腹壁下动脉穿支皮瓣在乳房再造和胸壁溃疡修复中的应用

目的　在解剖学研究基础上 ,对以腹壁下动静脉为蒂的横行腹直肌 (TRAM)肌皮瓣的切取进行完善和改进 ,将其精确为腹壁下动脉穿支 (DIEP)皮瓣 ,从而提供一种更为理想的乳腺癌术后乳房再造和胸壁创面修复的皮瓣。方法　切取DIEP皮瓣 ,移植至胸壁受区 ,腹壁下动静脉分别与胸廓内动静脉相吻合 ,用于乳腺癌术后乳房再造和胸壁放射性溃疡的修复。结果　解剖学研究和临床观察发现自腹壁下动脉有粗大的肌皮穿支或皮支自血管主干发出 ,穿过腹直肌纤维直接进入皮瓣 ,因此 ,术中只剪开腹直肌前鞘 ,钝性分离腹壁下动静脉及其穿支周围的腹直肌纤维 ,无须离断腹直肌纤维 ,临床应用DIEP皮瓣再造乳房 4例 ,修复胸壁缺损 2例 ,皮瓣面积 (10cm×l2cm)— (12cm× 35cm) ,全部成活 ,效果满意。结论　DIEP皮瓣是对传统的TRAM皮瓣的一种技术改良 ,既保留了TRAM皮瓣血运丰富、组织量大、易于塑形的优点 ,尚可保持腹直肌的完整性 ,同期进行腹壁整形     

下腹壁横行腹直肌肌皮瓣及腹壁下动脉穿支皮瓣乳房再造的相关肋间神经解剖学研究

目的　为开展保留感觉神经和部分腹直肌功能的下腹壁横行腹直肌肌皮瓣 (TRAM皮瓣 )及腹壁下动脉穿支皮瓣 (DIEP皮瓣 )乳房再造手术方法提供解剖学依据。方法　对 9具 18侧 10 %甲醛溶液防腐固定的成年女尸腹前外侧壁进行大体及显微解剖 ,观察T8～T12 肋间神经的走行及分布 ,重点解剖腹直肌区域内肋间神经分支。在 15例DIEP皮瓣乳房再造术中 ,观察肋间神经在腹直肌内的走行分布特点及其与腹壁下血管穿支的关系。结果　肋间神经在腹直肌外侧 1/3区域内穿入腹直肌 ,其运动支在腹直肌内有交通支形成 ,相邻神经可重叠支配节段性腹直肌。感觉神经支分为内侧穿支和外侧穿支 ,与腹壁下血管穿支形成血管神经束进入皮下组织。纯感觉神经蒂长为 (2 7.6± 12 .2 )mm。结论　在应用TRAM皮瓣和DIEP皮瓣进行乳房再造时 ,可以保留感觉神经蒂进行神经吻合以恢复乳房感觉功能 ;而在切取TRAM皮瓣时 ,保留外侧 1/3腹直肌不会导致术后肌肉失神经萎缩。     

腹壁下动脉穿支皮瓣乳房再造的手术要点

近年来，随着乳腺癌发病率的提高和乳腺癌治疗水平的提高以及病人对治疗要求的提高，要求再造乳房的病人日渐增多。自体组织乳房再造也经历了从腹部带蒂皮管转移到岛状背阔肌肌皮瓣、臀部游离皮瓣、横行腹直肌肌皮瓣transverse rectus abdominal musculocutaneous flap，TRAM皮瓣），再到腹壁下动脉穿支（deep inferior epigastric perforator，DIEP）皮瓣。自1994年Allen首次将DIEP皮瓣应用于乳房再造已有十余年，因其比TRAM皮瓣更具优越性，正逐渐取代TRAM皮瓣成为自体组织乳房再造的首选方法。     

应用腹壁下动脉穿支皮瓣再造乳房

目的对应用腹壁下动脉穿支(deepinferiorepigastricperforator,DIEP)皮瓣进行乳房再造进结。方法2000年3月~2005年3月,收治18例患者,其中因乳腺癌导致乳房缺损17例,术前行放射治疗者7例放射治疗者10例;先天性Poland’s综合征1例。胸壁缺损范围12cm×8cm~25cm×20cm。应用DIEP皮瓣游离进行乳房再造,皮瓣切取范围12cm×8cm~35cm×22cm。15例乳房再造患者使用的受区血管是胸廓内血管,其中腹壁下动、静脉分别与切断后的胸廓内动、静脉近、远心端行吻合者13例;仅切取一侧腹壁下血管,与胸廓内动、静心端行吻合者2例。3例行即刻乳房再造者使用的受区血管分别是胸背动、静脉和胸背动、静脉加旋肩胛动、静脉。18例患者中16例术后皮瓣全部成活,2例术后出现皮瓣坏死。其中行放射治疗1例,未行放射治疗1例。Poland合征患者术后皮瓣远端约1/3面积坏死。术后半年行乳头再造和乳房修整者2例。2例术后2周出现腹部供瓣区正口部分裂开,行创面清创后,分别应用直接缝合和植皮的方法进行修复。结论DIEP皮瓣在保留了传统下腹部横直肌皮瓣乳房再造所具有的优点同时,可最大限度保留腹直肌的功能,从而避免术后出现腹壁薄弱、腹壁疝等并发目前较理想的乳房再造方式。     

