Ultrasonography-guided core-needle biopsy of parotid gland masses

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: An accurate diagnosis of a parotid gland mass is essential for adequate management. We determined the clinical efficacy of USCNB in diagnosing parotid gland masses by using cutting needles of different bores. METHODS: We reviewed records for 40 benign and 13 malignant parotid lesions. USCNB was performed by using 14-20-gauge needles (mean, 16.6 gauge) with one to five (mean, 2.43) passes and a 15-mm throw or specimen notch. Final diagnoses were established on the basis of surgicopathologic results in 31 cases, and on the basis of histopathologic analysis of biopsy specimens, clinical data, and/or imaging studies in 22, with a follow-up of 12.2-77.5 months (mean, 33.6 months). RESULTS: Compared with surgicopathology, USCNB had a sensitivity of 83%, a specificity of 100%, and an accuracy of 97% in providing specific tissue diagnoses and in differentiating malignant from benign masses. Its positive and negative predictive values were 100% and 96%, respectively, in diagnosing malignancy. One patient (2%) had a local hematoma without sequela after surgical removal of a Warthin tumor. Core biopsy results were completely concordant with surgical findings in 30 (97%) of 31 cases. CONCLUSION: USCNB is a safe and efficient diagnostic procedure with an accuracy of 97% in the pathologic diagnosis of parotid masses. It can be performed in an outpatient clinic and enables specific tissue diagnosis to obviate intraoperative frozen biopsy and unnecessary surgery. An 18-gauge needle is sufficient for accurate and specific tissue diagnosis of parotid masses.     

超声引导骨肿瘤穿刺活检的应用价值

目的探讨彩色多普勒超声在骨肿瘤穿刺活检中的应用价值。方法对35例骨肿瘤患者行彩色多普勒超声检查并引导经皮穿刺活检,所有病例经手术后病理检查证实。结果超声引导下穿刺活检全部取材成功,无损伤发生。穿刺活检病理结果准确判断肿瘤良恶性质的32例,达到91%。1例穿刺结果未能准确判断病变性质,2例未能得出病理结果。结论超声引导下对骨肿瘤穿刺活检准确率较高,彩色多普勒超声是一种安全可靠的引导方法。     

腮腺区肿块性病变的高频超声诊断

探讨高频超声诊断腮腺区肿块性病变的价值。材料与方法回顾性分析37例经病理/手术证实的腮腺区 肿块。结果术前B超诊断正确32例，其准确率为86.5％，误诊5例，误诊率为13.5％。结论高频超声诊断腺腺区肿 块，准确率高，操作简便且能显示肿瘤良、恶性，并可进行腮腺内、外肿瘤的鉴别诊断。     

腮腺病变的CT诊断

目的探讨腮腺良、恶性病变的CT特点。方法回顾性分析52例经手术病理及临床证实的腮腺病变的CT表现,其中良性肿瘤29例,恶性肿瘤13例,结核4例,慢性腮腺炎6例。结果52例中,48例表现为腮腺内或腮腺区肿块,良性肿瘤形态规则,边界清楚,占82.8%(24/29);恶性肿瘤形态不规则,边界模糊不清,占76.9%(10/13);腮腺结核表现为密度不均、边界较模糊的结节或肿物,并有结节样钙化和腮腺周围淋巴结肿大,病灶及肿大淋巴结均呈环形强化;4例弥漫性炎症表现为一侧或双侧腮腺弥漫性肿大,密度增高;2例为局限炎症,呈形态不规则肿块状,边界不清。结论CT扫描对腮腺病变定位敏感性为100%,对各类腮腺病变的定性诊断有重要价值,增强扫描可提高其定性诊断率。     

Value of apparent diffusion coefficient calculation in the differential diagnosis of parotid gland tumors

Background: The differential diagnosis of parotid gland tumors is often difficult with conventional magnetic resonance imaging.

Purpose: To determine whether the calculation of the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) is valuable for making the differential diagnosis of parotid tumors.

Material and Methods: Thirty parotid masses in 28 patients and 24 healthy parotid glands in 12 controls were examined in this prospective study. Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging with echo-planar spin-echo sequences was used to evaluate each subject. The ADC of each tumor and each healthy parotid gland was calculated. Tumor diagnoses were confirmed by the results of histopathologic analysis.

