活体肝移植治疗终末期肝病

目的 探讨活体肝移植(1iving donor liver transplantation,LDLT)供、受者术前评估和手术方式的选择.方法 回顾性分析1995年1月至2007年10月我中心95例LDLT患者的临床资料.良性终末期肝病92例,其中Wilson病45例;肝脏恶性肿瘤3例.结果 供肝切取不带肝中静脉右半肝31例,带肝中静脉右半肝3例,带肝中静脉左半肝51例,不带肝中静脉左半肝或左外叶10例.所有供者术后顺利恢复,均未出现严重并发症.受者随访1～86个月,良性终末期肝病受者1、3、5年累积生存率分别为89%(82例)、78%(71例)和73%(67例),其中Wilson病受者1、3、5年累积生存率分别为92%(42例)、89%(40例)和76%(34例).3例肝脏恶性肿瘤患者死亡2例,1例长期生存.供、受者铜代谢均恢复正常.结论 建立供者安全保障体系是LDLT开展的先决条件,选择合理的手术方式是提高受者生存率的关键.亲体肝移植是治疗Wilson病的有效手段.     

成人原位活体部分肝移植4例报告

目的 :报道成人活体部分肝移植的临床经验。方法 :回顾性研究 4例临床资料。结果 :所有病人年龄均大于 18岁 ;2例施行左半肝移植术 ,2例施行右半肝移植术。供体平均手术时间大约 7h ,平均失血量为 40 0ml,无一发生术后并发症。受体平均手术时间是 6 .8h ,移植肝重量介于 34 0 g～ 870g ,移植肝重量与体重的比例介于 0 .80 %～ 0 .91%;1例发生肝动脉部分栓塞 ,3个月后因胆道并发症而再次行原位移植 ,无近期手术死亡率。结论 :无论左半肝还是右半肝移植术 ,均能达到较好疗效 ,为成年病人的肝移植提供了新的供肝来源和选择。     

婴幼儿活体肝移植33例

目的 探讨活体肝移植治疗婴幼儿终末期肝病的疗效.方法 回顾性分析2006年10月至2009年9月上海交通大学医学院附属仁济医院33例实施活体肝移植的婴幼儿的临床资料.本组患儿中位年龄10.9个月,平均体质量8.2 kg,供肝均采用肝左外叶.术后采用他克莫司或环孢素A+激素二联方案或在此基础上再加用吗替麦考酚酯的三联方案行免疫抑制治疗.分析评价手术方法、围手术期处理和随访结果.结果 供者和受者手术时间、术中出血量、术中输血量分别为(384±108)min、(183±35)ml、0和(500±103)min、(296±163)ml、(292±159)ml,供肝冷缺血时间为(64±23)min,移植物质量为(249±52)g,移植物质量与受者体质量比为2.1%±0.4%.全部供者均顺利康复,无手术并发症.受者出现肝动脉栓塞3例,门静脉栓塞2例,各类胆道并发症9例,感染11例,急性排斥反应2例,围手术期死亡5例.本组患儿1年累积生存率为85%(28/33).结论 婴幼儿终末期肝病可通过活体肝移植取得理想的效果.外科技术的提高、围手术期管理经验的积累和规范的随访可提高手术成功率和长期生存率.

Abstract：

Objective To evaluate the efficacy of living donor liver transplantation in the treatment of infants with end-stage liver diseases. Methods The clinical data of 33 infants who received living donor liver transplantation at the Renji Hospital of Shanghai Jiaotong University from October 2006 to September 2009 were retrospectively analyzed. The median age of the infants was 10.9 months, and the mean body weight was 8.2 kg.All of the grafts were left lateral lobes. Tacrolimus (or cyclosporine A) + steroid or tacrolimus (or cyclosporine A)+ steroid + mycophenolate mofeti] were applied to the infants to suppress the immune reaction. Operative techniques, perioperative management and results of follow-up were analyzed. Results The mean operation time,blood loss and blood transfusion of the donors were (384±108)minutes, (183±35) ml and O, and the three indexes of the recipients were (500± 103) minutes, (296±163) ml and (292 ± 159) ml , respectively. The cold preservation time of the grafts was (64 ±23)minutes, the mean weight of the grafts was (249 ±52)g, and the mean graft to recipient weight ratio was 2.1% ± 0.4%. All donors recovered smoothly and no complication occurred. Of the recipients, three were complicated with hepatic artery thrombosis, two with portal vein thrombosis,nine with biliary complications, 11 with infection, two with acute rejection and five infants died perioperatively.The one-year cumulative survival rate of the infants was 85% (28/33). Conclusions Infants with end-stage liver diseases could be treated by living donor liver transplantation. The development of surgical techniques and perioperative managements improves the success rate of operation and the long-term survival rate.     