应用腹壁下动脉穿支游离皮瓣移植乳房再造

目的 通过应用腹壁下动脉穿支游离皮瓣移植进行乳房再造的手术方法，总结应用该方法进行乳房再造的临床经验。方法 切取以腹壁下动静脉为蒂的穿支游离皮瓣，将腹壁下动静脉与胸廓内动静脉相吻合，进行乳房再造。结果 自2000年以来，临床应用腹壁下动脉穿支皮瓣再造乳房共15例，10例皮瓣100％成活，2例皮瓣远端局部皮肤坏死，1例皮瓣远端脂肪硬结，2例皮瓣完全坏死。随访6个月至1年，再造乳房外形满意，供区无腹壁疝、腹壁膨出、腹壁薄弱等并发症发生。结论 腹壁下动脉穿支游离皮瓣是下腹部横行腹直肌肌皮瓣(TRAM皮瓣)的技术改良与发展，该皮瓣具有血运丰富、组织量大、易于塑形、供区损伤小等优点，是一种安全可靠的乳房再造方法。     

应用腹壁下动脉穿支岛状皮瓣修复会阴部软组织缺损

目的提供一种修复会阴前区软组织缺损的方法.方法采用腹壁下动静脉为血管蒂,保持腹直肌的完整性,形成腹壁下动脉穿支岛状皮瓣,带蒂移位,修复会阴前区皮肤肿瘤切除或放疗所致的大面积创面.结果本组6例患者,皮瓣切取面积6.0 cm×12.0 cm～10.0 cm×28.0 cm.皮瓣全部成活,供瓣区无腹壁薄弱、腹壁疝等并发症发生.结论腹壁下动脉穿支岛状皮瓣血运丰富,不损伤腹直肌,是修复会阴部大面积缺损的一种较好的方法.     

腹壁下动脉穿支(DIEP)皮瓣自体组织移植乳房再造

目的 为乳腺癌切除术后,乳房缺失的病人建立一种供区隐蔽、损伤小,形态逼真,多数病人愿意接受的自体组织移植乳房再造的方法.方法 在以腹直肌为蒂的横型腹直肌肌皮瓣TRAM的基础上,保留腹直肌及其前鞘,形成以腹壁下动脉及其肌肉穿支直接供血的横行下腹部游离皮瓣进行乳房再造.受区血管选择同侧或对侧胸廓内动、静脉.根据再造乳房的水平高度,血管吻合点定位在不同肋间.皮瓣移植后供区直接缝合.结果 本组用腹壁下动脉穿支(deep inferior epigastric perforator,DIEP)皮瓣游离移植乳房再造,共46例,41例双蒂穿支皮瓣的病例全部成活;5例单侧穿支供血的皮瓣其中2例远端出现缺血现象.随访5个月～3年,再造乳房外形、质地满意,未见腹壁薄弱、腹疝等腹部并发症发生.下腹供区瘢痕隐蔽,同时也达到了腹壁整形减肥的效果.结论 横行下腹部DIEP瓣乳房再造,供区损伤小、组织量充足、血供丰富,是目前最为理想的手术方法.DIEP瓣也能根据需要修复多种软组织缺损,本方法在满足受区需要的同时最大限度地避免或减少供区的损伤.这种皮瓣的应用代表了整形外科皮瓣移植的发展方向.     

