结扎胸导管预防不同部位胸段食管癌切除术后乳糜胸的疗效分析

目的 分析术中结扎胸导管对不同部位胸段食管癌患者手术后预防发生乳糜胸的作用.方法 对2003年3月至2007年6月手术切除的胸段食管癌243例患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析.根据不同病变部位将患者分为上段、中上段、中段、中下段和下段5组,了解不同部位胸段食管癌患者术中结扎和不结扎胸导管与术后乳糜胸发生有无相关性.结果 术后共计8例患者出现乳糜胸,总发生率3.3%.上段病变结扎组乳糜胸发生3例,未结扎组5例;中上段病变结扎组和未结扎组均未发生乳糜胸;中段病变未结扎组1/28(3.6%);中下段病变结扎组乳糜胸发生率1/39(2.6%),未结扎组1/35(2.9%);下段病变结扎组乳糜胸发生率1/37(2.7%),未结扎组2/44(4.5%).Logistic回归分析显示,不同部位胸段食管癌切除术中是否结扎胸导管结扎对术后乳糜胸的发生均无影响(P》0.05).结论 预防性结扎胸导管不能降低不同部位胸段食管癌术后继发乳糜胸的发生率.     

胸导管结扎预防食管癌术后乳糜胸

胸导管结扎预防食管癌术后乳糜胸张安庆，董正，刘正光，林刚，李伟食管癌术后乳糜胸是一种不十分罕见的并发症，且后果严重。国内大量临床资料统计，其发生率为０．４％～２．６％，主要发生在中上段食管癌术后［１］。是否应当在食管癌手术中结扎胸导管预防术后乳糜胸尚...     

膈上胸导管结扎术在食管癌切除术中的应用

目的探讨胸导管结扎术对食管癌术后乳糜胸的预防和治疗作用。方法回顾性分析我院2003年1月至2009年6月的两组共836例食管癌切除术后的乳糜胸发生情况和治疗效果。其中结扎组431例,术中常规在膈上水平整块结扎胸导管,非结扎组405例,术中未常规结扎胸导管,术后并发乳糜胸者,再次采用手术治疗。结果结扎组无术后乳糜胸发生。非结扎组术后发生乳糜胸15例（3．7％）,治愈13例（86．7％）,死亡2例（13．3％）,1例死于呼吸功能衰竭,1例死于多器官功能衰竭。结论食管癌切除术中常规结扎胸导管可有效预防术后乳糜胸的发生。膈上胸导管结扎法稳妥有效。食管癌术后并发乳糜胸应积极手术治疗。     

常规胸导管结扎预防食管癌术后乳糜胸

常规胸导管结扎预防食管癌术后乳糜胸李志明税跃平廖斌乳糜胸是中上段食管切除术后的严重并发症之一。其发生率为０．４％～２．６％［１］。我院自１９８９年以来，对２０６例中上段食管癌手术切除患者，常规施行预防性胸导管结扎，术后无１例发生乳糜胸，有效地防止了这...     

不同方法结扎胸导管预防食管癌术后乳糜胸

乳糜胸是食管癌术后严重的并发症之一，发生率0．4％～2．6％。术中是否预防性结扎胸导管，各家意见不一致。我科自1977年6月～2003年9月切除食管癌2943例，发生乳糜胸28例(0．95％)。不结扎胸导管1102例。术后发生乳糜胸21例(1．9％)；术中预防性结扎胸导管1841例，术后发生乳糜胸7例(0．38％)。发生率明显下降，现就本组结果分析如下。     

乳糜胸与术中胸导管预防性结扎

乳糜胸是食管癌切除术后最严重的并发症之一,我科自１９７８～１９９８年共施行食管癌切除术２１６２例,发生乳糜胸２５例（１．１５％）,术中行胸导管预防性结扎者乳糜胸发生率明显低于未行预防性结扎者。１临床资料与方法１．１一般资料和分组按时间顺序和不同的胸导...     

