婴儿小肠肌间神经丛及神经节细胞的形态学观察

目的用镀银染色铺片法对婴儿小肠肌间神经丛进行了形态学观察,为小肠的肠道神经系统发生以及生理、病理学研究提供形态学依据。方法大体解剖新鲜婴尸5具,取小肠应用镀银染色铺片法观察小肠肌间神经丛。结果婴儿小肠肌间神经丛由神经纤维束和神经节组成,呈与肠管共同始终的连续网格状结构,神经节细胞形态呈高度的异质性,神经细胞平均密度为878个/cm2。结论婴儿小肠肌间神经丛的形态和其他实验动物及成人基本相似,但从神经细胞的形态来看,则存在明显的异质性。婴儿小肠肌间神经元数低于成人和其他实验动物。     

婴儿结肠肌间神经丛及神经节细胞的形态学观察

目的用镀银染色铺片法对婴儿结肠肌间神经丛进行了形态学观察,为结肠的ENS发生以及生理、病理学研究就及肠神经异常性疾病诊治提供形态学依据。方法大体解剖新鲜婴尸,取结肠各段应用镀银染色铺片法观察,测量神经节分布密度及体积。结果婴儿结肠各部神经节形态分布无显著差异,婴儿结肠肌间神经丛由神经纤维束和神经节组成,呈与肠管共同始终的连续网格状结构,神经节细胞形态呈高度的异质性,未见巨细胞,神经细胞平均密度为327.32个/cm2。结论婴儿结肠肌间神经丛的形态和其他实验动物及成人基本相似,但从神经细胞的形态来看,则存在明显的异质性。婴儿结肠肌间神经元数低于成人和其他实验动物。婴儿结肠肌间神经元形态学改变与肠神经异常性疾病具有紧密联系。     

人小肠肌间神经丛的形态学观察

用镀银染色铺片法及常规电镜技术，对人小肠肌间神经丛进行了形态学观察。结果表明：人小肠肌间神经丛由神经纤维束和神经节组成呈与肠管共同始终的连续网格状态结构。神经节细胞形态呈高度的异南性、体积变异大，自１７９．８－３６８１７．６μｍ＾３，神经细胞平均密度为１３７５个／ｃｍ＾２。电镜下可见神经节为神经细胞与神经胶质细胞组成的实体，神经细胞胞体包埋于神经细胞与神经胶质细胞突起组成的神经纤维网中，仙含多种没     

豚鼠胃肠壁内神经丛的磷酸醋、醋类和神经递质代谢有关的酶组织化学观察

本文报道用光镜半定量和显微光度计定量分析研究了豚鼠胃肠壁内神经丛神经元的几种酶的组织化学反应。结果表明,神经元的碱性磷酸酶(AlP)、酸性磷酸酶(AcP)、5′-核苷酸酶(5′-Nase)、硫胺素焦磷酸酶(TPPase)、非特异性酯酶(NsE)和胆碱乙酰转移酶(ChAT)反应强弱明显不等。消化道不同节段或不同部位神经元的单胺氧化酶(MAO)、氨基肽酸(AP)和乙酰胆碱酯酶(AChE)反应虽有差别,但却显阳性反应,同一神经节内各神经元的反应比较近似。胃肠各段壁内神经丛中50～66%神经元呈ChAT强阳性反应,这些细胞可能为胆碱能神经元。整个消化道粘膜下丛与肠肌丛神经元相比,除NsE外,另几种酶均有高度显著差异。粘膜下丛神经元AcP和AP反应较强,肠肌丛神经元AlP、5′-Nase、TPPase、MAO、ChAT和AChE反应较强,胃壁内神经丛不如肠道的发达。尤其是胃粘膜下丛只见少数单个散在的神经元,它们的各种酶组织化学反应均较弱。各段肠中,以十二指肠和近端结肠壁内神经丛神经元的各种酶组织化学反应较强。上述结果表明,消化道不同部位以及同一部位不同类型的神经元在代谢和功能上有明显的差别。     

大鼠小肠降钙素基因相关肽的正常分布

降钙素基因相关肽(Calcitonin gene-related peptide,CGRP)是近年发现的一种新肽,目前尚未见国内有报道,我们应用免疫过氧化物酶法(PAP法),对10只Sprage-Dawley系成年大鼠(180～250g)小肠(切片和分层铺片)CGRP的正常分布,进行了观察。结果显示,大鼠小肠具有丰富的CGRP分布。降钙素基因相关肽免疫反应(CGRP-I)神经细胞位于肌间和粘膜下神经丛。肌间神经丛的CGRP-I神经细胞主要位于神经节内,为CGRP-I神经纤维所包绕,少数位于节旁,个别细胞也见于节间束。细胞常为卵圆或多边形,细胞中央或略偏一侧有一较大的浅染区,为核所在部位,核周区染色较浅,有时可见轴突的起始段。粘膜下丛的CG-     

