结扎胸导管预防不同部位胸段食管癌切除术后乳糜胸的疗效分析

目的 分析术中结扎胸导管对不同部位胸段食管癌患者手术后预防发生乳糜胸的作用.方法 对2003年3月至2007年6月手术切除的胸段食管癌243例患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析.根据不同病变部位将患者分为上段、中上段、中段、中下段和下段5组,了解不同部位胸段食管癌患者术中结扎和不结扎胸导管与术后乳糜胸发生有无相关性.结果 术后共计8例患者出现乳糜胸,总发生率3.3%.上段病变结扎组乳糜胸发生3例,未结扎组5例;中上段病变结扎组和未结扎组均未发生乳糜胸;中段病变未结扎组1/28(3.6%);中下段病变结扎组乳糜胸发生率1/39(2.6%),未结扎组1/35(2.9%);下段病变结扎组乳糜胸发生率1/37(2.7%),未结扎组2/44(4.5%).Logistic回归分析显示,不同部位胸段食管癌切除术中是否结扎胸导管结扎对术后乳糜胸的发生均无影响(P》0.05).结论 预防性结扎胸导管不能降低不同部位胸段食管癌术后继发乳糜胸的发生率.     

胸导管结扎预防食管癌术后乳糜胸

胸导管结扎预防食管癌术后乳糜胸张安庆，董正，刘正光，林刚，李伟食管癌术后乳糜胸是一种不十分罕见的并发症，且后果严重。国内大量临床资料统计，其发生率为０．４％～２．６％，主要发生在中上段食管癌术后［１］。是否应当在食管癌手术中结扎胸导管预防术后乳糜胸尚...     

不同方法结扎胸导管预防食管癌术后乳糜胸

乳糜胸是食管癌术后严重的并发症之一，发生率0．4％～2．6％。术中是否预防性结扎胸导管，各家意见不一致。我科自1977年6月～2003年9月切除食管癌2943例，发生乳糜胸28例(0．95％)。不结扎胸导管1102例。术后发生乳糜胸21例(1．9％)；术中预防性结扎胸导管1841例，术后发生乳糜胸7例(0．38％)。发生率明显下降，现就本组结果分析如下。     

常规胸导管结扎预防食管癌术后乳糜胸

作者对202例中、上段食管癌病人术中常规行胸导管主干结扎术，术后无乳糜胸发生。讨论了胸导管的应用解剖，认为只要熟悉胸导管的解剖，无论使用何种方法，术中行胸导管结扎并不困难。最后认为，胸导管结扎是预防术后乳糜胸发生的有效方法，应此起重视。     

食管癌切除术后乳糜胸4例分析

食管癌切除术后乳糜胸４例分析山西医学院附属一院（０３０００１）张安庆，董正，林刚，李伟，马艳波食管癌切除术后乳糜胸是一种严重的并发症，国内外文献报道其发生率分别为０．４％～２．６％和１．８％～４．０％．不同部位吻合术后乳糜胸的发生牢尚无文献报道．如何...     

橄榄油标记胸导管预防腔镜下食管癌根治术后乳糜胸的发生

乳糜胸是食管癌术后的严重并发症,主要是由于传统开胸手术术前常禁食,乳糜液较透明,胸导管呈无色透明,因此术中难以被发现而易受损伤。目前常用的预防乳糜胸的方法为结扎胸导管。但有研究显示,结扎胸导管可导致淋巴淤滞,进而引起糖脂代谢紊乱。近年来,随着腔镜技术的发展,腔镜的放大性能有益于术中显露和保护胸导管。汕头市中心医院肿瘤外科自2012年10月至2014年1月间,在胸腹腔镜的基础上,对行食管癌切除术患者于术前晚予以口服橄榄油100～150 ml来标记胸导管,有效避免了乳糜胸的发生。现报道如下。     

乳糜胸与术中胸导管预防性结扎

乳糜胸是食管癌切除术后最严重的并发症之一,我科自１９７８～１９９８年共施行食管癌切除术２１６２例,发生乳糜胸２５例（１．１５％）,术中行胸导管预防性结扎者乳糜胸发生率明显低于未行预防性结扎者。１临床资料与方法１．１一般资料和分组按时间顺序和不同的胸导...     

