TELEVISION VIEWING HABITS AND TIME USE IN AUSTRALIAN PRESCHOOL CHILDREN

The overall aim in this study was to investigate time use in Australian preschool children, paying close attention to the types of television programs and videos/DVDs they watch. Ninety‐two mothers of preschool children completed five activity diaries, for three typical weekdays and two weekend days. On average, children spent around just over 1 hour per weekday watching television and 30 minutes watching videos/DVDs; on weekends they spent on average 1 hour watching television and the same amount of time watching videos/DVDs. On weekdays, children spent more time watching child informative television; on the weekend they spent more time watching child animated television programs. When not watching television, children were mainly engaged in general play or in outdoor play. Child informative television was associated positively with time spent outdoors and in general and pretend play on weekdays (and for general play also on weekend days), whereas overall television viewing was correlated negatively with reading. Our findings suggest that the content of television programs may play a critical role in the relationship between television and other daily activities.     

我国四城市儿童少年食用西式快餐频度和肥胖率关系的分析

目的:分析我国城市儿童少年食用西式快餐频度与肥胖率之间的关系,为制定肥胖干预措施提供理论依据。方法:采用分层整群随机抽样的方法,从广州、上海、济南、哈尔滨等4城市的城区及近郊区抽取4～16岁的儿童少年及家长进行问卷调查,共调查9356个孩子-家长对,同时收集儿童少年的身高、体重资料。结果:4城市儿童少年中每月食用西式快餐0次、≤1次和>1次的比例分别为20.3%、62.5%和17.2%,肥胖率依次为10.5%、12.0%和13.4%。每月食用西式快餐>1次儿童少年的肥胖率显著高于不吃西式快餐的儿童少年,其肥胖的危险性是不吃西式快餐儿童少年的1.282倍。结论:经常食用西式快餐是影响儿童肥胖的一个独立环境因素,它使经常食用西式快餐的儿童少年发生肥胖的危险性大于不吃西式快餐的儿童少年     

小儿单纯性肥胖症的超声心动图改变

观察30例小儿单纯性肥胖症的超声心动图改变。超声特征为左室壁增厚,左心腔扩大,左心功能低下。本病改变与肥胖度有关,重度肥胖者改变较明显。超声心动图对本病研究有重要意义。     

成都市0～18岁儿童肥胖流行病学调查

[目的]研究成都市0～18岁儿童超重和肥胖的发病情况.[方法]以随机整群抽样的方法,抽取成都市3个城区16901名儿童测查身高、体重,以WHO标准同性别组身高的体重的超重和肥胖标准计算超重和肥胖的发病率.[结果]成都市0～18岁儿童超重总的发病率为12.5%(2019人),肥胖为5.2%(833人),超重的发病率远远高于肥胖的发病率.婴儿期超重发病率最高.男孩的肥胖发病率高于女孩.[结论]成都市儿童超重和肥胖的发病率较高,必须加强对儿童肥胖的防治.     

膳食与肥胖对儿童原发性高血压及高血脂的影响

本文观察了１１７０名７～１２岁儿童心率、血压和生长发言情况，４３１人静脉血清指标，２１７人膳食调查及８名肥胖儿体育锻练效果。调查一年后又复查了肥胖及血压偏高儿童的心率、血压及生长情况。发现１１７０名儿童中高血压检出率０．９４％；肥胖检出率８．２０％，４３１名验血儿童中血脂异常检出率２８．０７％；与非肥胖儿相比，肥胖儿摄入能量、脂肪、盐及谷物明显增加，身高、体重、皮褶厚度、体块指数、收缩压、舒张压明显升高，血清甘油三酯（ＴＧ）、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（ＬＤＬ一Ｃ）、动脉硬化指数（ＡＩ）明显升高，高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（ＨＤＬ一Ｃ、ＨＤＬ２一Ｃ、ＨＤＬ３－Ｃ）明显降低。一年后复查肥胖儿血压有升高趋势，体育锻练有减肥降压作用。逐步回归分析发现膳食中饱和脂肪酸、碳水化物摄入量对血清ＴＣ、ＬＤＬ一Ｃ有增高作用，ＭＵＦＡ对血ＴＣ有降低作用。碳水化物、盐摄入量对收缩压、舒张压有增高作用。牛乳、Ｃａ、Ｍｇ、ＶＥ对血压有抑制作用，并均有显著意义。讨论了营养因素、肥胖与高血压、高血脂之间的相互作用。     

A LONGITUDINAL STUDY OF GROWTH USING SKELETAL AGE IN CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS

This article reports the relationship of skeletal age to body height in singletons and twins, sexual develo opment, menarche, serum levels of growth hormone, testosterone, DHEAS, E_2, LH,FSH and IQ etc. It has ben proved that skeletal age can be widely applied in the study of various aspects of child and adolescent growth up to maturity.     