Results: The following types of masses were identified: 11 Warthin tumors, nine pleomorphic adenomas, seven malignant tumors, one basal cell adenoma, and two benign cysts. The mean ADC value for the Warthin tumors was 0.97±0.16×10^-3 mm²/s, for the pleomorphic adenomas was 1.74±0.37×10^-3 mm²/s, for the malignant tumors was 1.04±0.35×10^-3 mm²/s, and for the normal parotid glands was 0.34±0.20×10^-3 mm²/s. The respective ADC value for the single basal cell adenoma was 1.40×10^-3 mm²/s. Statistically significant differences were identified between the subjects with pleomorphic adenoma and those with another type of parotid tumor, and between subjects with healthy parotid glands and those with a tumor.

Conclusion: Calculating the ADC appears to be useful in differentiating pleomorphic adenomas from other types of parotid gland tumors.     

Diagnosis of Heerfordt's syndrome by state-of-the-art ultrasound in combination with parotid biopsy: a case report

The parotid gland is rarely affected by sarcoidosis (6% of all cases). If there is initial parotitis, and other major symptoms include fever, uveitis, or facial paralysis, the condition is referred to as Heerfordt's syndrome. The case presented here describes the diagnostic work-up and differentiation of swelling of the parotid gland by employing state-of-the-art ultrasound techniques in a 33-year-old patient with Heerfordt's syndrome. Color-coded duplex ultrasound demonstrated hypervascularization. Tissue harmonic and photopic imaging ultrasound additionally depicted hypoechoic, septated structural lesions of the glandular parenchyma with an optimized contrast. Since such structural changes are not a specific sonographic criterion for sarcoidosis, ultrasound-guided biopsy was performed for further clarification of the etiology of parotitis and for excluding lymphoma. In conclusion, state-of-the-art ultrasound with the option of obtaining a biopsy at low risk is a useful procedure for diagnosing unclear pathology of the parotid gland with rapid histological confirmation.     

经阴道超声联合360°直肠腔内超声在女性直肠肿瘤分期中的应用价值

目的探讨经阴道超声与经直肠360°腔内超声联合应用在女性直肠肿瘤分期的应用价值。方法应用经阴道超声和(或)360°直肠腔内超声检查女性直肠肿瘤70例,以病理结果为金标准,评估腔内超声在女性直肠肿瘤分期中的应用价值。结果直肠腺瘤9例,其中绒毛状腺管状腺瘤2例,腺管状腺瘤7例,61例直肠癌患者中绒毛状腺管状腺瘤局灶恶变3例,腺癌55例,合并黏液腺癌3例,腔内超声诊断直肠癌的总准确率为85.2%,其中判断T1期直肠癌的准确性最高,敏感度、特异度、阳性预测值、阴性预测值、准确性分别为100%、94.8%、50%、100%、95.1%。结论经阴道超声联合360°直肠腔内超声可以较准确地评估女性直肠癌并进行术前分期,为临床手术方式选择提供可靠的术前影像学依据。     

US, colour-Doppler US and fine-needle aspiration biopsy in the diagnosis of thyroid nodules

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to correlate the diagnosis of benign or malignant thyroid nodules obtained with grey-scale ultrasound (US) and colour-Doppler US with the cytological findings after US-guided fine-needle aspiration (FNA). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between January 2004 and June 2005, 516 thyroid nodules in 420 patients (181 solitary thyroid nodules and 239 multiple nodules) were prospectively evaluated with US, colour-Doppler US and US-guided FNA. The nodules were classified as sonographically benign, suspicious or malignant in accordance with established US criteria. Cytological findings were classified as inadequate, benign, indeterminate, suspicious or malignant. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV) and diagnostic accuracy of US and colour-Doppler US were evaluated using FNA as the reference procedure. RESULTS: The sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV and overall accuracy values of grey-scale US were 46%, 73%, 34%, 82% and 67%, respectively, for solitary thyroid nodules and 35%, 72%, 14%, 90% and 68%, respectively, for multiple nodules. The evaluation of nodule vascularity with colour-Doppler US produced a slight increase in sensitivity but a slight reduction in specificity. CONCLUSIONS: Thyroid nodules cannot be accurately characterised using grey-scale US or colour-Doppler US.     

