他汀类药物预防缺血性卒中/TIA的安全性

他汀类药物(statins),也称3-羟基3-甲基戊二酰辅酶A(3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A,HMG-CoA)还原酶抑制剂。     

Essen卒中风险评分量表联合CT血管造影评分对短暂性脑缺血发作患者脑梗死的预测价值

目的 探讨Essen卒中风险评分量表(ESRS)联合CTA评分对TIA患者脑梗死的预测价值.方法 对262例TIA患者进行ESRS及头颅CTA检查,并随访1年.采用ROC曲线评估ESRS与ESRS联合CTA评分对TIA后1年发生脑梗死风险预测价值.结果 ESRS预测脑梗死风险的ROC曲线下面积为0.701(95％ CI:0.627 ～0.774,P＜0.05);当评分为2.5时,其灵敏度和特异度之和最大.ESRS联合CTA评分预测脑梗死风险的ROC曲线下面积为0.773(95％ CI:0.710 ～0.836,P＜0.05);当评分为3.5时,其灵敏度和特异度之和最大.结论 ESRS及ESRS联合CTA评分对TIA患者1年后发生脑梗死风险具有预测价值,且后者的准确性更高.     

ABCD2评分法结合CTA预测TIA患者近期卒中风险的临床研究

目的 探讨采用ABCD2评分法对短暂脑缺血发作(TIA)患者短期内进展为脑梗死的预测价值;评价脑血管狭窄与TIA患者脑梗死发生率及ABCD2评分之间的关系.方法 按照Johnston等对TIA的ABCD2评分标准,测定98例TIA患者的评分并危险分组,观察其2、7d内脑梗死的发生率,比较各危险组之间卒中率的差异;通过CTA评估脑血管狭窄,并分为血管狭窄≥50％组与血管狭窄＜50％组,分析脑血管狭窄与2、7d内脑梗死的发生率的关系,评价ABCD2评分与脑血管狭窄之间的相关性.结果 (1)评分≤3分的TIA患者有40例.2、7d发生脑梗死的例数分别为0例(0％)、2例(5％);评分为4～5分的患者46例,2、7d进展为脑梗死的例数分别为4例(8.7％)、11例(23％);评分≥6分的患者12例,2、7d进展为脑梗死的例数分别为3例(25％)、4例(33.3％).不同ABCD2评分值的TIA患者,其脑梗死发生率差异均有统计学意义(P均＜0.05).(2)脑血管狭窄≥50％组与狭窄＜50％组比较,TIA后7d内卒中发生率明显增高,且其脑梗死发生率差异有统计学意义(21.4％ vs 5.6％,P=0.04).(3)血管狭窄≥50％组与狭窄＜50％组比较,中、高危的比率增高(46.4％ vs 19.4％),且其比率增高有统计学意义(P=0.02).结论 (1) ABCD2评分能够预测TIA患者2、7d内卒中发生率,是临床预测TIA短期进展为脑梗死的一种简便、有效的方法.ABCD2评分值不同的TIA患者,脑梗死的发生率不同,分值越高,发生率越高.(2)合并中重度血管狭窄的TIA患者较脑血管无明显狭窄的TIA患者更易发生脑梗死.(3)ABCD2评分与脑血管狭窄具有相关性.     

前移二级预防的关口,警惕短暂性脑缺血发作/小卒中

短暂性脑缺血发作(transient ischemic attack,TIA)和急性缺血性小卒中,均属于急性非致残性脑血管事件.由于其"非致残性"的特点,TIA或小卒中处于一种易被公众和医生忽视的状态.但TIA和小卒中患者恰恰是复发性卒中的高危个体,其急性期复发风险最高.     

解读《欧洲卒中组织2008缺血性卒中/短暂性脑缺血发作指南》

2008年5月欧洲卒中组织(European Stroke Organisation,ESO)发布了《ESO2008缺血性卒中/短暂性脑缺血发作指南》(ESO2008)[1]。作为2006年新成立的组织,ESO接替欧洲卒中促进会(European Stroke Initiative,EUSI)进行关于卒中指南的更新工作。与EUSI2000年首版卒中干预推荐和200     

ABCD评分系统预测TIA短期内进展至脑梗死的价值探讨

目的 探讨采用ABCD评分预测短暂性脑缺血发作短期内进展为脑梗死的价值.方法 按照Rothwell对TIA的ABCD评分标准,测定77例TIA患者的评分和观察7d内脑梗死的发生率.结果 评分0分的TIA患者有3例,脑梗死的发生率为0;1～2分的TIA患者23例,脑梗死发生率17.4%;评分3～4分的TIA患者36例,脑梗死的发生率27.8 %;评分5分的TIA患者8例,脑梗死发生率为37.5% ;评分6分的TIA患者7例,脑梗死发生率85.7%.年龄＞60岁,血压140/ 90 mmHg,偏瘫伴口齿含糊,症状持续时间>60min的患者中脑梗死发生率明显增高.结论 TIA患者的ABCD评分值与7d内脑梗死的发生率相关,分值越高,发生率越高;反之,分值越低,发生率越低;Rothwell的ABCD评分标准是临床上预测TIA短期内进展为脑梗死的一种快速、简便和比较有效的方法.     