食管癌切除术后乳糜胸的预防和治疗(附17例报告)

食管癌切除术中预防性结扎胸导管675例,术后乳糜胸5例,发生率0.75％,每日乳糜液量少于500ml,保守治疗治愈。未预防性结扎胸导管735例食管癌切除术,发生乳糜胸12例,发生率1.64％,乳糜液量大,8例二次手术治愈,1例术后因衰竭死亡。认为预防性结扎胸导管可降低乳糜胸的发生率。     

胸导管损伤17例治疗体会

外伤性或食管癌术中损伤胸导管可引起大量乳糜液漏入胸腔,形成乳糜胸。其中食管癌手术引起者发生率在国内为0.4%~2.6%[1],主要发生在中上段食管癌术后,一旦发生将对患者生命造成很大威胁。我们1975年1月至2005年8月间共收治17例胸导管损伤患者,报告如下。临床资料1.一般资料:17例患者中男14例,女3例;年龄25~68岁。食管癌切除弓上吻合术引起13例,其中上段2例、中段8例、下段3例。癌肿长约2~7cm,平均5.5cm,2例行术前放疗。4例胸部外伤中,多发性肋骨骨折3例、胸椎椎体骨折并右胸腔积液1例。全组17例中,4例食管癌手术术中发现胸导管损伤后予以胸…     

常规胸导管结扎预防食管癌术后乳糜胸

作者对202例中、上段食管癌病人术中常规行胸导管主干结扎术，术后无乳糜胸发生。讨论了胸导管的应用解剖，认为只要熟悉胸导管的解剖，无论使用何种方法，术中行胸导管结扎并不困难。最后认为，胸导管结扎是预防术后乳糜胸发生的有效方法，应此起重视。     

食管癌切除术并发胸导管损伤的早期诊断及治疗

我院1990年至1993年共施行食管癌切除术160例，术中胸导管损伤5例，发生率为2．1％，5例中3例于术中发现并及时处理，未发生乳糜胸，另2例于术后并发乳糜胸才诊断，经早期剖胸手术治愈,本文介绍了食管癌切除术并发胸导管损伤的早期诊治体会。     

Chylothorax after thoracoscopic esophagectomy.

Among 30 patients who underwent thoracoscopic esophagectomy with lymphadenectomy for thoracic esophageal cancer, from July 1995 to May 1997, chylothorax developed in 2 patients (7%). In Case 1, the ligation of the thoracic duct under conventional right thoracotomy was performed on the 9th day after esophagectomy. After ligation, the pleural effusion was decreased, and the patient was discharged from hospital on the 25th day after the second operation. In Case 2, massive pleural effusion developed on the 10th day after esophagectomy (at 3 days after thoracic drainage tube was removed). The thoracic duct was ligated at the level just cranial to the diaphragm thoracoscopically on the 14th day after esophagectomy. The patient was discharged from hospital on the 30th day after the second operation. Injury to the thoracic duct due to a magnification effect of the view of scopic surgery remains a pitfall in thoracoscopic esophagectomy. But thoracoscopic ligation of thoracic duct was effective and safe for these two cases of chylothorax after esophagectomy.     

Does ligation of the thoracic duct during oesophagectomy reduce the incidence of post-operative chylothorax?

A best evidence topic in surgery was written according to a structured protocol. The question addressed was whether prophylactic thoracic duct ligation during oesophagectomy results in a lower incidence of post-operative chylothorax. 29 relevant papers were found using the reported search, of which 5 papers represented the best evidence to answer the clinical question. The authors, date and country of publication, patient group, study type, relevant outcomes and results of these papers are tabulated. Of these studies, only one was a prospective randomised controlled study with sizeable patient numbers. This was also the most recent study and demonstrated a significant decrease in post-operative chylothorax incidence following intra-operative thoracic duct ligation. Of the four remaining retrospective studies, one showed an increase in chylothorax rate following ligation whilst three showed a reduction in the incidence of chylothorax (although in only one of these three studies was this decrease statistically significantly). We conclude that for patients undergoing oesophagectomy, although there are conflicting results from retrospective studies, prospective randomised controlled trial evidence points to prophylactic ligation of the thoracic duct as an effective measure to reduce the incidence of post-operative chylothorax.     

Prophylactic Thoracic Duct Mass Ligation Prevents Chylothorax After Transthoracic Esophagectomy for Cancer

Background  Chylothorax after transthoracic esophagectomy for cancer is an uncommon but potentially life-threatening postoperative complication. It has been reported that preventive thoracic duct ligation can reduce the incidence of postoperative chylothorax after esophagectomy for cancer. In this prospective series, we evaluated the results of preventive intraoperative thoracic duct mass ligation in patients who underwent transthoracic esophagectomy for cancer. Methods  From 2001 to 2006, 323 patients underwent transthoracic esophagectomy for cancer and duct ligation during the operation was routinely performed. Results  No intraoperative or postoperative complications directly related to the procedure were recorded. No postoperative chylothorax was observed. Conclusions  In this series, the technique of intraoperative thoracic duct mass ligation proved to be safe and effectively prevented postoperative chylothorax in patients who underwent transthoracic esophagectomy for cancer.     

