5-羟色胺2A受体基因多态性与精神分裂症患者迟发性运动障碍的关联分析

目的　探讨5- 羟色胺2A( 5- HT2A)受体基因A 1 4 38G、T1 0 2C多态性与精神分裂症伴迟发性运动障碍(TD)的相关性。方法　先用异常不自主运动量表(AIMS)评定精神分裂症男性患者有无TD及其严重程度,有4 2例符合TD(AIMS总分≥3分)者和51例与TD组严格相匹配的非TD者入组,采用简明精神病评定量表(BPRS)评定精神症状,应用聚合酶链反应 限制性片段长度多态性方法分析5 HT2A受体基因的A 1 4 38G、T1 0 2C多态性位点的多态性。结果　①5- HT2A受体基因A 1 4 38G和T1 0 2C两位点多态性呈完全连锁不平衡,TD组与非TD组的两多态性位点的基因型总体分布无显著性差异( χ2 =4 37,v =2 ,P >0 . 0 5) ,在TD组有更高的C/A等位基因频率,与非TD组有显著性差异( χ2 =4 . 36 ,v =1 ,P <0. 0 5)。②不同基因型间的人口学和临床学资料(如:病程、服药总时间、日服抗精神病药物剂量、AIMS和BPRS的评分)间无显著性差异(P >0. 0 5)。结论　5 -HT2A受体基因的A 1 4 38G、T1 0 2C多态性可能与男性精神分裂症患者的TD相关联。     

5-羟色胺2A受体基因多态性与精神分裂症患者迟发性运动障碍的关联分析

目的　探讨 5 羟色胺 2A(5 HT2A)受体基因A14 38G多态性与精神分裂症伴迟发性运动障碍 (TD)的相关性。方法　先用异常不自主运动量表 (AIMS)评定精神分裂症男性患者有无TD及其严重程度 ,再对 4 2例符合TD(AIMS总分≥ 3分 )者和与TD组严格相匹配的 5 1例非TD者 ,采用简明精神病评定量表 (BPRS)评定精神症状 ,应用聚合酶链反应 限制性片段长度多态性方法分析 5 HT2A受体基因的分布频率。结果　 (1)经吻合度检验 ,TD组、非TD组的 5 HT2A受体基因A14 38G多态性位点的基因型分布均符合Hardy Weinberg平衡法则 (χ2 值分别为 0 0 6、0 0 2 ,υ均 =1,P均 >0 0 5。 (2 )TD组与非TD组的基因型总体分布的差异无显著性 (χ2 =4 37,υ =2 ,P >0 0 5 ) ,等位基因频率分布的差异有显著性 (χ2 =4 36 ,υ=1,P <0 0 5 )。 (3)TD组的AIMS和BPRS的评分分别为 (6 5± 1 8)分和 (5 1 2± 7 8)分 ,非TD组分别为 0分和 (5 0 3± 7 4 )分 ,差异无显著性 (P >0 0 5 )。结论　 5 HT2A受体基因的A14 38G多态性可能与男性精神分裂症患者的TD相关联。     

5-HT_(2c)受体基因多态性与抗精神病药物疗效的关联分析

目的探讨5-HT2c受体基因-759C/T、-697G/C多态性与非典型抗精神病药物治疗首发精神分裂症患者疗效的关系。方法179例首发精神分裂症患者接受利培酮或氯氮平治疗8周,以PANSS量表评定患者的症状改善,以聚合酶链式反应(PCR)扩增及限制性片段长度多态性(RFLP)技术,检测5-HT2C受体基因-759C/T及-697G/C多态性。结果女性患者携带-759C等位基因的总疗效较-759T好,C/C基因型的阴性症状改善及总疗效优于C/T及T/T基因型,没有发现男性组和女性组697C/G各基因型与疗效存在关联。结论5-HT2c受体基因-759C/T基因多态性可能与非典型抗精神病药的疗效相关,C/C基因型和等位基因C可能是总体疗效好和阴性症状疗效好的预测因子。5-HT2c受体基因-697G/C基因多态性可能与非典型抗精神病药的疗效无关。     