上海儿童青少年铁缺乏及贫血与有关因素的研究

目的:调查分析上海市儿童青少年贫血患病率现况及影响因素。方法:随机分层抽取市区和郊区6～17岁中小学生948名进行健康问卷调查和贫血筛检;依据WHO标准按病例(贫血)与对照(非贫血)1∶1配对各118例,测定血清铁蛋白(serumferritin,s-FT)、运铁蛋白受体(transferrinreceptor,TfR)、血清铁(seruniron,SI)、总铁结合力(totalironbindingcapacity,TIBC)、运铁蛋白饱和度(transferrinsaturation,TS)、VB12、叶酸、血铜、血铅、肠道寄生虫感染、膳食营养素摄入量、膳食备份铁含量。结果:受试者贫血患病率为19.9%,大多数为轻度贫血。贫血组体内铁营养状况明显低于对照组,而血铅含量高于对照组,差异有显著性(P<0.05);未发现血清VB12、叶酸、铜以及肠道寄生虫感染与贫血的关系。膳食调查显示受试者总铁摄入量超过DRI,但是膳食备份测定铁的实际含量为膳食调查方法的71%～85%,病例组低于对照组。结论:上海市儿童青少年贫血患病率为19.9%,主要是缺铁性贫血,实测膳食铁和调查血红素铁的摄入量病例组低于对照组。贫血组血铅高于对照组,铅超载与贫血的关系有待进一步研究。     

郑州地区儿童单纯性肥胖症流行病学研究

[目的]了解郑州地区肥胖儿童发生情况,探讨郑州市儿童肥胖的流行病学特征,分析肥胖对儿童健康的影响因素。[方法]采用分层及随机抽样方法对该市中小学生进行现场调查。按WHO推荐,采用身高标准体重法。[结果](1)城区2880名中小学生超重发生率16.53%,肥胖发生率28.97%,小学生、初中、高中各阶段超重和肥胖发生率差异无统计学意义(χ2=12.31,P﹥0.25);而男生肥胖发生率明显高于女生(χ2=44.46,P﹤0.001);(2)郊区2880名中小学生超重发生率17.39%,肥胖发生率13.65%,小学生、初中、高中各阶段肥胖发生率分别为12.15%、14.17%、16.11%,差异有统计学意义(χ2=353.42,P﹤0.005);郊区男女儿童肥胖发生率及肥胖度差异无统计学意义(χ2=0.66,P﹥0.25);(3)城区中小学生肥胖发生率明显高于郊区(χ2=201,P﹤0.005)。[结论]郑州地区儿童肥胖发生率急剧上升,该市应采取有效措施防治儿童肥胖是当务之急。     

INS/G2rs7566605多态性与学龄儿童肥胖的相关性研究

目的 探讨胰岛素诱导基因2(INSIG2) rs7566605多态性与学龄儿童肥胖及胰岛素抵抗等的相关性.方法 采用随机整群抽样法,在山东省济南市抽取了642名7～12岁学龄儿童为研究对象进行.体格检查和代谢指标测定,对INSIG2rs7 566605进行基因分型:野生纯合型(GG)、突变杂合型(GC)及突变纯合型(CC).采用加性模型、显性模型、隐性模型及超显性模型等探讨rs7566605与肥胖的关系.并探讨不同基因型间胰岛素抵抗和脂质代谢等指标的差异.结果 (1)调整性别、年龄后,rs7566605GC杂合型比GG/CC纯合型超重肥胖的危险性高(OR=1.487;95％CI=1.069-2.067;P=0.018).男性GC杂合型比GG/CC纯合型超重肥胖的危险性高(OR=2.018;95％CI=1.249-3.263;P=0.004),而女性不同基因型间超重肥胖率无显著统计学差异.(2)男性GC杂合型的体重(P=0.031)、腰围(P=0.021)、BMI(P=0.023)、体脂量(P=0.015)、空腹胰岛素(P=0.013)、胰岛素抵抗(P=0.030)均高于GG/CC纯合型,差异有显著的统计学意义.结论 ISNIG2基因rs7566605GC型可能是男性儿童肥胖和胰岛素抵抗的危险因素.     

中国学龄儿童瘦素受体基因SNP rs1137101多态分布与肥胖相关性研究

目的探讨瘦素受体基因SNP rs1137101多态分布与儿童肥胖之间的关联。方法对1682名上海某区小学学龄儿童进行身高、体重、腰围测量,及瘦素受体基因SNP rs1137101多态位点基因型分析,通过非条件Logistic回归、卡方检验等方法分析该基因位点多态分布与体重指数(BMI)、腰围身高比(WHtR)等肥胖相关参数之间的关系。结果该人群LEPR基因SNP rs1137101多态位点基因型AA、AG及GG频率分别为0.012、0.224、0.764,等位基因A和G的分布频率分别为0.14和0.86,符合Hardy Weinberg遗传平衡定律(∑X2=1.301,p>0.05);调整性别、年龄、学校所在地区后,AA/AG组和GG组中超重率分别为13.1%和9.1%,其OR值为1.43(95%CI:0.97-2.10,p=0.074),BMI高组和低组中AA/AG基因型携带者比例分别为26.3%和21.1%,其OR值为1.30(95%CI:1.01-1.68)。结论 LEPR基因SNP rs1137101多态位点携带A等位基因与中国学龄儿童超重及高BMI相关,是该人群肥胖的易感因素之一。[营养学报,2012,34(6):536-539]     