缺血性卒中或短暂性脑缺血发作患者的卒中预防指南

这份新声明旨在为缺血性卒中或短暂性脑缺血发作存活者的缺血性卒中预防提供全面和及时的循证推荐，循证推荐包括对危险因素的控制，动脉粥样硬化性疾病的干预措施，心源性栓塞的抗栓治疗以及非心源性卒中抗血小板药的应用。另外，还为其他多种特殊情况下复发性卒中的预防提供了推荐、包括动脉夹层分离、卵圆孔未闭、高同型半胱氨酸血症、高凝状态、镰状细胞病、脑静脉窦血栓形成、女性卒中（特别是与妊娠和绝经后激素替代治疗相关卒中），脑出血后肮凝药的应用，以及该指南在高危人群中执行和应用的特殊措施。     

他汀类药物防治缺血性卒中/短暂性脑缺血发作专家共识

【编者按】 卒中已成为中国人口死亡和致残的第一位原因,尽管脑血管病的诊疗技术不断提高,但缺血性卒中的病死率、复发率和致残率仍居高不下,危险因素的全面管理对减少复发和残疾至关重要。血脂异常是公认的缺血性卒中/短暂性脑缺血发作（transient ischemic attack,TIA）的可控危险因素之一,为了更好地指导神经科医师的临床实践,本刊组织我国部分神经科专家,在参考旧版《他汀类药物防治缺血性卒中/短暂性脑缺血发作专家共识》（以下简称共识）基础上[1],全面复习他汀相关最新文献,结合中国国情和临床现状,制定更新版《他汀类药物防治缺血性卒中/短暂性脑缺血发作专家共识》,并附以研究证据等级及推荐强度（表1[2]）,以期指导神经科医师合理地使用他汀类药物,科学地防治缺血性卒中/TIA。     

短暂性脑缺血发作早期卒中风险预测方法的研究进展

短暂性脑缺血发作（transient ischemic attack,TIA）是一种常见的脑血管病,患者发病后早期卒中风险较高。近年来出现了一些TIA患者早期卒中风险预测的方法。为了更好地预测TIA患者的早期卒中风险,从而对患者进行分层管理和治疗,本文对TIA早期卒中风险预测方法的研究进展进行了回顾。     

联合应用ABCD2评分与头颅MR对TIA及小卒中早期预后的研究

目的分析ABCD 2评分结合磁共振MRA及DWI评分(ABCD2-DI评分)评价TIA及小卒中患者发病后7～90d脑梗死的发生率/复发率。方法以2010-01—2012-06住院TIA及小卒中患者为研究对象,入院后72h内完善头颅MR(包括MRA及DWI),进行ABCD2-DI评分,随访发病后7d、30d及90d脑梗死发生率/复发率。结果 TIA患者7d、30d及90d内脑梗死发生率分别为19.9%、23.5%及29.4%;小卒中患者7d、30d及90d内脑梗死发生率分别为26.2%、28.6%及33.9%;TIA/小卒中发生后7d内新发脑梗死/短期复发概率较高,患者随着时间延长其复发率较TIA发展为脑梗死概率更高。结论 ABCD 2-DI评分可提高对TIA及小卒中患者发病后90d内脑梗死发生率及复发率的预测,尤其是TIA发生后7d内更为明显。     