腔镜食管癌切除术前口服橄榄油标示胸导管 减少术后乳糜胸的临床应用研究

目的:探讨腔镜食管癌切除术前口服橄榄油标示胸导管减少术后乳糜胸发生的可行性及临床效果。方法:回顾分析425例接受胸腹腔镜食管癌切除术患者的临床资料。其中观察组233例,于术前约8 h一次性服用食用橄榄油100～150 mL后禁食;对照组192例,术前不口服橄榄油。对比两组乳糜胸相关并发症发生率。结果:观察组术中胸导管损伤率、结扎率、术后乳糜胸发生率及乳糜胸相关二次手术发生率均低于对照组,差异有统计学意义。结论:腔镜食管癌切除术前口服橄榄油标示胸导管减少术后乳糜胸简单、可行,具有确切的临床效果,值得临床推广。     

食管癌根治胸导管结扎后并发乳糜腹一例

患者男,49岁.进行性吞咽困难4个月,胃镜检查见距门齿30cm以下食管环形肿物,黏膜中断、破坏,胃镜不能通过,病理活检结果为鳞状细胞癌.     

食管癌切除术后乳糜胸的预防和治疗(附17例报告)

食管癌切除术中预防性结扎胸导管675例,术后乳糜胸5例,发生率0.75％,每日乳糜液量少于500ml,保守治疗治愈。未预防性结扎胸导管735例食管癌切除术,发生乳糜胸12例,发生率1.64％,乳糜液量大,8例二次手术治愈,1例术后因衰竭死亡。认为预防性结扎胸导管可降低乳糜胸的发生率。     

Prone thoracoscopic thoracic duct ligation for postsurgical chylothorax

Background  Chylothorax after complex abdominal and thoracic procedures remains a challenging complication with a mortality rate reaching 50% if untreated [1]. Iatrogenic trauma accounts for almost 20% of all chyle leaks, and esophagectomy is the most common iatrogenic cause [2]. Consequences of ongoing chyle leak include dehydration, malnutrition, and immunocompromise. Methods  When nonoperative management techniques fail, prompt ligation of the thoracic duct at the diaphragmatic hiatus should be attempted. The authors present prone thoracoscopic thoracic duct ligation performed for two patients after laparoscopic transthoracic esophagectomy and revision paraesophageal hernia repair. Results  The prone position for thoracoscopic thoracic duct ligation offers several benefits to the surgeon. Gravity retracts the lung anteriorly, exposing the diaphragmatic hiatus. Single-lumen endotracheal intubation combined with low-pressure carbon dioxide insufflation efficiently collapses the lung to create ample working space. For the two reported patients, only three trocars were necessary to complete suture ligation of the thoracic duct via the right chest. Both patients had complete resolution of their chylothorax and recovered uneventfully. Based on this experience, the authors currently advocate early thoracoscopic treatment for cost and morbidity savings. Conclusions  The authors believe prone thoracoscopic thoracic duct ligation offers significant advantages to the patient in preventing the dangerous consequences of chyle leak in a timely, minimally invasive fashion. Importantly, the prone technique with carbon dioxide insufflation makes the technical challenges of thoracic duct ligation more facile for the surgeon. Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

Thoracoscopic ligation of the thoracic duct

Summary Traditional operative management for chylous drainage refractory to conservative therapy is thoracic duct ligation via right open thoracotomy. This case report details successful thoracoscopic ligation of the thoracic duct for a chylous leak following a left neck dissection. Since the thoracoscopic approach is less morbid than open thoracotomy, early operative management is recommended for thoracic duct injuries.     