吲哚菁绿血管造影在皮瓣手术中的应用价值

目的探讨皮瓣手术中应用吲哚菁绿血管造影以减少皮瓣术后相关并发症的可行性及价值。方法2014年2月-12月,在14例皮瓣手术中行吲哚菁绿血管造影,评价皮瓣血流灌注情况,并对应调整手术方案。男2例,女12例;年龄23~58岁,平均35.5岁。乳房再造11例,其中采用腹壁下动脉穿支(deep inferior epigastric artery perforator,DIEP)皮瓣3例,横行腹直肌肌皮瓣(transverse rectus abdominis myocutaneous flap,TRAM)4例、带蒂TRAM及对侧游离TRAM 2例、背阔肌肌皮瓣联合假体2例;背阔肌肌皮瓣修复胸壁软组织缺损1例;带蒂股深动脉穿支(profunda artery perforator,PAP)皮瓣修复大腿后方瘢痕挛缩1例;膝降动脉穿支皮瓣修复膝关节内侧缺损1例。皮瓣切取范围9 cm×6 cm~26 cm×12 cm。结果术中共行吲哚菁绿血管造影32次,未出现造影相关并发症。其中5例根据吲哚菁绿血管造影结果调整手术方案,其中3例(1例TRAM、1例DIEP皮瓣、1例PAP皮瓣)切除皮瓣血流灌注不良部分,2例拟行TRAM乳房再造者改为带蒂TRAM和对侧游离TRAM;其余患者按照术前设计顺利切取皮瓣修复创面。术后患者均获随访,随访时间1~9个月,平均5个月。除1例PAP皮瓣发生远端坏死外,其余皮瓣均顺利成活,无切口感染、脂肪液化等并发症发生。结论皮瓣手术中行吲哚菁绿血管造影能实时评价皮瓣血流灌注情况,及时调整手术方案,保证术后皮瓣顺利成活。     

保留部分腹直肌TRAM皮瓣的应用解剖及在乳房再造中的应用

目的 通过尸体解剖模拟保留部分腹直肌的横行腹直肌肌皮瓣( TRAM)手术,以探讨将其应用于临床乳房再造的可行性及效果.方法 对5具成年女性尸体标本(福建医科大学人体解剖学教研室提供),自腹壁上、下动脉起点处灌注医用红色乳胶后进行解剖,模拟操作保留部分腹直肌TRAM皮瓣手术,以外侧穿支为垂直线纵向分离腹直肌肌束,向上分离达腹直肌上端,保留外侧部分腹直肌,观察腹壁上、下动脉走行、分支以及吻合支情况,并以此为解剖学基础,于临床应用保留部分腹直肌的TRAM皮瓣进行乳房再造.结果 解剖结果表明,腹壁下动脉自腹股沟韧带外侧2/3与内侧1/3发自髂外动脉(9/10,90％)或股动脉(1/10,10％),其分支与腹壁上动脉在脐上方开始出现广泛的吻合,大部分集中于脐上第1个腱划下方2 cm与脐水平线之间.2009年9月至2010年9月,于临床应用8例,术后随访3个月至1年,2例术后皮瓣Ⅳ区部分皮下组织纤维化,2例术后皮瓣Ⅳ区皮缘小部分坏死,部分皮下脂肪硬结伴液化,通过后期清刨缝合后愈合,其余4例术后皮瓣未发生明显血运障碍等并发症.除1例再造乳房形态欠佳外,其余病例形态尚好,效果较满意.无供区下腹壁薄弱和腹壁疝形成.结论 保留部分腹直肌的TRAM皮瓣移植再造乳房是可行的,手术简单,所用时间短,且无下腹部供区并发症发生.     

双蒂横行腹直肌肌皮瓣乳房再造术的临床应用

目的探讨乳腺癌根治术后双蒂横行腹直肌肌皮瓣(transverse rectus abdominis musculo-cutaneous flap,TRAM)乳房再造的手术方法及临床应用。方法对5例伴有剖腹产史的乳腺癌患者行双蒂TRAM瓣乳房再造术,术中切取双侧腹直肌作为转移皮瓣的蒂,转移至根治术后胸壁缺损处,塑造乳房外形,采用局部皮瓣再造乳头,游离皮瓣再造乳晕。结果4例患者再造乳房完全成活,形态自然,外形逼真,手感好;1例部分皮瓣坏死,面积3cm×2cm。结论双蒂TRAM瓣乳房再造术对有剖宫产史的乳腺癌患者是值得推荐的好方法,并非禁忌证。     

下腹部横行腹直肌肌皮瓣联合腹壁下动脉穿支皮瓣乳房再造术

目的 探讨应用下腹部腹直肌肌皮瓣联合腹壁下动脉穿支皮瓣行乳房再造的手术方法，并分析其适应证。方法 以健侧腹直肌为肌蒂、患侧腹壁下动、静脉穿支为吻合血管蒂形成下腹部横行腹直肌肌皮瓣与腹壁下动脉穿支联合皮瓣，将腹壁下动、静脉与患侧胸背血管或胸廓内血管相吻合，进行乳房再造。结果 自2003年以来，于临床应用17例，所有皮瓣皆成活，随访3～12个月，再造乳房外形满意。结论 下腹部腹直肌肌皮瓣联合腹壁下动脉穿支皮瓣，具有血运可靠、提供组织量丰富、塑形自由度大、供区损伤较小等优点，尤适宜需要移植体积多以及胸廓内血管受损的乳房再造患者。     