The Hydration Influence on the Risk of Stroke (THIRST) Study

Objective  There is a decreased sensation of thirst and often dehydration among the elderly population. It is unclear whether it represents a contributing factor for cerebral ischemic events. Design  Consecutive patients presenting to a University Hospital within 24 h of symptom onset, and a discharge diagnosis of acute ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack in the year 2005, were identified. Healthy controls matched to gender, age, and presence of diabetes mellitus were obtained from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 1999–2004. Calculated plasma osmolality of patients and healthy controls was compared in groups defined by age; ≥65 years and <65 years, before and after adjustment for possible confounders. Plasma osmolality comparisons were also made between subjects with and without diabetes mellitus or diuretic use. Within the patients group, comparisons were made according to stroke subtypes and time from symptom onset; ≤6 h vs. >6 h. Results  Plasma osmolality of patients ≥65 years was significantly higher than that of matched healthy controls, and the difference remained significant when we adjusted for potential confounders (295.4 vs. 292.3 mOsm/kg, difference 3.1, standard error (SE) 1.13, P = 0.006). Patients taking diuretics had higher plasma osmolality than patients not taking diuretics (296.0 ± 8.0 vs. 292.4 ± 8.0 mOsm/kg, P = 0.0026). Among patients, there was no difference between subgroups defined by stroke subtypes or time from symptom onset. Conclusions  Elderly patients presenting with acute ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack have high plasma osmolality levels, suggestive of volume depletion. This seems to be an early phenomenon and possibly a contributing factor to cerebral ischemia. Work performed at the Department of Neurology and Neurosciences, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, USA.     

氯吡格雷联合阿司匹林治疗对轻型卒中与短暂性脑缺血发作患者功能预后的影响：CHANCE与POINT试验联合分析

目的 评价氯吡格雷联合阿司匹林双抗治疗对轻型缺血性卒中与TIA患者功能预后的影响。 方法 提取CHANCE和POINT试验所有的个体数据。这两项试验中,所有纳入患者在症状发作12 h （POINT）或24 h（CHANCE）以内随机接受氯吡格雷联用阿司匹林或单用阿司匹林治疗。结局指标为3个 月时功能预后不良（mRS≥2）,三等级定义卒中复发[致残性或致死性卒中复发（mRS≥2）、非致残性 卒中复发（mRS 0或1）、无卒中复发]。 结果 共10 013例患者纳入分析,其中来自CHANCE试验5132例（51.3%）,来自POINT试验4881例 （48.7%）;氯吡格雷联用阿司匹林组4995例（49.9%）,单用阿司匹林组5018例（50.1%）。氯吡格雷联 用阿司匹林组3个月时功能预后不良的患者比例低于单用阿司匹林组（11.6% vs 12.6%,校正OR 0.82, 95%CI 0.72～0.94,P =0.005）。氯吡格雷联用阿司匹林组致残性或致死性卒中复发（4.6% vs 6.1%, 校正OR 0.73,95%CI 0.61～0.87,P <0.001）、非致残性卒中复发（1.9% vs 3.0%,校正OR 0.62,95%CI 0.47～0.80,P <0.001）和卒中复发的整体致残性（校正cOR 0.70,95%CI 0.60～0.81,P <0.001）低于单 用阿司匹林组。 结论 与单用阿司匹林治疗相比,氯吡格雷联用阿司匹林治疗可进一步改善轻型缺血性卒中和TIA 患者3个月时功能预后,减少致残性卒中复发。     

Japanese Versus Non-Japanese Patients with Transient Ischemic Attack or Minor Stroke: Subanalysis of TIA registry.org

BackgroundTIAregistry.org is an international cohort of patients with transient ischemic attack (TIA) or minor stroke within 7 days before enrollment in the registry. Main analyses of 1-year follow-up data have been reported.⁵ We conducted subanalysis on the baseline and 1-year follow-up data of Japanese patients.MethodsThe patients were classified into 2 groups based on Japanese ethnicity, Japanese (345) and non-Japanese (3238), and their baseline data and 1-year event rates were compared. We also determined risk factors and predictors of 1-year stroke.ResultsCurrent smoking, regular alcohol drinking, intracranial arterial stenosis, and small vessel occlusion; and hypertension, dyslipidemia, coronary artery disease, and extracranial arterial stenosis were more and less common among Japanese patients, respectively. Stroke risk was higher and TIA risk was lower at 1-year follow-up among Japanese patients. The baseline risk factors for recurrent stroke were diabetes, alcohol drinking, and large artery atherosclerosis. Independent predictors of 1-year stroke risk were prior congestive heart failure and alcohol consumption.ConclusionsThe two populations of patients featured differences in risk factors, stroke subtypes, and outcome events. Predictors of recurrent stroke among Japanese patients included congestive heart failure and regular alcohol drinking. Strategies to attenuate residual risk of stroke aside from adherence to current guidelines should take our Japanese-patient specific findings into account.     