A left thoracic approach in a prone position for thoracoscopic thoracic duct ligation in a patient with post-esophagectomy chylothorax: A case report

IntroductionWe debate whether or not to approach from right thorax for the left chylothorax after esophagectomy.Presentation of caseA 50 s-year-old female underwent right-sided thoracoscopic esophagectomy with three-field lymphadenectomy for esophageal carcinoma (type 0-IIa, 3.4 × 2.2 cm, T1bN0M0, Stage IA), followed by reconstruction with esophagogastric anastomosis through the posterior mediastinum. The thoracic duct was excised and ligated. The left thoracic drainage increased to 2115 mL/day on the fifth postoperative day. Thoracic duct injury was diagnosed, and surgery was performed on sixth postoperative day. With the patient in a prone position, the thoracic duct was ligated successfully under thoracoscopy in the left thorax. The leakage point was found in the crushed duct by 8.8-mm titanium clips. Then, we performed mass ligation of the thoracic duct with 11-mm titanium clips below the leakage point after careful dissection. The surgery took 58 min, with an estimated total blood loss of 0 g.DiscussionAlthough thoracic duct is anatomically located on the right side of the descending aorta, we employed a left-sided thoracoscopic approach due to the chylous leakage in the left thorax. With the patient in the prone position, surgeons can easily convert from a left thoracic approach to a right thoracic approach immediately without postural change if the thoracic duct cannot be found in the left thoracic cavity.ConclusionThis technique is useful and should be considered for patients with left chylothorax.     

Thoracoscopic ligation of the thoracic duct.

OBJECTIVE: When nonoperative treatment of chylothorax fails, thoracic duct ligation is usually performed through a thoracotomy. We describe two cases of persistent chylothorax, in a child and an adult, successfully treated with thoracoscopic ligation of the thoracic duct. METHODS: A 4-year-old girl developed a right chylothorax following a Fontan procedure. Aggressive nonoperative management failed to eliminate the persistent chyle loss. A 72-year-old insulin-dependent diabetic man was involved in a motor vehicle accident, in which he sustained multiple fractured ribs, a right hemopneumothorax, a right femoral shaft fracture, and a T-11 thoracic vertebral fracture. Subsequently, he developed a right chylothorax, which did not respond to nonoperative management. Both patients were successfully treated with thoracoscopic ligation of the thoracic duct. RESULTS: The child had significant decrease of chyle drainage following surgery. Increased drainage that appeared after the introduction of full feedings five days postoperatively was controlled with the somatostatin analog octreotide. The chest tube was removed two weeks after surgery. After two years' follow-up, she has had no recurrence of chylothorax. The adult had no chyle drainage following surgery. He was maintained on a medium-chain triglyceride diet postoperatively for two weeks. The chest tube was removed four days after surgery. After six months' follow-up, he has had no recurrence of chylothorax. CONCLUSIONS: Thoracoscopic ligation of the thoracic duct provides a safe and effective treatment of chylothorax and may avoid thoracotomy and its associated morbidity.     

Prevention of postoperative chylothorax with thoracic duct ligation during video-assisted thoracoscopic esophagectomy for cancer

Background  

Minimally invasive esophagectomy (MIE) is a feasible technique that has been shown to be safe for the treatment of esophageal cancer. Chylothorax remains a challenging and potentially life-threatening postoperative complication of MIE. In this retrospective series, we evaluated the results of preventive intraoperative thoracic duct ligation in patients who underwent video-assisted thoracoscopic esophagectomy for cancer.     

膈上胸导管结扎术在食管癌切除术中的应用

目的探讨胸导管结扎术对食管癌术后乳糜胸的预防和治疗作用。方法回顾性分析我院2003年1月至2009年6月的两组共836例食管癌切除术后的乳糜胸发生情况和治疗效果。其中结扎组431例,术中常规在膈上水平整块结扎胸导管,非结扎组405例,术中未常规结扎胸导管,术后并发乳糜胸者,再次采用手术治疗。结果结扎组无术后乳糜胸发生。非结扎组术后发生乳糜胸15例（3．7％）,治愈13例（86．7％）,死亡2例（13．3％）,1例死于呼吸功能衰竭,1例死于多器官功能衰竭。结论食管癌切除术中常规结扎胸导管可有效预防术后乳糜胸的发生。膈上胸导管结扎法稳妥有效。食管癌术后并发乳糜胸应积极手术治疗。     

A 2-wk conservative treatment regimen preceding thoracic duct ligation is effective and safe for treating post-esophagectomy chylothorax

Background

Chylothorax is a pathologic condition defined by an accumulation of lymphatic fluid, the chyle, in the thorax. Postoperative chylothorax is a potentially lethal complication, with a reported mortality rate of 15.4%–25%.