多巴胺D2受体基因的TaqI A多态性与迟发性运动障碍的关联分析

目的　研究多巴胺D2受体 (DRD2 )基因TaqIA多态性与精神分裂症伴迟发性运动障碍 (TD)的相关性。方法　使用异常不自主运动量表 (AIMS)评定精神分裂症患者有无TD及TD严重程度 ,并采用简明精神病评定量表 (BPRS)评定患者精神症状 ;应用聚合酶链反应 (PCR)—限制性片段长度多态性 (RFLP)法分析TD组和非TD组的DRD2基因的TaqIA等位基因频率和基因型分布。结果　DRD2基因TaqIA的等位基因频率和基因型分布在TD组与非TD组之间均无显著性差异 ,且不同基因型间的AIMS总分值也无显著性差异。结论　在中国汉族男性精神分裂症患者中DRD2基因的TaqIA多态性可能不是影响TD发生的主要危险因素。     

5-HT2A受体基因T102C遗传多态性与迟发性运动障碍的关联研究

目的探讨广东地区汉族人群中5HT2A受体基因T102C多态性的分布与迟发性运动障碍（TD）的关联性。方法采用病例-对照研究。应用聚合酶链反应-限制性片段长度多态性（PCR—RFLP）方法,检测65例伴有TD和59倒无TD的精神分裂症患者5HT2A受体基因T102C多态性分布,比较两组间基因型和等位基因频率的差异。结果经x^2检验,T102C基因型与等位基因频率在两组问未见显著性差异（P〉0．05）。结论本研究中未发现广东地区汉族人群中5～HT2A受体基因T102C多态性与迟发性运动障碍存在关联。     

精神分裂症迟发性运动障碍患者血清肌酸激酶水平的研究

目的　探讨血清肌酸激酶(CPK)水平变化与抗精神病药物所致迟发性运动障碍(TD)的关系。方法　测定3 0例TD、3 0例非TD精神分裂症患者及3 0名正常人血清CPK水平,并分析TD组CPK水平与不自主运动评定量表(AIMS)评分的相关性。结果　TD组患者血清CPK水平(4 4 2 . 2 8±165. 42 )U/L、非TD组(2 3 9 .5 4±97. 94)U/L与正常组(98. 0 6±3 0. 3 6)U/L比较,有显著性差异,TD组与非TD组比较,有显著性差异(P =0 . 0 0 0 )。3 0例TD患者血清CPK水平与AIMS总分的相关系数为0 .44 9,P =0 . 0 13。结论　迟发性运动障碍患者血清CPK水平升高,与TD的严重程度相关。     

5-HT2c受体基因多态性与抗精神病药物疗效的关联分析

目的探讨5-HT2c受体基因-759C／T、-697G／C多态性与非典型抗精神病药物治疗首发精神分裂症患者疗效的关系。方法179例首发精神分裂症患者接受利培酮或氯氮平治疗8周,以PANSS量表评定患者的症状改善,以聚合酶链式反应（PCR）扩增及限制性片段长度多态性（RFLP）技术,检测5-HT2C受体基因-759C／T及-697G／C多态性。结果女性患者携带-759C等位基因的总疗效较-759T好,C／C基因型的阴性症状改善及总疗效优于C／T及T／T基因型,没有发现男性组和女性组697C／G各基因型与疗效存在关联。结论5-HT2。受体基因-759C／T基因多态性可能与非典型抗精神病药的疗效相关,C／C基因型和等位基因C可能是总体疗效好和阴性症状疗效好的预测因子。5-HT孙受体基因_1597G／C基因多态性可能与非典型抗精神病药的疗效无关。     

5-羟色胺2A、2C受体基因多态性与难治性抑郁症的关联分析

目的：探讨中国汉族人群难治性抑郁症患者5-羟色胺2C（5-HT2C）受体基因与5-HT2A受体基因之间的关联性。方法：应用聚合酶链式反应（PCR）扩增技术及限制性片段长度多态性（RFLP）分别测定77例难治性抑郁症患者及90名正常人5-HT2C受体基因和5-HT2A受体基因的基因型和等位基因。结果：难治性抑郁症组-759野生型频率明显低于对照组。-759野生型／-697野生型频率也显著低于正常;患者组5-HT2A受体基因型杂合子组的-759野生型、-697野生型以及-759野生型／-697野生型均明显高于纯合子组。结论：-759野生型可能与难治性抑郁症的发病存在一定的相关性;5-HT2A受体基因与5-HT2C受体基因相互之间对难治性抑郁症易患性可能存在一定的关系。     