患者基线颈动脉斑块对比增强超声定量分析对TIA患者再发脑梗死的预测价值

目的 探讨颈动脉斑块对比增强超声(Contrast-enhanced ultrasound,CEUS)定量分析对短暂性脑缺血发作(Transient ischemic stroke,TIA)患者再发脑梗死的预测价值。方法 纳入2018年2月-2019年2月收治的94例老年TIA患者为研究对象,入院时采集患者人口学资料、临床特征资料,所有患者均接受常规TIA治疗,并收集治疗后患者临床资料,治疗后随访2年,记录94例老年TIA患者再发脑梗死情况,根据患者是否再发生脑梗死分为再发组和未再发组; 采用Cox回归方程分析老年TIA患者再发脑梗死的预测因子并构建预测模型,分析其预测效能。结果 94例老年TIA患者截止最后随访日期2021年2月21日,出现12例失访,最终纳入82例患者,其中33例患者出现再发脑梗死为再发组,49例未出现再发脑梗死为未再发组; 单变量分析显示2组甘油三酯(Triglyceride,TG)、低密度脂蛋白(Low density lipoprotein,LDL)、血栓调节蛋白水平有明显差异(P<0.05); Cox分析显示LDL(HR=0.026)、血栓调节蛋白(HR=0.029)、峰值时间信号强度(Parameters of time-intensity curve,P TIC)(HR=0.030)、清晰度(Sharpness,S FC)(HR=0.020),曲线下面积(Under the curve area,AUC FC)(HR=0.043)是老年TIA后再发脑梗死的预测因子; 列线图模型预测老年TIA后再发脑梗死的C-指数为0.881,校正曲线显示绝对误差为0.034。结论 基于基线LDL、血栓调节蛋白、P TIC,S FC,AUC FC建立的老年TIA后再发脑梗死预测模型具备较高的预测效能。     

Urgent Recanalization with Stenting for Severe Intracranial Atherosclerosis after Transient Ischemic Attack or Minor Stroke

Objective

Stenting of symptomatic intracranial stenosis has recently become an alternative treatment modality. However, urgent intracranial stenting in patients with intracranial stenosis following a transient ischemic attack (TIA) or minor stroke is open to dispute. We sought to assess the feasibility, safety, and effectiveness of urgent intracranial stenting for severe stenosis (>70%) in TIA or minor stroke patients.

Methods

Between June 2009 and October 2010, stent-assisted angioplasty by using a balloon-expandable coronary stent for intracranial severe stenosis (>70%) was performed in 7 patients after TIA and 5 patients after minor stroke (14 stenotic lesions). Technical success rates, complications, angiographic findings, and clinical outcomes were retrospectively analyzed.

Results

Stenting was successful in all 12 patients. The mean time from symptom onset to stenting was 2.1 days (1-8 days). Post-procedural angiography showed restoration to a normal luminal diameter in all patients. In-stent thrombosis occurred in one patient (n=1, 8.3%), and was lysed with abciximab. No device-related complications, such as perforations or dissections at the target arteries or intracranial hemorrhaging, occurred in any patient. The mortality rate was 0%. No patient had an ischemic event over the mean follow-up period of 12.5 months (range, 7-21 months), and follow-up angiography (n=7) revealed no significant in-stent restenosis (>50%).

Conclusion

Urgent recanalization with stenting is feasible, safe, and effective in patients with TIA or acute minor stroke with intracranial stenosis of ≥70%.     

青年缺血性卒中的中国缺血性卒中亚型及危险因素分析

目的 分析青年缺血性卒中的病因分型以及危险因素,以期对青年缺血性卒中的防治有所帮助。 方法 回顾性分析2011年1～12月于我院脑病中心住院的共52例青年缺血性卒中患者（青年卒中组） 的临床资料,随机抽取同期住院的中老年缺血性卒中患者50例作为中老年卒中组,进行中国缺血性 卒中亚型（Chinese ischemic stroke subclassification,CISS）病因分型以及危险因素分析。 结果 ①青年卒中组男性46例（88.46%）,女性6例（11.54%）,与中老年卒中组差异存在显著 性（χ2=5.573,P =0.018）。②青年卒中组CISS分型分布依次为大动脉粥样硬化型（large artery atherosclerosis,LAA）46.15%,穿支动脉疾病型（penetrating artery disease,PAD）36.54%,病因不确定 型（undetermined etiology,UE）11.54%,心源性卒中型（cardiogenic stroke,CS）5.77%,无一例其他病因 型（other etiology,OE）。其分布与中老年卒中组差异无显著性。③青年卒中组患者危险因素暴露率依 次为吸烟、高血压、血脂异常、饮酒、糖尿病、卒中家族史;具有3个以上的危险因素者超过半数,该 数量与中老年卒中组相比差异存在显著性（χ2=7.186,P =0.007）,同型半胱氨酸（homocysteine,Hcy） 水平较中老年卒中组增高（t =1.250,P =0.038）,叶酸水平较中老年卒中组下降（t =2.106,P =0.007）; 吸烟（χ2=7.993,P =0.005）、饮酒（χ2=17.005,P =0.000）的暴露率较中老年卒中组升高;LAA亚组 Hcy水平高于PAD亚组（t =2.046,P =0.004）。 结论 青年缺血性卒中患者在性别分布、危险因素、卒中病因分型方面具有一定特点,Hcy水平可能 与缺血性卒中的发生年龄以及病因分型有关。青年缺血性卒中患者危险因素较中老年患者多,控制并 减少危险因素,尤其是纠正高Hcy,对青年缺血性卒中的预防十分重要。     