Patients and methods

Esophageal cancer patients hospitalized for elective radical esophagectomy by thoracotomy (n = 10,574) were consecutively enrolled between January 1996 and December 2011. Patients (n = 306) who experienced post-esophagectomy chylothorax were assigned to a 48-h (group A, n = 186) or to a 2-wk (group B, n = 120) conservative treatment regimen. For patients with a daily chylothorax output >1000 mL, thoracic duct ligation (TDL) was performed by thoracotomy. Measured outcomes included frequency of TDL, overall and treatment-specific morbidity and mortality rates, and the rate of chylothorax recurrence.

Results

A total of 171 patients (171 of 306 [55.9%]) underwent TDL. A larger proportion of patients in group A required TDL compared with group B (72.6% versus 30.0%, P < 0.001). Group A had a significantly higher rate of overall morbidity compared with group B (31.7% versus 19.2%, P = 0.02). Moreover, the overall mortality rate was significantly higher in group A (14.0% versus 4.2%, P = 0.006). Chylothorax recurred in nine patients (9 of 306 [2.9%]), and there was no difference between the two groups (3.2% versus 2.5%, P = 1.000).

Conclusions

The 2-wk regimen reduced the requirement for TDL and the overall morbidity and mortality rates compared with the 48-h regimen. Importantly, this regimen does not increase the risk of chylothorax recurrence.     

Laparoscopic ligation of the thoracic duct in management of chylothorax

Laparoscopic ligation of the cisterna chyli at the level of the aortic hiatus was performed in a 69-year-old woman with post-lobectomy chylothorax refractory to 3 weeks of conservative therapy and one repeat thoracotomy with attempted ligation of a leaking lymphatic channel. This laparoscopic procedure was successful, and resolution of the chylothorax was achieved. We feel that this technique offers surgeons a valid, minimally invasive treatment option for a persistent chylothorax in which conservative management or more direct thoracic procedures have failed to control the chyle leak.     

改良全脊椎切除技术后路一期切除胸椎肿瘤

目的 探讨改良全脊椎切除技术经后路一期切除胸椎肿瘤的可操作性和安全性.方法 自主研制了系列经后路一期全椎体切除手术器械,包括:新型线锯切割器、椎间盘开口器、线锯导引钳和挡板拉钩,将Tomita提出的由前向后全脊椎切除"一步切割法"改良为由内向外"两步切割法",即:先利用椎间盘开口器由脊柱后方、经硬膜和椎体间隙斜行由椎间盘水平向前方穿刺,穿刺至挡板拉钩后.抽出穿刺针,将自制线锯由椎间盘开口器套简内穿过,利用线锯导引钳将线锯由同侧导出,由内向外完成对一侧椎间盘的切割,同样完成邻位椎间盘的切割,上该侧脊柱固定棒,同法完成对侧两个椎间盘的切割.利用该改良全椎体切除技术对5例胸椎肿瘤进行了经后路一期全椎体切除的临床应用研究.5例患者分别为:骨母细胞瘤1例,骨巨细胞瘤2例,恶性血管瘤1例,前列腺癌骨转移1例.结果 5例患者术后神经症状无加重,3例有明显改善,平均手术时间7.6h,平均术中出血量1750ml,无硬膜破裂和脑脊液漏发生.术后平均随访18.2(10～35)个月,截止到随访结束均无复发.结论 应用改良全脊椎切除技术经后路一期切除胸椎肿瘤在技术上是可行的,其可操作性和安全性较传统的Tomita全椎体切除术有明显提高.