions

Debridement by single-trocar thoracoscopy can be an acceptable approach as the first-line procedure in patients with CPE and empyema. This procedure can provide not only appropriate and expeditious treatment but also information of pleural cavity to decide indication for thoracotomy under general anesthesia.     

Endoscopic retrograde stenting for allograft hydronephrosis

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Ureteral obstruction occurs in 2% to 10% of all renal transplant recipients. Antegrade endourologic intervention has been the gold standard of therapy but carries significant morbidity. This study was designed to investigate the feasibility of retrograde stenting of these difficult ureters and to determine whether it can be performed with minimal morbidity without general or regional anesthesia. METHODS: Ninety-seven consecutive patients were found to have renal allograft hydronephrosis by ultrasonography, between August 1993 and March 1997. Of these, 61 (63%) had confirmation of obstruction by MAG-3 imaging, with equivocal results in 25 (26%). The remaining 11 patients had a rising creatinine concentration despite Foley catheter drainage. All patients had retrograde stenting attempted under local anesthesia followed by intravenous sedation if necessary. If stent placement was unsuccessful, the procedure was repeated under regional or general anesthesia. RESULTS: A total of 85 patients (88%) were managed successfully with retrograde stenting. Of these procedures, 24 (28%) were performed under local anesthesia alone, while 57 (67%) required both local anesthesia and intravenous sedation. Only 4 patients (5%) required general anesthesia. No patient suffered any morbidity associated with retrograde stenting. Of the 12 patients in whom retrograde stenting failed, 2 had renal allograft rupture and 10 had ureteral necrosis at surgical exploration. CONCLUSIONS: Retrograde stenting of the hydronephrotic renal allograft can be achieved with a high success rate and minimal morbidity, usually without general or regional anesthesia. If the ureter cannot be managed in a retrograde fashion, a high index of suspicion for a serious allograft complication should exist.     

手部深层组织严重感染的治疗

目的：探讨手部深层组织严重感染的治疗方法。方法：对378例手部深层组织严重感染患者，术前创面严格抗感染治疗，术中创面彻底清创，在清洁创面上覆盖血运丰富的游离肌皮瓣。术后创面用敏感抗生素溶液冲洗治疗。结果：378块肌皮瓣中，337块全部存活，一次手术治愈率为89．1％；另41例皮瓣远端部分坏死，第2次清创后用局部皮瓣修复。结论：手部深层组织严重感染者，在彻底清创的基础上用吻合血管的肌皮瓣移植，是一种有效的治疗方法。     

瑞芬太尼全麻复合硬膜外麻醉用于开胸手术的临床观察

目的 观察瑞芬太尼全麻复合硬膜外麻醉在开胸手术中的应用效果和安全性. 方法 200例择期行开胸手术患者,ASA Ⅰ～Ⅱ级,按完全随机分组方法分为两组,瑞芬太尼组(R组)与芬太尼组(F组),均采用硬膜外复合气管插管全麻,R组与F组分别采用瑞芬太尼和芬太尼麻醉,观察术前(T0)、气管插管后1 min(T1)、5 min(T2)、切皮(T3)和术后5 min(T4)的血压、心率、血氧饱和度和血中皮质醇水平,记录术后拔管时间及患者的认知能力恢复情况. 结果 两组气管插管反应发生率相比较,F组(14/26,53.8%)明显高于R组(4/26,15.4%)(P<0.05).结论 瑞芬太尼较芬太尼能更好地抑制气管插管引起的应激反应,术后患者较早恢复认知能力,且瑞芬太尼静脉全麻复合胸段硬膜外阻滞能提供有效的镇痛和抑制手术刺激引起的血流动力学反应,术后苏醒快,有利于患者术后排痰,康复快.     

Characterisitcs of patients having thyroid surgery under regional anesthesia

BACKGROUND: Recently local/regional anesthesia has been reintroduced as an alternative to general anesthesia for thyroidectomy. This study was undertaken to analyze characteristics and outcomes of patients who had thyroid surgery performed under regional anesthesia compared with those who had thyroidectomy under general anesthesia. STUDY DESIGN: One hundred seventy-five consecutive patients who underwent thyroid surgery under regional or general anesthesia during a 3-year period were analyzed. Fifty-eight operations were performed under regional anesthesia and 116 under general anesthesia. Patient characteristics analyzed included age, gender, obesity, anesthesia class, and tumor pathology. Postoperative complications, including nausea or vomiting, were compared. Additionally, operative times and length of stay in each group were compared. RESULTS: Patient characteristics including age, gender, tumor pathology, and anesthesia class were similar in both groups. But only 2% of patients treated under regional anesthesia were obese compared with 23% under general anesthesia. Although not significant, there was a trend toward decreased incidence of nausea and vomiting in the regional group. Other complications for the regional and general anesthesia groups were equal at 3%. Two patients required conversion to general anesthesia. Complications in the general anesthesia group included one episode of transient symptomatic hypocalcemia, two patients with transient vocal cord paralysis, and one episode of hematoma. Finally, there was a statistically significant increase in total operating room time and length of stay for the general anesthesia group. CONCLUSIONS: Regional anesthesia is a safe alternative to general anesthesia for patients undergoing thyroid surgery. Patients who cannot communicate verbally with the surgical team or who are obese may not be ideal candidates for regional anesthesia. The use of regional anesthesia results in a decreased length of stay and similar operative and operating room times.     

前后路联合一期手术治疗腰椎结核

目的探讨前后路联合一期手术治疗腰椎结核的疗效。方法采用后路椎弓根钉固定同时前路病灶清除及椎间植骨融合治疗腰椎结核患者19例。术前Frankel分级：C级3例,D级11例。结果随访16-78个月,植骨块均骨性融合,局部无复发。神经功能C级1例恢复至D级,余均恢复至E级。结论一期联合前后路手术,可确保脊柱局部的稳定性,促进骨性融合和病灶愈合,有利于早期适度活动,但手术创伤及时间增加。