缺血性小卒中患者1年卒中复发的相关因素分析——来自中国颅内动脉粥样硬化研究的数据

目的通过分析急性期缺血性小卒中患者磁共振成像(magnetic resonance imaging,MRI)弥散加权成像(diffusion weighted imaging,DWI)的病灶模式及磁共振血管成像(magnetic resonance angiography,MRA)/增强磁共振血管成像(contrast enhanced magnetic resonance angiography,CE-MRA)反映的大血管病变情况,结合临床信息,探讨对小卒中1年卒中复发有较强预测作用的评价指标。方法以中国颅内动脉粥样硬化研究(Chinese Intra Cranial Atherosclerosis Study,CICAS)数据库中的患者资料为数据来源,纳入发病7 d内、病前改良Rankin量表(modified Rankin Scale,m RS)评分≤2分、脑部MRI-DWI发现新梗死病灶、入院时美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表(National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale,NIHSS)评分4分的缺血性卒中患者;收集患者的基线信息和影像信息所示不同病变模式及大血管病变情况,以单变量分析和多变量分析确定小卒中后1年卒中复发的预测因素。结果本研究最终纳入843例缺血性小卒中患者,平均年龄(61.67±11.04)岁。1年累计卒中复发率4.39%。1年预后的Cox回归分析结果显示:年龄75岁[风险比(hazard ratio,HR)3.18,95%可信区间(confidence interval,CI)1.140~7.211,P=0.006)],症状相关性动脉闭塞(HR 2.35,95%CI 1.094~5.030,P=0.029),多发非症状相关性动脉狭窄(HR 2.74,95%CI 1.311~5.730,P=0.007),多发皮层、皮层下和(或)深部白质梗死(HR 2.06,95%CI 1.006~4.229,P=0.048)是1年卒中复发的独立预测因子。结论急性缺血性小卒中患者影像学检查对于判断预后有重要意义,DWI所示多发皮层、皮层下和(或)深部白质病变、多发颅内外动脉狭窄是小卒中1年卒中复发的独立预测因子。     

重新定义TIA的临床和磁共振弥散加权成像的研究

目的通过研究短暂性脑缺血发作（transient ischemicattack，TIA）的临床特征及其与磁共振弥散加权成像（Diffusion-WeightedMRI，DWI）异常改变的关系，进一步探讨TIA新定义在临床中的应用价值。方法以2006年4月-2007年9月在本院住院的TIA患者为研究对象，入选患者完成MRI检查，前瞻性收集其临床资料和检查结果，并分析临床特征与DWI异常的关系。结果共76例TIA患者入选，其中33例（43％）患者DWI异常（阳性）；22例症状持续≥1h的患者中有19例DWI阳性（86％）；症状持续≥1h、有失语、运动障碍的患者DWI阳性率高（P〈0．05）；33例DWI阳性的患者中22例常规MRI也发现相关病灶，但8例是经回顾分析才发现。结论将近一半的TIA患者DWI有急性缺血性病灶；症状持续≥1h、失语和运动障碍与DWI异常有关；新定义有助于TIA的早期评估和治疗，但其部分受限于对影像学检查的依赖。     

An analysis of admissions from 155 United States hospitals to determine the influence of weather on stroke incidence

Weather is the most frequently proposed factor driving apparent seasonal trends in stroke admissions. Here, we present the largest study of the association between weather and ischemic stroke in the USA to date. We consider admissions to 155 United States hospitals in 20 states during the five-year period from 2004 to 2008. The data set included 196,439 stroke admissions, which were classified as ischemic (n = 98,930), hemorrhagic (n = 18,960), or transient ischemic attack (n = 78,549). Variations in stroke admissions were tested to determine if they tracked seasonal and transient weather patterns over the same time period. Using autocorrelation analyses, no significant seasonal changes in stroke admissions were observed over the study period. Using time-series analyses, no significant association was observed between any weather variable and any stroke subtype over the five-year study. This study suggests that seasonal associations between weather and stroke are highly confounded, and an association between weather and stroke is virtually non-existent. Therefore, previous studies reporting an association between specific weather patterns and stroke should be interpreted with caution.