活体肝移植供体的评估和随访

目的:探讨活体肝移植中供体的评估及随访策略。方法:对30例活体供肝者的临床资料进行回顾分析。结果:供体的总剔除率为28.6%(12/42),病毒性肝炎是最重要的剔除原因(6/12)。供肝重量与受体体重之比(graft鄄recipientweightratio,GRWR)均数为(1.39±0.45)%。所有供体均顺利康复。供体肝功能一般在5～7d内均恢复正常。供体随访时间为1个月～8年,随访时间超过6个月者23例,康复时间为(6±1.5)个月。供肝者残留肝恢复正常体积的时间为6～14个月。术后(8±1.0)个月,86.7%(26/30)的供体恢复术前工作或劳动;30%(9/30)的供体出现过一过性症状,如腹部不适、疼痛等,其中22.2%(2/9)的供体主诉疼痛较严重,需要就医。随访显示,供体均因献肝而赢得社会、朋友的尊重。结论:活体肝移植不仅安全可行,且献肝可能对供、受体的感情、心理、家庭及社交产生良好的、积极的影响。     

成人间双供体活体肝脏移植成功2例报告

目的供肝短缺是影响肝脏移植发展的主要因素之一，活体供肝是解决这一矛盾的重要措施，供者提供足够的肝脏是影响活体肝脏移植的重要因素。方法施行成人间双供体活体肝移植2例，1例由受者的两位姐姐分别提供左半肝作为供肝，另1例由受者母亲提供右半肝，由无心跳供者提供左半肝(采用劈裂方式，其另一部分肝脏同时为另一成人受者实施肝脏移植)作为供肝。结果术后供、受者肝功能均恢复良好。结论成人问双供肝活体肝脏移植可以为受者提供更大重量的肝脏，又可减少供者提供较多肝脏所带来的风险；双供肝一受者肝脏移植手术操作复杂。     

成人活体部分肝移植的临床抉择

目的 探讨成人活体部分肝移植中供肝移植物大小与术式的临床抉择。方法 采用文献回顾的方法对活体部分肝移植中供体的评估、供肝大小的判断与选择、切取术式，以及供体安全性等加以综述。结果 供肝移植物大小是影响供体安全性与受体预后的关键因索，临床有带肝中静脉的左半肝移植、含左侧尾叶的扩大左半肝移植、右半肝移植以及带肝中静脉的扩大右半肝移植可供选择，以使供肝与受体标准肝大小之比(GW／ESLW)≥30％，供肝与受体体重之比(GW／BW)≥0.8％。结论 根据GW／ESLW以及GW／BW预测值．结合肝脏解剖特点．选择合理的供肝切除术是具有重要的临床意义。     

活体肝移植围手术期处理

目的 总结活体肝移植围手术期处理的经验。方法 对该院2001年1月至2002年12月完成的15例次(13例)活体肝移植围手术期的处理情况进行回顾性分析。结果 所有病例手术均获成功。13例供体术后均顺利康复．除1例在手术后1个月因拔除T管发生胆瘘外．其余均未出现严重并发症;受体生存率为92.3％(12／13)．已健康生存2个月～2年;移植物存活率为86.7％(13／15)。1例成人肝豆状核变性患者于术后72d死于不可逆转的严重排斥反应。术后并发肝动脉血栓形成2例．另1例再次行减体积肝移植．1例再次行全肝移植,均获长期生存;发生严重排斥反应1例,ARDS2例．细菌和(或)病毒感染6例,大量胸腔积液7例．胆瘘1例。结论 围手术期处理是活体肝移植术的关键之一,完善的围手术期处理是肝移植成功的必要条件。     

边缘供肝应用于肝脏移植的研究进展

目的 探讨边缘供肝的种类及其在肝移植中的应用前景。方法 复习国外有关边缘供肝应用于临床肝移植的最新进展。结果 高龄供体、缺血时限较长供体、脑死亡供体和脂肪肝供体是几种临床意义较大的边缘供肝。结论 虽然边缘供肝的使用给肝脏移植带来负面效应，然而其能扩大供肝来源且疗效确切。     

Laparoscopic Living Donor Hepatectomy for Pediatric Liver Transplantation

Living donor liver transplantation is a well established modality, especially for pediatric transplantation with excellent early graft function and long-term results. Left lateral sectionectomy through open approach is a well-standardized procedure. Considering our acquired experience in both laparoscopic liver resection and standard open surgery for live donation in pediatric and adult patients, we decided to offer, for the first time in Belgium, a laparoscopic approach for the left lateral sectionectomy to a young mother. The patient was a child 6-months old, affected by biliary atresia and rapidly deteriorating while waiting on a deceased donor liver graft. Surgical technique and key-points of this procedure in the living donor are hereby discussed.     