发育中的人胎小肠神经肽的研究

目的　研究人胎小肠壁P物质 (SP)和降钙素基因相关肽 (CGRP) IR肽能神经的分布和发育规律。方法　苏木精伊红 (HE)染色和免疫组织化学ABC法。结果　在胎儿发育过程中 ,小肠组织形态及其神经肽的发生、分化出现明显的变化 ,其分化由十二指肠向空肠、回肠依次进行。第 14周开始 ,胎儿小肠壁粘膜下层、肌层间结缔组织中偶见SP能、CGRP能神经纤维及神经元免疫反应产物 ,第 34周至 38周时反应最强 ,神经元从浅棕色到深棕色 ,神经纤维呈串珠状或点线状。从SP、CGRP免疫组织化学相邻切片上看 ,两者部分存在共存现象。结论　人胎小肠壁存在SP IR、CGRP IR肽能神经 ,粘膜下和肌间神经丛存在SP IR、CGRP IR肽能神经元和神经纤维 ,二种神经肽的分布有差异     

扬子鳄胃的神经支配

采用组化方法对７只扬子鳄胃的神经支配进行了研究。结果如下：粘膜下层有胆碱酯酶（ＡＣｈＥ）阳性反应神经节和神经纤维相互交织组成的神经丛，一些神经纤维穿过粘膜在基底膜附近形成次组丛，终止在腺细胞。在环行肌和纵行肌之间有丰富的ＡＣｈＥ阳性反应神经节和神经丛。在肌层内胆碱能神经的走向与平滑肌细胞的长轴平行。肾上腺素能神经只见于肌层，神经纤维同样与平滑肌细胞长轴平行。     

豚鼠小肠壁神经丛的形态学观察

本文应用光镜和电镜对成年豚鼠小肠壁神经丛,粘膜下丛和肠肌神经丛进行了形态学的观察。神经丛是由AchE阳性反应的神经细胞组成不规则形状的神经节,以节间神经束连接构成,在铺片上显示为不规则的网状图案。肾上腺素能神经纤维成花篮状包围无荧光性的神经细胞体并在小血管,主要是小动脉周围形或致密的血管周神经丛,少数神经纤维直接分布于平滑肌。电镜观察显示,肠壁神经节不同于其它植物性神经节,节外无厚的结缔组织被膜而仅被以一层薄的均质性的基板,再外为成纤维细胞的纤长的突起。神经节是由神经细胞和神经胶质细胞以及它们的突起组成的实体,内不含其它细胞或组织成份。神经细胞被部份包埋于错综交织的神经纤维网中。神经纤维网很少包围整个神经细胞体。因此,常可见到神经细胞的部份胞膜直接露于节外间隙,中仅隔以一层基板。在神经节内还可见到含有不同类型突触小泡的神经终末支及其形成的突触(以轴体和轴树突触为多见)。本文实验观察表明,肠壁神经节的结构在许多方面与中枢神经系统相似而明显区别于其它植物性神经节。与中枢神经系统的主要不同点在于同一肠壁神经节内的神经细胞在形态上显示的不均一性。     

人空肠NPY能神经分布的研究

本文用免疫组织化学ABC法,对神经肽Y(NPY)能神经纤维和神经元在人空肠壁内的分布进行了研究.结果:NPY能神经纤维和神经元呈棕褐色;NPY能神经纤维遍布肠壁各层,位于粘膜固有层内的神经纤维在小肠腺周围交织或疏网状.NPY能神经元见于肌间及粘膜下神经丛,尤以后者为多.粘膜内也可见NPY能神经元,它们分布于小肠腺下方,紧靠粘膜肌,或位于粘膜肌内.     

豚鼠胆囊及胆道的神经支配

胆硷能和肾上腺能神经在胆囊及胆道的分布存在众说纷纭、互相矛盾的实验报告结果。作者用组织化学方法,清楚地证明在豚鼠胆囊及胆道壁内存在三个神经丛:粘膜丛,神经节丛和血管外周神经丛。胆硷能和肾上腺素能神经存在于三个神经丛内。全铺片显示神经节丛是由小而形状不规则的神经节连接以长而纤细的神经束组成网状,     