多巴胺D3受体基因多态性与精神分裂症患者迟发性运动障碍的关联分析

目的　观察广州地区汉族伴或不伴迟发性运动障碍 (TD)的精神分裂症患者多巴胺D3受体 (DRD3)基因Ser 9 Gly多态性分布 ,探讨DRD3基因Ser 9 Gly多态性与TD发生的关系。方法对 1 4 0例精神分裂症患者采用不自主运动评定量表 (AIMS)进行评定 ,其中 53例伴TD ,87例不伴TD。应用聚合酶链反应和限制性内切酶长度多态性方法 ,检测 1 4 0例患者的DRD3基因Ser 9 Gly多态性 ,并对DRD3各等位基因及基因型与精神分裂症患者的TD表型进行关联分析。结果　 (1 )TD组与无TD组患者基因型总体分布的差异无显著性 (χ2 =5 6 ,υ =2 ,P >0 0 5) ,等位基因频数分布的差异有显著性 (χ2 =5 1 1 ,υ =1 ,P <0 0 5)。 (2 )按性别分组后 ,在男性患者中 ,伴TD患者较不伴TD患者 1 / 1基因型和等位基因 1频率的差异有显著性 (χ2 =5 2 4 ,χ2 =5 0 6 ,P <0 0 5) ,等位基因 2的差异有显著性 (χ2 =5 0 6 ,P <0 0 5)。在女性患者中 ,DRD3各基因型及等位基因的频率的差异均无显著性 (P >0 0 5)。结论　DRD3基因Ser 9 Gly多态性可能与精神分裂症尤其是男性患者的TD关联     

五羟色胺2C受体基因多态性与抗精神病药急性期治疗精神分裂症疗效关系初探

目的 研究五羟色胺2C受体(5HTR2C)基因启动子区功能多态性与首次治疗的精神分裂症患者精神症状严重程度及抗精神病药物(APS)急性期治疗疗效相关性。方法 采用PCR-RFLP方法分析109例首次治疗精神分裂症患者(男53例,女56例)5HTR2C基因启动区-759C/T单核酸置换多态性;临床用阳性和阴性症状量表(PANSS)评定患者治疗前后精神症状,分析单体型(男性)或暴因型(女性)和其他临床指标与治疗前PANSS分值和治疗后PANSS减分率的相关性。结果5HTR2C基因-759C/T基因型在女性患者组的分布频率符合H-W定律(P>0.05);-759T单体型(男性)或携带-759T的基因型(女性)在治疗显效组和治疗未显著进步组分布频率无显著性差异;单体型或基因型亚组的临床指标均无显著性差异;-759C/T对首次治疗精神分裂症患者PANSS分值无显著影响,但对治疗10周后PANSS总减分率和阴性症状减分率有显著影响。结论 5HTR2C基因启动子区-759C/T单核酸置换多态性在APS急性期治疗疗效中,可能主要影响对阴性症状的控制。     

Genetic variation in neuroendocrine genes associates with somatic symptoms in the general population: Results from the EPIFUND study

Objective

Functional somatic syndromes commonly occur together, share a genetic component and are associated with numerous somatic symptoms. This study aimed to determine if genetic variation in two neuroendocrine systems, the serotoninergic system and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, was associated with the number of reported somatic symptoms.

Methods

This population-based cohort study (Epidemiology of Functional Disorders) recruited participants from three primary care registers in the northwest of England. Somatic symptoms, anxiety, depression, and pain were assessed using the Somatic Symptoms Checklist, Hospital Anxiety and Depression scales, and body manikins, respectively, via a postal questionnaire. Tag Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) (r²>0.8) were selected for serotoninergic system genes (TPH2, SLC6A4 and HTR2A) and HPA axis genes (CRH, CRHR1, CRHBP, MC2R, POMC, NR3C1, and SERPINA6) and genotyped using Sequenom technology. Negative binomial regression was used to test for association between SNPs and the number of somatic symptoms. Stepwise-regression was used to identify independent effects and adjustments were made for anxiety, depression, and pain.

