注射用盐酸头孢唑兰与3种常用抗菌药物体外抗菌活性比较

目的：本研究旨在评价头孢唑兰对临床分离菌株的体外抗菌作用,为头孢唑兰的临床使用提供参考依据。方法：采用琼脂双倍稀释法测定头孢唑兰对14类127株呼吸系统和泌尿系统感染分离出的病原菌株的体外抗菌活性,并与已经上市的3种常用抗菌药物进行了体外抗菌活性比较,试验平行3次,观察结果。结果：头孢唑兰对7种临床分离G＋菌株包括金黄色葡萄球菌、化脓性链球菌、肺炎链球菌、无乳链球菌、甲氧西林敏感表皮葡萄球菌（MSSE）、甲氧西林敏感金黄色葡萄球菌（MSSA）的MIC50均在0.125-1μg·ml^-1之间,MIC90在0.5-8μg·ml^-1之间;对肺炎克雷伯菌、大肠埃希菌、奇异变形杆菌、流感嗜血杆菌、产气肠杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌、阴沟肠杆菌的MIC均值分别为0.23,0.21,0.42,4.74,6.31,8.75,16.35μg·ml^-1。结论：头孢唑兰对14类127株呼吸系统和泌尿系统感染菌株的体外抗菌活性明显,具有显著的体外抗菌活性。     

头孢布烯(Ceftibuten)体外抗菌作用

目的:评价头孢布烯对临床分离的836株致病菌的体外抗菌作用.方法:头孢布烯与头孢克肟、头孢他啶、头孢噻肟、头孢呋辛、头孢克罗、头孢拉啶、环丙沙星进行比较.结果:头孢布烯对大多数革兰阴性菌具有很强的抗菌活性,如对大肠杆菌、肺炎克雷白杆菌、奇异变形杆菌、普通变形杆菌、沙门菌属、志贺菌属、粘质沙雷菌、阴沟肠杆菌的MIC90值均≤1mg·L-1,优于所测定的其他口服头孢菌素,与头孢他啶、头孢噻肟相似.头孢布烯对淋病奈瑟菌、流感嗜血杆菌也有很强的抗菌活性,但对某些肠杆菌科杆菌如弗劳地枸橼酸杆菌对本品与头孢他定相似不太敏感,MIC90值为8mg·L-1,乙酸钙不动杆菌对本品耐药,MIC90值为32 mg·L-1.头孢布烯对革兰阳性菌除化脓性链球菌外作用均较弱.对肺炎链球菌的MIC50与MIC90值分别为2与4mg·L-1,不及其他所测定的三代头孢菌素.金黄色葡萄球菌、粪肠球菌、脆弱拟杆菌对头孢布烯耐药.从产酶大肠杆菌及肺炎克雷白菌的体外抗菌作用的结果表明,头孢布烯对产酶菌株具有较强的抗菌活性,MIC90值低于其他所测定的三代头孢菌素.结论:说明本品具有较强的β-内酰胺酶稳定性.细菌接种量、pH值的变化、人血清的含量对头孢布烯的体外抗菌作用无明显影响.     

清肺消炎丸体外抗菌活性研究

目的观察清肺消炎丸对9种肺炎常见病原菌的体外抗菌作用。方法采用琼脂稀释法,测定清肺消炎丸对9种药敏质控菌株的最低抑菌浓度(MIC)及最低杀菌浓度(MBC)。结果清肺消炎丸对肺炎链球菌、化脓性链球菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、流感嗜血杆菌的MIC分别为6.25、25、25、50mg/mL,相应的MBC分别为12.5、25、50、50mg/mL;对大肠杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、变形杆菌及白色念珠菌均无明显体外抑菌活性。结论清肺消炎丸对肺炎链球菌、化脓性链球菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、流感嗜血杆菌具有体外抗菌作用,其中对链球菌的抗菌活性较高。     