超声引导Mammotome系统在乳腺肿块中的临床应用

目的：探讨超声引导下Mammotome微创旋切系统在乳腺肿块诊断及治疗中的应用价值。方法：对105例118个乳腺肿块患者行常规超声检查后在实时超声引导下运用Mammotome旋切系统对肿块进行微创旋切术。结果：超声引导成功率100%,术中冷冻切片提示恶性病灶9个,良性病灶109个,与术后病理诊断相符。术后1周超声复查4例有血肿形成（原病变均为乳腺纤维腺瘤）,3个月复查血肿完全吸收。恶性病灶无原发灶残留和复发,良性病灶也未发现残留灶。结论：超声引导Mammotome旋切系统可以对乳腺肿块进行精确的活组织取材,对适宜的良性病灶可以进行完整切除,该技术安全、微创、确诊率高、并发症少,是乳腺肿块诊治的有效方法。     

CT在腮腺肿块性病变的诊断与鉴别诊断中的价值

目的:探讨CT对腮腺肿块性病变的诊断与鉴别诊断价值,提高术前定性诊断准确性。方法:回顾性分析经手术病理证实的52例原发性腮腺肿块性病变,所有病例均行平扫,其中39例行CT增强扫描,将CT诊断结果与病理结果进行对照研究。结果:35例良性肿瘤CT表现为圆形或类圆形边界清楚肿块22例,浅分叶13例,多形性腺瘤病灶内密度较均匀,腺淋巴瘤(6/9)易出现囊性变;14例恶性肿瘤CT表现为分叶状或不规则肿块影,边界毛糙模糊,其内密度欠均匀,发生坏死囊变(7/14),与邻近咬肌及胸锁乳突肌分界欠清楚(8/14);3例嗜酸性淋巴肉芽肿CT表现为单侧或双侧腮腺浅叶弥漫性增大,并颌下和颈部淋巴结大。CT均能对52例腮腺肿瘤准确定位,多数病变CT能准确定性,但对低度恶性肿瘤与良性肿瘤,囊变淋巴瘤与淋巴上皮癌,深叶嗜酸性腺瘤与恶性肿瘤难以鉴别。结论:肿块的形态、边缘、内部低密度灶分布以及与邻近咬肌及胸锁乳突肌分界情况是腮腺良恶性肿瘤的重要鉴别点,CT对大多数腮腺良、恶性肿瘤能做出正确诊断。     

Does a joint ultrasound guided cytology clinic optimize the cytological evaluation of head and neck masses?

AIM: To compare the results of fine-needle aspiration (FNA) of head and neck masses performed in an ultrasound-guided cytology clinic (USGCC) staffed by a radiologist and pathologist to those obtained with specimens sent from other sources. METHODS: Comparison of broad-category FNA diagnoses (malignant, uncertain, benign or inadequate) with the patient's ultimate clinical or pathological outcome. Because FNA outcomes are semi-quantitative, accuracy of the procedure (the proportion of all tests resulting in a true- positive or negative fine-needle aspirate) is a better measure than sensitivity or specificity. Specimens (n = 292) from the first 2 years of the USGCC are compared with 600 specimens received from other sources over the previous 4 years. RESULTS: Accuracy was 23.4% better for specimens from the USGCC compared with those obtained by clinician guided aspiration (83.9%, 95% CI 79.7-88.1%, vs 60.5%, 95% CI 56.6-64.4%). There was an 84% reduction in inadequate specimens (from 21.5% to 3.4%). The proportion resulting in an uncertain result did not alter; 12.0% for USGCC and 11.9% for clinician-derived specimens. Improvement in accurate identification of salivary gland, lymph node, soft tissue and thyroid pathology was 27.0%, 21.2%, 18.3% and 15.8% respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The common practice of FNA performed by clinicians produces sub-optimal results in head and neck masses. A combined approach of ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration of head and neck masses, with immediate assessment of the material by a pathologist, is more accurate than with specimens obtained in other ways. If the results of FNA are to be incorporated into clinical decision making, the samples are best obtained using the USGCC model.     