新生儿胆总管末端与十二指肠连接处的神经支配

本文采用诱发荧光和胆碱酯酶组化、髓鞘染色、镀银等技术,对41例新生儿胆总管末端与十二指肠连接处的神经分布进行了系统地观察。证明该区有丰富的胆碱能、肾上腺素能神经分布,神经的密度与平滑肌的含量有关。在此区内未见肾上腺素能节后神经元,但可见副交感节后神经元,后者属DogielⅠ型和DogielⅡ型神经细胞。大小不等的AChE阳性神经节,神节丛节位于外膜、肌层及乏特氏壶腹粘膜下。在该区外膜处的血管附近还发现ButhE阳性小神经节、小神经节群。ButhE阳性神经纤维布于粘膜下及血管壁,并在血管附近形成小丛。     

Carbonic anhydrase in the monkey stomach and intestine

The distribution of carbonic anhydrase in the stomach and intestine of the cynomolgus monkey (Macaca fascicularis) was studied by the histochemical method of Hansson. In the gastric surface epithelium high enzyme activity was found in the cytoplasm and at the lateral cell borders. The parietal cells in the gastric glands also showed high enzyme activity, while the chief cells were less active. The mucous cells in the pyloric glands and in the Brunner's glands demonstrated a staining pattern similar to that of gastric surface cells. The mucosa of the duodenum and the jejunum was less intensely stained than the gastric mucosa. The enzyme activity was located at the lateral cell borders of the enterocytes, with weak or no cytoplasmic activity. Goblet cells and Paneth cells were unstained. In the ileum a small number of epithelial cells displayed high enzyme activity; their identity is not clear at present. In the cecum and colon large amounts of cytoplasmic carbonic anhydrase were found in the surface epithelium and in the upper part of the glands. Capillaries showing clear enzyme staining were found in the mucosa of all tissues; they were often located close to the surface epithelium and the glands. In the stomach, cecum and colon the distribution of the enzyme in the monkey appears very similar to that reported for other mammalian species, but in the small intestine clear differences exist. The functional role of carbonic anhydrase at the various sites in the gastrointestinal tract is only partly understood.     

Expression and Immunohistochemical Detection of Leptin‐Like Peptide in the Gastrointestinal Tract of the South American Sea Lion (Otaria flavescens) and the Bottlenose Dolphin (Tursiops truncatus)

This study provides an immunohistochemical approach to the expression of leptin in the gastrointestinal tract of the monogastric South American sea lion (Otaria flavescens), and the poligastric bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus). The specific organization of the gastrointestinal tract is examined in relation to the neuroendocrine regulation of the gut exerted by leptin. In the South American sea lion some leptin‐like‐immunoreactive (ir) cells, and endocrine type cells, were found in the pit of gastric mucosal folds and in the epithelium of duodenum as well as numerous neurons were detected in the submucosal and myenteric plexuses of the stomach. In the bottlenose dolphin, many leptin‐like‐ir cells, and exocrine type cells, were identified in the mucosal layer of the main stomach as well as several neurons and nervous fibers were detected in nervous plexuses of main stomach, pyloric stomach, proximal, and middle intestine. Our data suggest that the distribution of leptin‐like peptides is similar in the two species, notwithstanding the different anatomical organization of the gastrointestinal apparatus of South American sea lion and bottlenose dolphin. These findings “suggest” the presence of a basal plan in the regulation of food intake, body weight, energy balance and of the gastrointestinal functions in general also in marine mammals with different and specific feeding habits. Anat Rec, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Changes in the blood supply of the gastrointestinal tract in rats with age

Summary Regional blood flow of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and cardiac output have been determined in male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing from 30–726 g. The cardiac output (ml/min per kg) was highest in rats weighing 80–100 g. In heavier rats the cardiac output decreased proportionally with the body weight. The gradient of blood flow to the different parts of the GI tract develops step by step. In the weaning period the blood flow (ml/min per g tissue) through the stomach was less than that through the distal parts of the GI tract. However, the blood flow through the small intestine, cecum and large intestine was uniform at this age. In rats weighing 80–100 g the blood flow through both the cecum and large intestine was less than that through the small intestine. The gradient in blood flow through the various segments of small intestine developed last.     

小肠肠肌神经丛的形态学和嗜银性研究——消化道神经支配研究之一

本文采用铺片银浸染法,显示出人小肠肠肌神经丛是由神经束(分初级、次级和三级束)和神经节(分大型、小型和节间神经节)组成。神经节细胞的形态不一,嗜银程度各异,共可分为三大类。1类神经细胞的核、核周质与突起均染现,依形态鉴别出Ⅰ—Ⅳ型(共9个亚型),其中有的亚型尚未见有文献报道。每一形态学亚型又包括有1—4种嗜银性不同的神经元。2类神经细胞的突起未染现,只显示核与核周质,依嗜银性的差异分为3种。3类神经细胞仅有核或核仁显现。神经细胞的嗜银性可能与细胞处于不同的发育期或不同的生理功能状态有关。本文就肠肌神经节细胞的分型原则,形态与功能意义,嗜银性及其与其它组化特性的关系进行了讨论。     