Results

A total of 967 subjects were successfully genotyped for 143 (87%) SNPs. Multiple SNP associations with the number of somatic symptoms were observed in HTR2A and SERPINA6 as well as two SNPs in TPH2. Stepwise regression identified two effects in HTR2A and a single effect in TPH2 which were independent of anxiety, depression, and pain. A single effect was also identified in SERPINA6 but was no longer significant when adjusted for pain.

Conclusion

This study finds association of SNPs in HTR2A, SERPINA6, and TPH2 with somatic symptoms implicating them as potentially important in the shared genetic component to functional somatic syndromes, although replication is required.     

Autoimmune diseases in the pedigrees of schizophrenic and control subjects

Autoimmune diseases aggregate in individuals and within pedigrees, and it has been postulated that autoimmune mechanisms may account for a proportion of schizophrenia. Structured questionnaires were used to interview the mothers of 121 DSM-III-R schizophrenic patients and the mothers of 116 controls in order to determine the prevalence of schizophrenia and of autoimmune diseases in their pedigrees. Patients with a schizophrenic first degree relative were significantly more likely to also have a parent or sibling with an autoimmune disease (60% vs. 20%, OR=6.1, 95% CI=2.3−16.5, p=0.0003). A significant excess of insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) was present in the parents and siblings of schizophrenic patients (OR=9.65, 95% CI=1.3−429.2, p=0.009). These findings suggest that autoimmune mechanisms may play a role in the aetiology of schizophrenia, particularly familial schizophrenia. Associations have been established between autoimmune diseases and the HLA encoding genes of the major histocompatibility complex on chromosome six, and it may be that some of the genetic liability to schizophrenia involves these genes.     

双相障碍高发家系候选染色体区域的连锁分析

目的 探索定位双相障碍易感基因.方法 采集7个双相障碍高发家系,共90例家系成员,患者27例.选择6个染色体区域中的30个微卫星标记初步扫描,初步扫描结果阳性的区域选取12个微卫星标记精细扫描.GENEHUNTER2.1软件行连锁分析.结果 初步扫描D21S263、D21S1252和D22S423位点nonparametric logarithm of odds(NPL)值分别为1.64、1.41和1.40.精细扫描D21S262位点和D21S1920位点家系成员法和同胞对法计算NPL值分别为1.44、1.52、1.54和1.89.结论 21q22.11-13和22q13.1可能存在双相障碍的易感基因.     

Meeting the Challenges of Neuroimaging Genetics

As research encompassing neuroimaging and genetics gains momentum, extraordinary information will be uncovered on the genetic architecture of the human brain. However, there are significant challenges to be addressed first. Not the least of these challenges is to accomplish the sample size necessary to detect subtle genetic influences on the morphometry and function of the healthy brain. Aside from sample size, image acquisition and analysis methods need to be refined in order to ensure optimum sensitivity to genetic and complementary environmental influences. Then there is the vexing issue of interpreting the resulting data. We describe how researchers from the east coast of Australia and the west coast of America have embarked upon a collaboration to meet these challenges using data currently being collected from a large-scale twin study, and offer some opinions about future directions in the field. Submitted to: New Horizons in Human Brain Imaging—A Focus on the Pacific Rim—A Special Issue of Brain Imaging and Behavior     