应用高频彩超对腮腺混合瘤与腺淋巴瘤的诊断

目的:研究腮腺混合瘤和腺淋巴瘤彩色多普勒血流图特点,提高超声诊断符合率.材料和方法:57例经手术病理证实的腮腺混合瘤和腺淋巴瘤声像图资料,综合分析二维图像加上彩色多普勒血流指标.结果:超声诊断混合瘤42例、腺淋巴瘤15例,诊断符合率93%.混合瘤与腺淋巴瘤声像图有特征有类似之处.结论:超声对病变检出率为100%,是发现腮腺肿块的首选方法,虽然混合瘤与腺淋巴瘤声像图特征有时重叠,但应用高频彩色多普勒进行血流分析有望鉴别.     

超声诊断腮腺肿块的临床价值

目的探讨超声对腮腺肿块的诊断价值。方法回顾分析52例腮腺肿块超声特点,并与术后病理结果对照。结果超声对腮腺肿块病灶的显示率为100%。对腮腺良性肿块诊断符合率85%,恶性肿块66%。结论超声对腮腺肿块的诊断及鉴别诊断具有可靠、方便的优势。     

The spectrum of sonographic findings of fibroadenoma of the breast

There are a number of sonographic findings seen in fibroadenoma of the breast. In a retrospective study, we examined the biopsy results of 59 masses given the sonographic diagnosis of fibroadenoma. We also reviewed the sonograms of an additional 26 biopsy-proven fibroadenomas that were not diagnosed as such with ultrasound. The ultrasound diagnosis was correct in 50 of 76 fibroadenomas (65.8%). Only 12 of the 76 biopsy-proven fibroadenomas had the classic sonographic appearance of a smooth round or oval mass with homogeneous internal echoes. Fourteen fibroadenomas were not visible on the sonograms, even in retrospect. The remaining 50 biopsy-proven fibroadenomas demonstrated one or more "atypical" signs of border irregularity, lobulation, inhomogeneous internal echo texture, or posterior shadowing. There were nine sonographic false positives: five patients had other benign lesions on histology, and four masses believed to be sonographically compatible with fibroadenoma were found to be carcinomas. While breast sonography is frequently a useful modality for breast mass detection, particularly as an adjunct to x-ray mammography, the common overlap in characteristics of benign and malignant masses makes histologic evaluation of all solid masses essential.     

New sonographic criteria for recommending fine-needle aspiration biopsy of nonpalpable solid nodules of the thyroid

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of our study was to provide new sonographic criteria for fine-needle aspiration biopsy of nonpalpable solid thyroid nodules. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sonographic scans of 155 nonpalpable thyroid nodules in 132 patients were prospectively classified as having positive or negative findings. Sonographic findings that suggested malignancy included microcalcifications, an irregular or microlobulated margin, marked hypoechogenicity, and a shape that was more tall than it was wide. If even one of these sonographic features was present, the nodule was classified as positive (malignant). If a nodule had none of the features described, it was classified as negative (benign). The final diagnosis of a lesion as benign (n = 106) or malignant (n = 49) was confirmed by fine-needle aspiration biopsy and follow-up (>6 months) in 83 benign nodules, by fine-needle aspiration biopsy and surgery in 44 malignant and 15 benign lesions, and by surgery alone in five malignant and eight benign lesions. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and accuracy were calculated on the basis of our proposed classification method. RESULTS: Of 82 lesions classified as positive, 46 were malignant. Of 73 lesions classified as negative, three were malignant. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value and accuracy based on our sonographic classification method were 93.8%, 66%, 56.1%, 95.9%, and 74.8%, respectively. CONCLUSION: Considering the high level of sensitivity of our proposed sonographic classification, fine-needle aspiration biopsy should be performed on thyroid nodules classified as positive, regardless of palpability.     