腹壁下动脉穿支岛状皮瓣修复大腿环形瘢痕挛缩

目的　提供一种修复大腿环形瘢痕挛缩的方法。方法　 2 0 0 0年 3月以来 ,以腹壁下动静脉为血管蒂 ,保持腹直肌的完整性 ,形成腹壁下动脉穿支岛状皮瓣 ,带蒂移位 ,修复大腿环形瘢痕切除后遗留创面。临床应用 4例 ,皮瓣大小为 8cm× 2 8cm～ 11cm× 32 cm。结果　皮瓣全部成活 ,下肢静脉回流及水肿情况明显改善 ,供瓣区无腹壁薄弱、腹壁疝等并发症发生。结论　腹壁下动脉穿支岛状皮瓣血运丰富 ,不损伤腹直肌 ,是修复大腿环形瘢痕挛缩的一种较好方法     

Immediate autologous breast reconstruction using muscle-sparing TRAM flaps with superficial epigastric system turbocharging: a salvage option

Current breast reconstruction trends favor the use of muscle-sparing abdominal flaps to minimize abdominal morbidity. When compared to the transverse rectus abdominis myocutaneous (TRAM) flap, the muscle-sparing deep inferior epigastric perforator (DIEP) flap and the superficial inferior epigastric artery (SIEA) flap are common options that minimize donor-site morbidity. For patients with inadequate flap perfusion via either system, alternative surgical options that permit preservation of the abdominal musculature are limited. Using both the DIEP and SIEA systems, the authors describe a turbocharged construct that also facilitates flap perfusion without the need for violation of the anterior rectus sheath. This turbocharged system can provide adequate blood supply in a flap with questionable DIEP or SIEA perfusion alone.     

Free transverse rectus abdominis myocutaneous flap for breast reconstruction in patients with prior abdominal contouring procedures

With an increasing number of women undergoing abdominal liposuction and abdominoplasties, patients who have a history of an abdominal-contouring procedure are now presenting to plastic surgeons with breast cancer and are interested in autologous breast reconstruction. Based on the principle of vascular ingrowth and experience of seeing intact perforators arise from the rectus abdominis muscle in repeat abdominoplasty patients, it was hypothesized that these new perforators could adequately and safely supply the abdominal skin island as a flap in this patient population. A retrospective chart review was performed searching for cases of free transverse rectus abdominis myocutaneous (TRAM) or deep inferior epigastric perforator (DIEP) flap breast reconstruction in patients with a prior history of either abdominal liposuction, abdominoplasty, or both. Three successful cases of free TRAM flap breast reconstruction were performed in patients who had undergone previous full abdominoplasties. Additionally, three successful cases of free TRAM or DIEP flaps were performed in patients after abdominal liposuction. Major complications included one anterial thrombosis in which the flap was salvaged. This study demonstrates the feasibility and viability of free TRAM flaps after previous abdominoplasty and DIEP flaps following prior abdominal liposuction. This is an important advance in the potential uses of the free TRAM flap.     

Successful free flap salvage upon venous congestion in bilateral breast reconstruction using a venous cross-over bypass: A case report

Abdominal free flaps such as the muscle sparing transverse rectus abdominis myocutaneous (ms-TRAM) or deep inferior epigastric artery perforator (DIEP) flap represent the gold standard in autologous breast reconstruction. We describe a salvage procedure during bilateral free flap breast reconstruction due to insufficient venous drainage using a venous cross-over bypass. A 54-year-old woman with a thrombosis of the left subclavian port-system in the medical history was elected for simultaneous bilateral breast reconstruction with ms-TRAM and DIEP flaps. Intraoperatively, a venous congestion of the DIEP flap, which was connected to the left cranial internal mammary vessels, appeared. In the absence of sufficient ipsilateral venous recipient vessels, we performed a salvage procedure requiring a 15 cm small saphenous vein graft and presternal subcutaneous tunneling. The flap vein was anastomosed end-to-end with the contralateral caudal internal mammary vein using a coupler system. The postoperative course was uneventful and both flaps survived. We describe the cross-over venous emergency bypass as a useful tool in unexpected venous thrombosis during bilateral free flap breast reconstruction.     