Aggressive treatment of chylothorax complicating transhiatal esophagectomy without thoracotomy

Chylothorax is an unusual complication after transhiatal esophagectomy (THE) and in the past 10 years has occurred in 11 of 320 patients (3%) undergoing this operation for diseases of the intrathoracic esophagus. Four patients had benign esophageal disease: scleroderma reflux esophagitis (1), caustic stricture (1), and achalasia (2), and each had undergone at least one previous esophageal operation. Seven patients had intrathoracic esophageal carcinoma--two upper-third, two middle-third, and three distal-third lesions. Excessive chest tube drainage more than 72 hours after THE was the standard presentation, and the diagnosis of chylothorax was confirmed by the administration of cream through the jejunostomy feeding tube placed routinely at operation. The character of the chest tube drainage changed from serous to opalescent. Aggressive treatment of this complication was the rule, and every patient underwent a thoracotomy between 2 to 14 days (average, 6 days) after the diagnosis was established. Cream was administered through the jejunostomy tube before operation, and in each case the thoracic duct injury was readily identified and controlled with suture ligatures. There were no deaths in this group, and there was one recurrence of the fistula that required reoperation; all patients were discharged from the hospital within 3 to 29 days (average, 10 days) after thoracic duct ligation. It is concluded that early recognition of a chylothorax after transhiatal esophagectomy with prompt transthoracic ligation of the injured duct results in a shorter overall hospitalization and lower morbidity and mortality from this complication. The traditional conservative management of chylothorax with intravenous hyperalimentation and no or low-residue enteral feedings has little place in this nutritionally depleted patient population.     

Results of prophylactic thoracic duct ligation in advanced esophageal carcinoma

Objective  Esophageal carcinoma is one of the most common lethal malignancies in northwest Iran. The purpose of this study is to determine the efficiency of prophylactic thoracic duct ligation and compare the incidence, risk factors and outcomes of chylothorax in patients undergoing esophageal cancer surgery. Methods and Material  From 1995 through 2005 a total 420 patients undergoing esophageal resection with or without mediastinal lymph node dissection. In first five years (Group I: 210 patients) that after any esophagectomies we have not used prophylactic thoracic duct ligation (1995–2000). In last five years for prevention of chylothorax after any esophagectomies (Group II: 210 patients), thirty patients with advanced stage of esophageal carcinoma underwent to prophylactic thoracic duct ligation (2000–2005). Data analysis included Chi-square or Fisher exact test and Independent Samples t test. A p-value of <0.05 was considered significant. All analyzes were performed using the SPSS.15/_win software. Results  There were 100 men and 110 women with a mean age of 53.18±12.35 years in Group I, 108 men and 102 women with a mean age of 56.1±9.83 years in Group II. The initial procedures were transhiatal esophagectomies and transthoracic esophagectomies. Six patients of group I, developed to chylothorax with average daily postoperative drainage greater than 1000 ml/day for 6 days, and underwent to reoperation at a mean of 7.12±1.85 days after diagnosis (4–8 days). Chest tube drainage was stopped during 48 hours after reoperation. In Group II chylothorax did not occur. Conclusions  Chylothorax increases mortality and duration of hospitalization after esophageal cancer surgery. Most cases of chylothorax after esophageal resection are cured with early surgical intervention. It could be concluded that prophylactic thoracic duct ligation reduce the occurrence of chylothorax in advanced cases of esophageal carcinoma.     

Total esophagectomy without thoracotomy: results of a European questionnaire (GEEMO)