朝鲜族、鄂伦春族醇代谢酶基因多态性与酒依赖的研究

目的了解醇脱氢酶（ＡＤＨ）和醛脱氢酶（ＡＬＤＨ）基因多态性与朝鲜族和鄂伦春族酒依赖发病的相互关系。方法采用耳血聚合酶链反应及等位基因特异性寡核苷酸杂交方法，检测ＡＤＨ和ＡＬＤＨ基因型在酒依赖患者（朝鲜族５５例，鄂伦春族３１例）与正常对照者（朝鲜族５０名，鄂伦春族３７名）人群中的分布频率。结果在酒依赖组与正常对照组之间，朝鲜族仅ＡＬＤＨ２基因频率的分布差异有非常显著性（Ｐ＜０．０１），而鄂伦春族的ＡＤＨ３基因频率分布和ＡＬＤＨ２基因频率分布的差异有非常显著性和显著性（Ｐ＜０．０１，Ｐ＜０．０５），两个民族的ＡＤＨ２基因频率分布差异均无显著性。结论提示朝鲜族酒依赖的发生与ＡＬＤＨ２基因有关，鄂伦春族则为ＡＬＤＨ２和ＡＤＨ３基因共同影响酒依赖的发生。     

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor gene variation influences cerebrospinal fluid 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol concentrations in healthy volunteers

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) has been shown to influence monoamine transmitter synthesis, metabolism and release. We investigated possible relationships between four BDNF gene polymorphisms and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) concentrations of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA), homovanillic acid (HVA), and 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol (MHPG) in healthy volunteers (n = 132). All BDNF polymorphisms (270 C/T, −633 T/A, Val66Met, and 11757 G/C) were associated with MHPG (P < 0.02), but not with 5-HIAA and HVA concentrations. At a second clinical investigation 8–20 years after CSF sampling 30% of the subjects had experienced various psychiatric disorders. Development of a psychiatric disorder was predicted by low 5-HIAA concentrations (P = 0.01). The results suggest that BDNF gene variation participates in regulation of norepinephrine turnover rates in the central nervous system of human subjects.     

Genetics in the analysis of behaviour

Behaviour genetics has developed rapidly in the last two decades and has now gone far beyond the stage of merely measuring the extent to which individual differences on a particular behaviour can be attributed to genetic factors. This paper discusses the uses to which genetics can be put in efficient experimental design, in determining the generality of results and, most importantly, in the simultaneous analysis of several behaviours and their relationship to each other and to physical and biochemical parameters. Because the principles of genetics apply to all organisms, the first animal discussed is Drosophila, the vinegar fly, which is a vital tool in genetics but which has met with scant attention among psychologists. Drosophila has some unique advantages such as the sex mosaic technique for studying sexual behaviour, but most of the discussion concerns learning and the extent to which parallels can be found between Drosophila and the vertebrates, both in terms of process and of genetic control. It is demonstrated how strain differences and the response to artificial selection can distinguish between learning and other components of behaviour. Drosophila are also used to explain how the type of genetic control can suggest the way in which natural selection acts upon the particular behaviour and further examples from rodents are discussed to show that this is a general result across species. There are many inbred strains and selection lines of mice and rats and examples from a wide range of behaviours illustrate the advantages of using such stocks. The concept of the ‘behavioural phenotype’ is explained, where genetic differences on a wide range of behaviours are considered, rather than just focusing on one behaviour or one response to a particular drug or environmental treatment. Many different aspects of open-field behaviour, learning and mother-infant interaction are used as examples of this concept. The extent of genotype-environmental interaction is considered, since the possibility that each genotype will have a unique response to a particular treatment has considerable implications for the generality and replicability of results. The paper concludes with a brief discussion of human behaviour genetics, since here again the concern is not just with the trivial question of measuring ‘heritability’, but rather with how such information can be used to understand behaviour. The final suggestion is that psychology may gain by having more contact not only with geneticists, but also with the ecologists concerned with the significance of behavioural differences in the wild.     