Duplex ultrasound imaging in free transverse rectus abdominis muscle, deep inferior epigastric artery perforator, and superior gluteal artery perforator flaps: early and long-term comparison of perfusion changes in free flaps following breast reconstruction

OBJECTIVE: Our objective was to assess the hemodynamic differences in free DIEP (deep inferior epigastric artery perforator flap), S-GAP (superior gluteal artery perforator flap) flaps versus TRAM (transverse rectus abdominis muscle) flaps and to analyze any perfusion change due to perforator dissection (study 1). To examine the hypothesis as to whether flap perfusion is maintained through the pedicle (study 2), we also compared short- and long-term DIEP flap perfusion. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Blood volume flow, velocity, and diameter of the donor and recipient vessels of 4 TRAM flaps, 5 S-GAP flaps, and 17 DIEP flaps were examined preoperatively on day 5 and also 18 months postoperatively using duplex ultrasound. RESULTS: The greatest volume flow and velocity are measured in the TRAM flaps, followed by S-GAP and DIEP flaps. Blood flow in the musculocutaneous and perforator flaps is twice as great as in the donor vessels, which is proof of flap hyperperfusion. SUMMARY: The minimum perfusion requirement is easily satisfied in musculocutaneus and free perforator flaps. In the long term, DIEP flap perfusion increases 13%, which assumes that DIEP flap perfusion is maintained on the pedicle.     

A case of intraoperative venous congestion of the entire DIEP-flap--a novel salvage technique and review of the literature

The deep inferior epigastric perforator (DIEP) flap is gaining popularity for autologous breast reconstruction as it reportedly reduces abdominal donor site morbidity when compared with the transverse rectus abdominis musculocutaneous (TRAM) flap. Disadvantages include greater technical difficulties during flap harvest and a greater incidence of vascular compromise. A well-known and feared complication is venous congestion which requires immediate intervention. We present a novel salvage technique in a case of total flap venous congestion in the setting of absent drainage via the deep inferior epigastric vein (DIEV). Utilizing the superficial venous system via the superficial inferior epigastric vein (SIEV) and using the DIEV as a venous interposition graft resulted in successful salvage of the DIEP flap.     

小儿腹壁下动脉穿支皮瓣移植修复足踝部软组织缺损

目的 探讨小儿腹壁下动脉穿支皮瓣移植修复足踝部软组织缺损的可行性,报道其临床应用的初步效果. 方法 收治交通事故致伤的小儿足踝部软组织缺损合并肌腱、骨关节外露5例,软组织缺损面积最小11 cm×6 em,最大17 cm×6 cm;全部采用腹壁下动脉穿支皮瓣移植修复,其中腹壁下动、静脉与胫前动、静脉吻合2例,腹壁下动、静脉与足背动、静脉吻合1例,腹壁下动、静脉与胫后动、静脉吻合2例.移植皮瓣面积最小12 cm×7 cm.最大18 cm×7 cm.腹部皮瓣供区直接缝合. 结果 皮瓣术后顺利成活,皮瓣受区与供区创口愈合良好.术后随访1～5个月(平均3个月),皮瓣颜色、质地好,外形不臃肿,4例恢复保护性感觉.足踝功能恢复良好,腹部外形恢复较好,腹壁功能无明显影响. 结论 腹壁下动脉穿支皮瓣移植不携带深筋膜与腹直肌,对腹部外形和功能影响小,皮瓣薄,修复足踝部创面不需二期修薄整形,是修复小儿足踝部软组织缺损的理想方法.     

Muscle sparing-2 transverse rectus abdominis musculocutaneous flap for breast reconstruction: a comparison with deep inferior epigastric perforator flap

Breast reconstruction using free transverse rectus abdominis musculocutaneous (TRAM) flap can be divided into 4 muscle-sparing (MS) types: conventional TRAM flap containing full width muscle as MS-0, while deep inferior epigastric perforator (DIEP) flap containing absolutely no muscle as MS-3. We include only the muscle portion between the medial row and lateral row perforator vessels in TRAM flap, which is designated as MS-2. Between October 1999 and April 2006, the same surgeon performed 82 breast constructions using MS-2 free TRAM flaps in 79 patients. All the flaps survived. Postoperative complications included partial fat necrosis in 8 cases, all corresponding to zone IV or zone II. Bulging of donor site occurred in 5 patients, 4 of whom were obese and 1 had bilateral flap harvest. Compared with our own reconstructions using DIEP flap (30 cases), there were no significant differences in operative time and blood loss between the two techniques. In conclusion, MS-2 free TRAM flap is a useful technique for breast construction considering the easy surgical techniques, length of the vascular pedicle that can be harvested, and the degree of freedom of the flap.