儿童少年血压的轨迹现象

对１１９７名初不则年龄７～１４岁儿童进行３年的纵向研究，用追访血压Ｚ值与初测血压Ｚ值的相关系数描述轨迹现象的大小。收缩压和舒张压的关系数范围分别是０．３０～０．５７和０．２２～０．４１，血压偏高组轨迹现象最明显，初测值重血压持续偏高的影响因素，提示血压偏高且肥胖的儿童成为持续性血压偏高者的可能性较大。     

饮食诱导肥胖和肥胖抵抗大鼠脂联素水平研究

目的探讨高脂饲料对大鼠内脏脂肪中脂联素表达和血清中脂联素水平的影响及大鼠肥胖易感性差异的机制。方法 80只雄性SD大鼠,按体重随机分为两组:对照组(n=10),基础饲料喂养20w;高脂组(n=70),高脂饲料喂养12w。第12w末,根据体重将高脂组分为饮食诱导肥胖(DIO)和肥胖抵抗(DIO-R)组,继续喂养8w,观察各组大鼠体重、内脏脂肪湿重、体脂比、热能摄入量及能量利用率的差异;用Real Time PCR法测定内脏脂肪脂联素mRNA的表达水平;ELISA法测定血清脂联素水平。结果 DIO组体重、内脏脂肪湿重、体脂比、能量利用率显著高于对照组和DIO-R,而DIO-R除能量的摄入量显著低于对照组外,其他与对照组相比未见显著性差异;DIO大鼠内脏脂肪脂联素mRNA的表达水平显著低于对照组和DIO-R;DIO大鼠血清脂联素水平显著低于DIO-R。结论高脂饲料诱导下,不同肥胖易感性大鼠体内脂联素水平有明显差异性,脂联素可能在肥胖形成过程中扮演重要角色。     

FOOD AND OBESITY IN THE RAT

Adult rats from several strains show increased proliferation of adipocytes in response to feeding a highly palatable, high fat or high carbohydrate diet. The increased number of adipocytes persists after weight loss. The ability of the rat to increase size and number of adipocytes seems to be related to the amount of food consumed prior to weaning.     

LEAN BODY MASS AND FOOD-INDUCED THERMOGENESIS IN OBESITY

When compared with lean controls of similar lean body mass, obese subjects exhibit normal resting energy expenditure but impaired thermogenic response to a meal.     

INFANT GROWTH AND OBESITY IN SAMOA

Birth weights and growth rates of Samoan infants exceed values found in other nations, regardless of feeding regimen or rural and urban differences.     

天津居民肥胖与相关慢性疾病关系的研究

目的:为分析天津居民超重及肥胖与相关慢性疾病的关系。方法:采用2002年中国居民营养与健康状况调查统一问卷,进行入户询问和医学体检及生化检测,并从18岁以上的调查对象中选取肥胖组(BMI≥28)和对照组(BMI18～23)各640人,分别测量身高、体重、血压、空腹血糖(FBG)、血清总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)和高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)。用t检验和χ2检验统计两组各项指标的差异。结果:两组之间血压、TC、TG、HDL-C和FBS均有明显差异(P<0.05);肥胖组高血压、高TC血症、高TG血症、低HDL-C血症、糖尿病的患病率明显高于对照组;差异显著(P<0.05)。结论:肥胖是许多慢性病的重要危险因素。     

THE SUPPORT NEEDS OF PREGNANT AND PARENTING ADOLESCENTS IN RURAL COMMUNITIES

ABSTRACT: Pregnant adolescents and teenage mothers in rural communities face extraordinary difficulties accessing appropriate and adequate support services, despite having recognised specialist health needs and unique support requirements. The Australian Rural Health Research Institute at Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, is currently engaged in a federally funded project aimed at significantly improving access to services for this disadvantaged and often neglected group, through the publication and wide dissemination of a resource booklet identifying successful aspects of service delivery across a range of rural support settings. Five existing health and welfare support services for pregnant or parenting adolescents in rural Australia have been selected for inclusion in the booklet, which is being developed for community use. Assessment is being undertaken during visits to each of the services, and, following interviews with staff, referral agencies and consumers. This paper outlines the strengths, attributes and access difficulties associated with two contrasting service models involved in the project, and stresses the importance of improving access to services for rural adolescents. A framework for establishing innovative and effective new services is also presented.     

同性恋者精神健康相关问题

某一个体的性欲完全或主要指向同性时,这一现象和个体分别称同性恋和同性恋者。同性恋作为客观存在的事实依然很难被人们接受,同性恋者也常常受到歧视,面临着比主流人群更多的压力,却很少能得到社会支持。人们总是将这部分人群与不良的社会现象联系起来,却很少关注他们的精神健康状况。尤其是青少年同性恋者,作为处于生长发育关键时期并有着非主流的性取向的特殊人群,更是值得关注的弱势群体。本文试图通过对同性恋者和青少年同性恋者的流行学及其精神卫生相关问题进行综述,以观其精神健康状况。