综合性医院护士个人发展竞争性态度的调查

目的 了解护士个人发展竞争性态度的特点,以提高护理人员的整体竞争力.方法 采用个人发展竞争性态度量表对98名综合性医院在职护士进行问卷调查.结果 护士个人发展竞争性态度总体表现较好,评分为(49.1±7.8)分;护士的个人发展竞争性态度受年龄、护龄、所属科室、工作满意度影响(P＜0.05,P＜0.01).结论 护士所表现的是一种良性竞争态度,护理管理者需正确评价护理人员的竞争态度,并根据其影响因素采取管理措施,以提高护理人员的整体竞争力,促进护理队伍建设.     

创新服务作为护理服务明星评选指标的探索

目的培养和提高护士的创新能力，促进整体护理服务水平的提高。方法分别将护理服务质量和护理创新服务作为“护理服务明星”评选的主要依据和必要指标，设立评选机构，确定评选范围，制定评选方法及质量评价指标体系。结果活动后创新护理服务成果、护理服务满意度及整体护理质量显著提高（P〈0．05，P〈0．01）。结论“护理服务明星”评选活动使全院护理人员的整体护理水平及住院患者满意度显著提高，创新护理服务意识和护理人员的职业成就感显著增强，同时带动了医院整体形象的提高。     

创建学习型护理小组提升护士核心竞争力

目的打造学习型护理队伍,提升护士核心竞争力,以提高护理服务品质。方法营造“创建学习型小组”氛围,积极开展多种形式针对性强的学习培训活动。结果创建学习型小组活动开展前后理论及操作考核成绩、满意度测评结果、护理综合质量及学习型小组的优良率比较,差异有统计学意义（P＜0．05,P＜0．01）;科研论文数量、科研立项、服务创新项目有所提高。结论创建学习型小组活动,有利于提升顾客满意度和护士核心竞争力,提高护理服务品质和医院关誉度。     

护理人员专业技术资格考试现状分析

目的 了解护理人员卫生专业技术资格考试现状。方法 对252名参加全国卫生专业技术资格考试的护理考生成绩进行综合分析。结果 报考护士的考生总体及4个科目考试合格率均明显低于报考护师、主管护师者（均P〈0．01）。而报考护师、主管护师的考生，其总体及4个科目考试合格率比较，差异无显著性意义（均P〉0．05）。中专学历者考试合格率显著低于大专及本科（P〈0．05、P〈0．01）。结论 应加强时新护士在职教育培训和综合素质的培养，以满足现代护理工作的需要，促进护理整体水平的发展。     

ICU护士死亡态度在道德困境与安宁疗护核心能力间的中介效应

目的 调查ICU护士道德困境与安宁疗护核心能力现状，探讨死亡态度在两者间的中介效应。 方法 选取4所三甲医院的429名ICU护士为研究对象，采用一般资料调查问卷、中文版护士道德困境量表、中文版死亡态度描绘量表（修订版）及安宁疗护护士核心能力问卷进行调查。 结果 ICU护士道德困境、负向死亡态度、正向死亡态度与安宁疗护核心能力评分分别为（78.19±32.84）分、（40.21±9.02）分、（66.07±9.89）分、（70.21±20.88）分；道德困境与负向死亡态度呈正相关（r=0.500，P＜0.05），与正向死亡态度呈负相关（r=-0.496，P＜0.05），与安宁疗护核心能力呈负相关（r=-0.690，P＜0.05）；死亡态度在道德困境与安宁疗护核心能力间有部分中介作用（β=-0.332，P＜0.05），中介效应占总效应的42.78%。 结论 护理管理者需提高对ICU护士道德困境的关注，采取多样举措普及安宁疗护理念及死亡继续教育，着力改善道德环境，促使护理人员树立科学的死亡态度，提升安宁疗护服务能力。     