活体肝移植小肝综合征的研究进展

目的 探讨在活体肝移植中小肝综合征发生的原因、预防及治疗方法.方法 复习国内、外近几年活体肝移植术后有关小肝综合征的相关报道.结果 供体年龄、脂肪肝程度、受体术前疾病状态(MELD评分)、术后高门静脉灌注、流出道不畅及移植物大小和质量对活体肝移植术后小肝综合征的发生起着重要作用,术前选择最佳的供体,术中的脾脏切除或脾动脉结扎或对门静脉限流,保证流出道的绝对通畅,术后及早发现并积极治疗能显著减少小肝综合征的发生.结论 小肝综合征的危险因素是可以预测的,积极的应对措施可以用于小肝综合征的预防与治疗.     

Living Donor Liver Transplantation for Epithelioid Hemangioendothelioma: Report of a Case

Epithelioid hemangioendothelioma (EH) of the liver is a rare tumor, generally considered to have low-grade malignancy. Little is known about its clinical behavior and the therapeutic strategy is not established. We report the case of a 36-year-old woman who underwent living donor liver transplantation for EH with splenic metastases and died of recurrence 8 months later. To determine if transplantation improves the prognosis of patients with EH, we must re-evaluate its indications.     

Guidelines for donor selection and an overview of the donor operation in living related liver transplantation

Guidelines for donor selection and an overview of the donor operation are reported on the basis of our experience with 120 cases of living related liver transplantation (LRLT) in pediatric patients. Once the parents had clearly expressed their desire to serve as donors, tests were performed to functionally and anatomically screen the donor livers to determine whether or not the parents' general physical condition allowed them to serve as donors. We then evaluated which of the two parental candidates was more suitable as a donor. The wishes of the family as to which parent should serve as donor was considered secondary and taken into account only in a few cases in which certain functional and/or anatomical abnormalities were uncovered that made the prime candidate less suitable. For the 120 LRLTs, 135 candidates were evaluated as potential donors, 15 (11.1%) of whom were rejected for various reasons. The mean volume of blood loss during the donor operation decreased significantly from 489 g in the first 60 LRLTs to 390 g in the latter 60 LRLTs; this was accompanied by a significant decrease in the mean volume of autologous blood transfused from 449 g to 390 g. Mean cold ischemia time of the graft increased significantly from 71.4 to 128.0 min, while mean operation time conversely decreased from 6.7 to 6.2 h. Bile leakage from the cut surface of the remnant lver, which was the only postoperative surgical complication encountered, was noted in five cases. We conclude that donor candidates should be strictly selected according to basic guidelines, taking into account both the results of preoperative screening and the wishes of the family. With this accumuled experience, we have been able to simplify our LRLT operative procedure, resulting in decreases in blood loss volume, blood transfused, and operation time.     

Long‐Term Outcomes of Pediatric Living Donor Liver Transplantation in Japan: An Analysis of More Than 2200 Cases Listed in the Registry of the Japanese Liver Transplantation Society

The Japanese Liver Transplantation Society (JLTS) was established in 1980 in order to characterize and follow trends in patient characteristics and graft survival among all liver transplant patients in Japan. This study analyzed the comprehensive factors that may influence the outcomes of pediatric patients who undergo living donor liver transplantation (LDLT) by evaluating the largest cohort in the world. Between November 1989 and December 2010, 2224 pediatric patients underwent LDLT in Japan. There were 998 male (44.9%) and 1226 female donors (55.1%) without donor mortalities related to transplant surgery. There were 946 male (42.5%) and 1278 female (57.5%) recipients with a median age of 4.0 years (range: 13 days to 17.9 years). Cholestatic liver disease was the leading indication for LDLT (n = 1649; 76.2%), followed by metabolic disorders (n = 194; 8.7%), acute liver failure (n = 192; 8.6%) and neoplastic liver disease (n = 66; 3.0%). The 1‐, 5‐, 10‐ and 20‐year patient survival rates were 88.3%, 85.4%, 82.8% and 79.6%, respectively. Blood‐type incompatibility, recipient age, etiology of liver disease and transplant era were found to be significant predictors of overall survival. We are able to achieve satisfactory long‐term pediatric patient survival outcomes in the JLTS series without compromising the living donors.     