Intestinal Dipeptidases: III. Characterization and Determination of Dipeptidase Activity in Adult Rat Intestinal Mucosa

Five dipeptidase activities in the mucosa of the rat small intestine have been determined and characterized by the aid of a new spectrophotometric assay method.The distribution of the dipeptidase activities along the gastrointestinal tract has been investigated. The activities were low in the stomach, the cecum and the large intestine, while high activities were found along the whole length of the small intestine with the maximum localized to its middle part. The relation of our present findings to previous observations about the rat intestinal dipeptidases has been discussed. Some differences with respect to both their properties and their distribution were observed in com- parison with the dipeptidases of the pig intestinal mucosa.     

胚胎及新生大鼠胃肠道IAPP免疫反应细胞的个体发生

用免疫组织化学ＰＡＰ法研究了胚胎及新生大鼠肠道ＩＡＰＰ免疫反应细胞的个体发生。结果表明，胚胎１４及１５ｄ，大鼠胃肠道未见ＩＡＰＰ－ＩＲ细胞，胚胎１７ｄ，ＩＡＰＰ－ＩＲ细胞很少，分散在未分化完全的肠上皮细胞间，胚胎１９ｄ，在胃和小肠可见到ＩＡＰＰ－ＩＲ细胞，以十二肠较多。胚胎２１ｄ及新生大鼠，ＩＡＰＰ－ＩＲ细胞分布于胃肠道各段，仍以十二指肠多见。它们主要位于上皮细胞间，偶见于小肠绒毛中轴的结缔组织中     

Neuronal distribution and subcellular localization of HCNP-like immunoreactivity in rat small intestine

A novel peptide, hippocampal cholinergic neurostimulating peptide (HCNP), originally purified from young rat hippocampus, affects the development of specific cholinergic neurons of the central nervous system in vitro. In this study, HCNP-like-immunoreactive nerve processes and nerve cell bodies were identified by electron microscopic immunocytochemistry in the rat small intestine. Labeled nerve processes were numerous in the circular muscle layer and around the submucosal blood vessels. In the submucosal and myenteric plexuses, some HCNP-like-immunopositive nerve cell bodies and nerve fibers were present. The reaction product was deposited on the membranes of various subcellular organelles, including the rough endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi saccules, ovoid electron-lucent synaptic vesicles in axon terminals associated with submucosal and myenteric plexuses, and the outer membranes of a few mitochondria. The synaptic vesicles of HCNP-like-positive terminals were 60–85 nm in diameter. The present data provide direct immunocytochemical evidence that HCNP-like-positive nerve cell bodies and nerve fibers are present in the submucosal and myenteric plexuses of the rat small intestine. An immunohistochemical light microscopic study using mirror-image sections revealed that in both the submucosal and myenteric ganglia, almost all choline acetyltransferase (ChAT)-immunoreactive neurons were also immunoreactive for HCNP. These observations suggest (i) that HCNP proper and/or HCNP precursor protein is a membrane-associated protein with a widespread subcellular distribution, (ii) that HCNP precursor protein may be biosynthesized within neurons localized in the rat enteric nervous system, and (iii) that HCNP proper and/or HCNP precursor protein are probably stored in axon terminals.     

P2X2受体在大鼠胃肠系统肌间神经节中的分布

目的:研究P2X2受体在大鼠胃肠系统肌间神经节中的分布,为研究ATP作为神经递质对胃肠道肌间神经节节细胞的作用提供形态学基础。方法:免疫组织化学。结果:从胃到结肠均有P2X2受体阳性神经元和神经纤维分布,胃、小肠和结肠分别约60％、70％和50％的肌间神经节节细胞为P2X2受体阳性。结论:胃肠道系统多数肌间神经节节细胞都能通过ATP受体特别是P2X2受体对ATP产生反应。     

鹅胃肠内分泌细胞的免疫组织化学定位

应用６种胃肠激素抗血清，对鹅胃肠各段的内分泌细胞分布进行了免疫组织化学定位。腺胃显示有较多促胃泌素释放肽和生长抑素细胞。肌胃有较多促胃泌素释放肽、生长抑素和胃泌素细胞，少量胰多肽细胞。幽门部有大量的生长抑素细胞，密集的胃泌素细胞，偶见胰多肽细胞。小肠内有胃泌素、胰多肽和生长抑素细胞，细胞类型和数量由前段向后段逐渐减少。未检出胃动素和抑胃肽细胞。