跟踪性考核对提高护理三基水平效果观察

目的探讨跟踪性考核在巩固与提高基层护理人员专业知识和专业技能中的效果。方法将有床位分管任务的84名病房护士随机分为观察组和对照组各42名，观察组采用跟踪性考核模式进行考核，对照组采用传统考核模式考核。结果两组各期考试成绩，医生和患者对两组护理任务完成效率、护理服务满意度的评价及护士对各自考核模式的认可态度比较，差异有显著性意义（P〈0．05．P〈0．01）。结论跟踪性考核能促进护士更全面学习和掌握专业知识与技能，更有效巩固和提高基层护理人员的三基水平，提高护士的工作热情，有助于提高护理工作质量。     

市场经济下的护理服务模式探讨

为探讨市场经济下护理服务模式，采用开放式护理服务（实验组），即将护士照片和主要概况上墙明示，病人入院时接受主班护士介绍后，可自主挑选自己的责任护士，由其负责住院期间的全程、全方位护理。并与传统护理方法（对照组）作对照，结果实验组的病人满意率明显高于对照组（P＜0．01）。提示开放式护理是市场经济下的服务方式之一，是一种体现“以人为本”指导思想下的护理模式，有利于护理人员综合素质磁头，促进护理质量的提高，推动护理学科的发展。     

护士角色认知状况调查及影响因素分析

目的了解护士自我角色认知状况及影响因素。方法自行设计护士角色认知问卷调查表,采取分层整群抽样方法对4所医院733名护士进行调查。结果护士角色认知正向维度总均分为3．61±0．56,负向维度为2．84±0．27;不同年龄、职称、学历、聘任方式护士角色认知评分比较,差异有统计学意义（均P〈0．01）;不同职业状态（是否自愿选择护理职业、是否打算一直从事护理职业、是否有职业规划）选择肯定回答的护士角色认知评分显著高于选择否定回答者（均P〈0．01）。结论护士角色认知处于中等偏上水平,个人特征及职业态度对角色认知有影响。管理者应重视影响护士角色认知的相关因素,针对性采取干预策略,以提高护士角色认知水平,达到提高护士职业适应能力和护理服务质量的目的。     

综合医院护士职业倦怠与工作压力、自尊及控制点的关系研究

目的探讨综合医院护士职业倦怠与工作压力、应对策略、护理效能感、自尊、控制点及社会支持的关系，为护理管理、护理行政决策提供依据。方法选用职业倦怠问卷、护士工作压力量表、工作压力应对策略调查表、护士效能感量表（简表型）、自尊量表、成人Nowicki—Strick-Land内-外控制量表、社会支持评定量表，对综合医院330名临床一线护理人员进行调查。结果护士职业倦怠评分为63．83±13．23，其职业倦怠与工作压力、应对策略、控制点呈正相关（r=0．291、0．423、0．510，均P〈0．01）；与自尊、护理效能感、社会支持呈负相关（r=-0．501、-0．527、-0．212，均P〈0．01）。上述诸因素对护士职业倦怠有显著影响（均P〈0．01）。结论综合医院护士的职业倦怠发生率较高，护士的工作压力、应对策略、护理效能感、自尊、控制点和社会支持对其职业倦怠有一定的预测作用。     

96名护理人员生活质量调查分析

目的：了解护理人员的生活质量状况。方法：采用生活质量综合评定问卷对96名护理人员进行测评分析。结果：心理功能对生活质量的影响最大；不同学历、职称和年龄段护理人员的生活质量差异无显著性意义；护理管理人员的生活质量总体评价，社会功能维度，物质生活维度及其住房、社区服务、生活环境、经济状况因子，心理功能维度中的正性情感，认知功能，自尊因子评定均分均高于一般护理人员；其中住房、社区服务、经济状况，人际交往，业余娱乐因子的客观状态在两组间差异无显著性意义（P＞0．05），但在主观满意度方面前者显著高于后者（P＜0．05，P＜0．01）；运动与感觉功能、正性情感、自尊因子的客观状态前者显著高于后者（P＜0．05），但在主观满意度方面差异无显著性意义（P＞0．05）。结论：一般护理人员在物质生活，社会功能和心理功能方面较护理管理人员面临着更多的问题，护理管理部门在考虑如何提高护理质量与效率时，应注意利用各种激励资源,满足不同职务护理人员的不同需求，提高其生活质量和工作积极性。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.