Living Related Liver Transplantation

Living Related Liver Transplantation （LRLT）is a new strategy, which offers the option of a lifesaving procedure to patients suffering from end - stage liver disease, and the experience indicates that the results are better than cadaveric liver transplantation. It promises to decrease the waiting time for liver transplantation significantly and to reduce the number of patients dying on the waiting list. The selection of a suitable donor and the techniques of operation are of paramount importance for LRLT to minimize the risk for the recipient and the donor, and achieve better outcome for patient. 1 -year recipient survival rate of LRLT is over 90% and 5 - year recipient survival rate of LRLT is about 80%. LRLT has been becoming standard and normal operation in many western transplant centers.     

95例次肝移植临床分析

目的 探讨肝脏移植治疗各种终末期肝病的疗效,探索肝脏移植手术的方法。方法 从１９９１年１０月至１９９９年４月,香港大学玛丽医院为９２例终末期肝病病人做了９５ 次肝移植。尸肝移植５８例,活体肝移植３７例。３８例乙肝表面抗原阳性病人接受了肝移植,术前和术后口服抗乙肝新药Ｌａｍｉｖｕｄｉｎｅ（１００ｍｇ／ｄ）。８例肝癌病人接受了肝移植术。结果 肝移植术后移植肝１年成活率为８６．３％（８２／９５）。肝移植     

Living Related Liver Transplantation

The long -term results and safety of liver transplan- tation have significantly im proved in the lasttwo decades. H owever,with the growing success of the procedure,the dem and for organs has increased,resulting in a dram atic organ shortage.The scarcity …     

右半肝活体肝移植验证标准肝体积公式

目的 分析216例活体肝移植患者的临床资料,探讨适合中国成人活体肝移植肝体积评估标准.方法 华西医院移植中心2001年7月至今共实施216例活体肝移植,选取符合标准的成人间活体右半肝(不含肝中静脉)179例肝移植供体,将供体的术中实测右半肝体积与CT测量右半肝体积以及各公式计算的标准右半肝体积进行比较,评估哪种公式更适合中国成人.结果 CT测量右半肝体积大于实际右半肝体积(P＜0.01).德国Heinemann、美国Yoshizumi、日本Urata、美国Vauthey、韩国Lee公式计算的右半肝体积结果显著大于实际肝脏体积(P＜0.01).香港Sheung Tat 公式计算的右半肝体积结果小于实际肝脏体积,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).华西Lünan-yan公式计算的右半肝体积结果与实际肝脏体积比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 华西Lünan-yan 标准肝体积公式适合中国成人活体肝移植标准肝体积评估.     

成人右半肝活体肝移植切取肝中静脉对供者早期残肝功能和再生的影响

目的 探讨带与不带肝中静脉对活体右半肝移植供者早期残肝功能和再生的影响.方法 连续观察本中心2007年8月至2008年8月实施的活体右半肝移植供者66例,其中不带肝中静脉右半肝切取的供体36例(A组),带肝中静脉右半肝切取的供体30例(B组).所有供者均详细记录手术时间、术中失血以及术后住院期间胆红素、凝血功能(国际标准化比值,INR)、丙氨酸转氨酶、白蛋白变化情况.术后2周行CT检查测量残肝的体积.比较两组供者术后早期残肝功能和再生情况.结果 术后两周A组残肝体积为(959.3±195.2)ml,B组为(883.7±155.5)ml,两组之间无显著差异(P=0.16).A组残肝再生比例为78.2％±29.1％,B组为82.7％±40.4％,两组之间无显著差异(P=0.62).残肝体积与术前全肝体积的比值(RV)在两组之间也无显著差异(P=0.56).B组术后早期INR、胆红素及丙氨酸转氨酶均高于A组,但术后1周时两组比较无明显差异.结论 与不切除肝中静脉比较,成人右半肝活体肝移植切取肝中静脉对供者早期肝功能和残肝的再生无明显影响,行含肝中静脉的扩大右半肝切除对于供者来说是安全可行的.     

Resection of a Pulmonary Lesion After Liver Transplantation: Report of a Case

A 44-year-old Chinese-Indonesian man who underwent living-donor liver transplantation with a right liver graft presented 4 months later with a cough and fever. Chest X-ray showed a nodular shadow in the apex of the left lung, which was diagnosed as pulmonary tuberculosis. After 1 week of antituberculous chemotherapy, we performed a left upper lobectomy. Postoperative antituberculous chemotherapy, consisting of isoniazid (300 mg/day) and rifampin (450 mg/day), was continued for 4 months, and there has been no sign of recurrence for 1 year since the thoracotomy. This case supports the feasibility of surgery for localized pulmonary tuberculosis soon after transplantation.