The results of a questionnaire answered by the European Members of the GEEMO concerning esophagectomy without thoracotomy are reported and discussed. 172 cases of esophagectomy without thoracotomy following benign lesions and 666 cases following various levels of esophageal neoplasia were grouped in the 26 Centers that have answered the questionnaire amounting to a total of 838 cases. The most frequent indications for benign lesions were as follows: decompensated or relapsed megaesophagus (83 cases), acute or stabilized lesions caused by caustic agents (59 cases), stenoses from gastroesophageal reflux (17 cases), scleroderma (7 cases) and spontaneous or iatrogenic perforation (6 cases). Concerning the esophageal site where the technique was employed with esophageal carcinoma, the most frequent was the cervical (201 cases), then the lower (150 cases), the middle (91 cases) and upper thirds of the esophagus (48 cases). Adenocarcinoma of the cardia seems to be an additional indication for many Surgeons to use esophagectomy without thoracotomy (142 cases). In general, the most frequent intra-surgical complications (from benign and malignant lesions) were as follows: pleural lesions (34.4%), lesions of the left recurrent nerve (7.8%), severe endo-mediastinic hemorrhages (8.5%), tracheo-bronchial (1.5%) and thoracic duct (0.5%) lesions. The intra-operative mortality was 0.36%. The post-operative complications were as follows: pleural effusion (17.8%), anastomotic fistulas (15.2%), hemothorax (5%) and post-operative mortality (10.3%). Cancer of the cervical esophagus and adenocarcinoma of the cardia were considered sensitive to this radical treatment whereas in intra-thoracic cancer it can have only a palliative effect.     

Chylothorax after cardiothoracic surgery

8 patients with postoperative chylothorax were reported: 7 after resection of esophageal carcinoma, 1 after radical correction of tetralogy of Fallot. 1 case was treated conservatively and 7 by ligation of thoracic duct after rethoracotomy. All the cases recovered. The factors causing postoperative chylothorax, the principles of treatment, and the role of prophylactic ligation of thoracic duct were discussed. The authors point out that, the mechanisms of postoperative chylothorax after open heart surgery by sternotomy may be: (1) injury of perithymotic and anterior mediastinal lymph ducts; (2) injury of thoracic duct through posterior wall of pericardium; and (3) effect of hypertension of systemic veins on flow of thoracic duct.     

Thoracoscopic clipping of the thooracic duct for chylothorax following esophagectomy: report of a case

Thoracoscopic clipping of the thoracic duct was successfully performed for the treatment of postoperative chylothorax. Chylothorax occurred in a 67-year-old man following an esophagectomy for esophageal cancer. Following unsuccessful conservative therapy for 3 weeks, we performed thoracoscopic surgery to examine the thoracic duct and found a leaking point of chylous fluid. The thoracic duct was successfully clipped resulting in complete elimination of the effusion immediately after surgery. Generally, chylothorax complicated by an esophagectomy has been managed by medical treatment first, followed by surgical intervention in case of uncontrollable pleural effusion. We think you should try this method at first in case chylothorax was able to be treated with not thoracotomy but thoracoscopic surgery: minimal invasiveness.     

The first series of completely robotic esophagectomies with three-field lymphadenectomy: initial experience

Background This study investigated the use of robotics to perform extended esophageal resection in a series of patients. Methods A total of 14 patients with a median age of 64 years underwent esophagectomy using the da Vinci robot. At presentation, there were 12 cases of cancer, staged at T2N1 (n = 2), T3N0 (n = 2), T3N1 (n = 6), T4N1 (n = 1), and M1a (n = 1); 2 cases of high-grade dysplasia; 8 cases of adenocarcinoma; and 4 cases of squamous cell cancer; as well as 2 middle third, 9 lower third, and one gastroesophageal junction tumor. Nine patients had undergone preoperative chemoradiotherapy, and six had undergone prior abdominal surgery. The patients were categorized into three chronological groups according to the procedure performed. Group 1 consisted of the first three patients in the series, whose surgery was thoracic only (robotically assisted esophagectomy). Group 2, the next three patients, had robotically assisted thoracic esophagectomy plus thoracic duct ligation using a laparoscopic gastric conduit. Group 3, the last eight patients, underwent completely robotic esophagectomy. Results For Group 3, the total operating room time was 11.1 ± 0.8 h (range, 11.3–13.2 h), with a console time of 5.0 ± 0.5 h (range, 4.8–5.8 h). The estimated blood loss was 400 ± 300 ml (range, 200–950 ml). One patient in group 1 had a thoracic duct leak. In groups 2 and 3, thoracic duct ligation resulted in no further leaks. Other postoperative complications included severe pneumonia (1 case), atrial fibrillation (5 cases), cervical anastomotic leak (2 cases), wound infection (1 case), and bilateral vocal cord paresis requiring tracheostomy (1 case). In seven of the cases, no intensive care unit time was required. There was one death from pneumonia 72 days after the procedure. The rate of disease-free survival was 87%. Conclusion The robotic approach facilitates an extended three-field esophagolymphadenectomy even after induction therapy and abdominal surgery. Larger scale trials are needed to define the role of this technique.