Genetics in the analysis of behaviour

Behaviour genetics has developed rapidly in the last two decades and has now gone far beyond the stage of merely measuring the extent to which individual differences on a particular behaviour can be attributed to genetic factors. This paper discusses the uses to which genetics can be put in efficient experimental design, in determining the generality of results and, most importantly, in the simultaneous analysis of several behaviours and their relationship to each other and to physical and biochemical parameters. Because the principles of genetics apply to all organisms, the first animal discussed is Drosophila, the vinegar fly, which is a vital tool in genetics but which has met with scant attention among psychologists. Drosophila has some unique advantages such as the sex mosaic technique for studying sexual behaviour, but most of the discussion concerns learning and the extent to which parallels can be found between Drosophila and the vertebrates, both in terms of process and of genetic control. It is demonstrated how strain differences and the response to artificial selection can distinguish between learning and other components of behaviour. Drosophila are also used to explain how the type of genetic control can suggest the way in which natural selection acts upon the particular behaviour and further examples from rodents are discussed to show that this is a general result across species. There are many inbred strains and selection lines of mice and rats and examples from a wide range of behaviours illustrate the advantages of using such stocks. The concept of the ‘behavioural phenotype’ is explained, where genetic differences on a wide range of behaviours are considered, rather than just focusing on one behaviour or one response to a particular drug or environmental treatment. Many different aspects of open-field behaviour, learning and mother-infant interaction are used as examples of this concept. The extent of genotype-environmental interaction is considered, since the possibility that each genotype will have a unique response to a particular treatment has considerable implications for the generality and replicability of results. The paper concludes with a brief discussion of human behaviour genetics, since here again the concern is not just with the trivial question of measuring ‘heritability’, but rather with how such information can be used to understand behaviour. The final suggestion is that psychology may gain by having more contact not only with geneticists, but also with the ecologists concerned with the significance of behavioural differences in the wild.     

20个精神分裂症同胞对家系N-甲基-D-天冬氨酸受体基因的连锁研究

目的：了解兴奋性氨基酸N-甲基-D-天冬氨酸（NMDA）受体基因与精神分裂症的连锁关系。方法：选取NMDA受体4个亚单位基因附近的微卫星标记，对20个精神分裂症受累同胞对家系共83个个体作基因分型，其中男43名，女40名，患病同胞对20对40例。采用受累家系成员法（ASP）对分型资料进行连锁分析。结果：NMDA受体亚单位基因NMDAB2A位点16p13.2附近的微卫星标记D16s3075的优势对数值（LOD值）为0.81，NMDAR2B位点12p12附近的标记D12s1617的LOD值为0.47，其余位点附近的10个微卫星标记与前2个标记一样，其LOD值均未达到提示性连锁的阈值（LOD=2.2）。结论：未能肯定NMDA受体基因与精神分裂症的连锁关系，但亦不能排除该基因与精神分裂症的相关性。     

A transmission disequilibrium test of the Ser9/Gly dopamine D3 receptor gene polymorphism in adult attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder

Convincing data support the hypothesis that genetic factors are involved in the etiology of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Various lines of evidence have shown that the dopamine system plays a crucial role in the pathophysiology of ADHD. The dopamine D3 receptor gene (DRD3) represents a promising candidate to examine in ADHD. Animal studies have shown that DRD3 mRNA is highly expressed in the ventral striatum suggesting an involvement of this receptor in the control of motor behaviour. Manipulation of DRD3 in rodents has led to a mouse model with nonfunctional D3 receptors that displays hyperactive behaviour in various environmental conditions. Furthermore, administration of 7-OH-DPAT, a dopaminergic agonist that binds preferentially to D3 receptors exerts an inhibitory effect on locomotor activity while D3 antagonists induce hyperactivity. Among various polymorphisms described for DRD3, the BalI polymorphism is most interesting because it codes for an aminoacid substitution in the N-terminus of the receptor. The receptor products of the two alleles (Ser/Gly) exhibit differential affinity for dopamine. To determine if DRD3 Ser9/Gly is involved in the susceptibility to ADHD we genotyped 39 adults with ADHD and their respective parents (trios). Adult ADHD represents a promising phenotype for studying the genetic component of the disorder. In fact, a recent family study has shown that relatives of adult ADHD patients have a higher rate of ADHD compared to relatives of children with ADHD suggesting a stronger genetic component for the adult version. The results of genotyping in the 39 trios analyzed with the transmission disequilibrium test showed no excess of transmission for DRD3 MscI/BalI alleles (χ²=0.360; DF=1; P=0.54). This result, although from a relatively small sample, indicates that it is unlikely that DRD3 is playing a major role in the etiology of ADHD in our sample.