Diagnostic value of FDG PET and salivary gland scintigraphy for parotid tumors

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to examine the diagnostic value of the combination of F-18 fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) PET and Tc-99m pertechnetate salivary gland scintigraphy in parotid tumors. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Seventy-two patients with benign parotid gland tumors (n = 52), malignant parotid tumors (n = 12), and inflammation (n = 8) underwent both FDG PET and salivary gland scintigraphy within 1 week, and 66 of the patients also underwent gallium scintigraphy. All patients were negative on their first fine-needle aspiration (FNA). RESULTS: Malignant parotid tumors showed significantly higher FDG uptake (standard uptake values [SUVs]) than both benign tumors and inflammation, except in Warthin's tumor (5.82 +/- 3.95 vs. 2.07 +/- 1.33; P <0.01). Although the SUV values of Warthin's tumor and malignant parotid tumors overlapped somewhat, Warthin's tumor did demonstrate increased radiotracer uptake, and it was reliably distinguished from other parotid gland tumors by the use of salivary gland scintigraphy. Considering a SUV value >3 as being positive for malignancy and excluding Warthin's tumor on the basis of salivary gland scintigraphy, sensitivity and specificity of FDG PET were 75% and 80%, respectively. These results were superior to those of gallium scintigraphy (58% and 72%, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Although the diagnostic value of FDG PET in the differentiation of malignant from benign parotid gland tumors was limited because of the high FDG uptake in some benign tumors, and particularly pleomorphic adenomas, combining salivary gland scintigraphy with FDG PET may help to negate this drawback, and this combination may be a more promising approach for differentiation of various parotid gland tumors in patients compared with nondiagnostic needle aspiration.     

超声引导细针活检对肝脏小占位病变的诊断价值

９４例肝脏小占位病变经超声引导穿刺活检或手术病理均获得确诊。其中肝细胞肝癌５１例、肝转移癌９例、血管内皮肉瘤１例，合计恶性６１例，占６４．９％；良性病变有肝血管瘤、非均匀脂肪肝、局灶性结节状增生、炎性病灶及坏死灶共计３３例，占３５．１％。本项结果表明超声虽然能显示肝癌和一些良性病变的某些与组织病理相关的特征，然而对恶性或良性的鉴别诊断水平不高，其敏感性为６５．６％，特异性为４８．５％，准确性为５９．６％；而超声引导细针活检则能对占位病变提供确切的组织病理诊断，对肝癌诊断的敏感性为９６．７％，特异性为９３．９％，准确性为９５．７％。     

CT对腮腺病变的诊断价值

目的:评价CT对腮腺良恶性病变的诊断价值。方法:回顾性分析经手术病理证实的47例腮腺病变的CT表现。良性36例,恶性11例。CT平扫46例,增强扫描38例。结果:良性肿瘤无侵袭性,边缘清楚,密度均匀或不均匀,有钙化、囊变、坏死;炎性肿块者,灶周可有磨玻璃影,呈晕征;恶性肿瘤具有不同程度的侵袭性,多呈分叶状,不规则或浸润性生长,边缘不清。CT对腮腺病变定位准确率100% ,而对良恶性定性诊断符合率分别为恶性组72.7% ,良性组80.6% 。结论:CT对腮腺病变定位、定性诊断,特别是区别良恶性病变方面具有较高的价值     

常规MRI联合DWI在腮腺常见肿瘤中的诊断价值

目的:探讨常规MRI联合DWI对腮腺常见肿瘤的诊断价值。方法:回顾性分析经病理证实的62例腮腺肿瘤的MRI图像,根据其DWI图行ADC图重建,测量肿瘤的ADC值。按发病率将62例病例分成3组:多形性腺瘤、腺淋巴瘤、恶性肿瘤。多形性腺瘤31例,全部单发;腺淋巴瘤19例,9例单发,10例多发,共30个病灶;恶性肿瘤12例,3例淋巴瘤多发,其余均为单发,共18个病灶。比较分析3种肿瘤的ADC值。结果:多形性腺瘤和腺淋巴瘤多发生于腮腺浅叶(43个,70.5%),肿瘤边界多清楚,体积一般较恶性肿瘤小;恶性肿瘤位于深叶者8个(44.4%),边界清楚或不清楚,多伴有颈部淋巴结肿大(10例,83.3%)。多形性腺瘤及恶性肿瘤平均ADC值均高于腺淋巴瘤(P=0.000、0.002),且多形性腺瘤平均ADC值高于恶性肿瘤(P=0.001)。结论:腮腺肿瘤的常规MRI征象具有一定特点,联合DWI能为腮腺常见肿瘤的诊断及鉴别诊断提供更多依据。