加替沙星体外抗菌活性研究

采用琼脂二倍稀释法测定加替沙星对651株临床分离致病菌的体外抗菌活性，并与左氧氟沙星、司帕沙星、环丙沙星、诺氟沙星、头孢唑林、头孢呋辛、头孢噻肟、头孢他啶、万古霉素、阿米卡星、阿莫西林、哌拉西林/三唑巴坦比较。结果表明，加替沙星具有强而广谱的体外抗菌活性。对甲氧西林敏感的金葡球菌（MSSA）、表葡球菌（MSSE）、肠球菌的MIC90分别为0.125、1、16mg/L，抗菌活性为左氧氟沙星的1-2倍、环丙沙星的2-4倍，逊于第三代头孢菌素类。对肺炎克雷伯氏菌、伤寒沙门氏菌、痢疾杆菌、奇异变形菌、粘质沙雷氏菌，MIC90分别为4、0.25、0.5、4.32mg/L，抗菌活性为左氧氟沙星、司帕沙星、环丙沙星的1-2倍，与第三代头孢菌素类相当。对聚团肠杆菌、阴沟肠杆菌、乙酸钙不动杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌的MIC90分别为32、32、16.4mg/L。加替沙星对革兰氏阳性、阴性菌均具强大抗菌作用。     

头孢替坦二钠的体外抗菌活性研究

为评价头孢替坦二钠的体外抗菌活性,本研究测定了其对663株临床分离菌的MIC分布,并与四种头孢菌素进行比较。结果表明,头孢替坦二钠对革兰阴性菌抗菌作用较强,对革兰阳性菌的抗菌作用较弱。在受试革兰阴性菌中,头孢替坦二钠对大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯杆菌、奇异变形杆菌、阴沟肠杆菌等11种菌具有较强的抗菌活性,尤其对产ESBLs大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯杆菌抗菌活性突出,MIC90分别为4、8μg/mL。在革兰阳性菌中,头孢替坦二钠对金黄色葡萄球菌、表皮葡萄球菌、化脓链球菌、肺炎链球菌具有一定抗菌活性,但对MRSA、MRSE、粪肠球菌、屎肠球菌的抗菌活性弱。     

头孢硫脒最低抑菌浓度及其影响因素研究

目的评价头孢硫脒对近年来中国临床分离致病菌的体外最低抑菌浓度(MIC)及影响因素。方法以琼脂二倍稀释法对794株临床分离致病菌进行了MIC测定。比较细菌接种量、培养基pH、培养基血清蛋白含量改变后对头孢硫脒MIC值的影响。结果头孢硫脒对苯唑西林敏感金黄色葡萄球菌(MSSA)和表皮葡萄球菌(MSSE)的MIC₉₀值分别为0.50,0.12 mg·L^-1;对青霉素敏感肺炎链球菌(PSSP)MIC₉₀值为0.12 mg·L^-1,对青霉素不敏感肺炎链球菌(PNSSP)MIC₉₀值≤1 mg·L^-1;对化脓性链球菌MIC₉₀值为8μg·L^-1;对氨苄西林敏感粪肠球菌和屎肠球菌MIC₉₀值分别为1,16 mg·L^-1。头孢硫脒对氨苄西林敏感嗜血杆菌属和卡他莫拉菌MIC₉₀值≤4 mg·L^-1。头孢硫脒对革兰氏阳性厌氧菌也有一定抗菌作用。以上因素对头孢硫脒抗菌活性基本无影响。结论头孢硫脒对包括肠球菌在内的革兰氏阳性菌具有较强的抗菌作用。     

比阿培南对501株临床分离致病菌的体外抗菌活性研究

目的:评价比阿培南对501株临床分离致病菌的体外抗菌活性。方法:采用刃天青微孔板稀释法测定比阿培南和对照品(美罗培南、亚胺培南、头孢吡肟、头孢他啶、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、环丙沙星、苯唑西林、万古霉素)对501株临床分离致病菌的体外抗菌活性。结果:比阿培南对大肠埃希菌、克雷伯菌属、产气肠杆菌、阴沟肠杆菌、志贺菌属、沙门菌属、变形杆菌属、沙雷菌属、柠檬酸菌属、不动杆菌属和铜绿假单胞菌的MIC50分别为0.06,0.13,0.25,0.13,0.03,0.03,1.00,0.50,0.13,0.13,0.50μg/mL;MIC90分别为0.13,0.13,0.50,0.50,0.03,0.06,1.00,0.50,0.25,0.25,4.00μg/mL。结论:比阿培南对临床分离致病菌的最低抑菌浓度MIC50、MIC90低于对照品。     

诺氟沙星的体外抗菌作用评价

目的：评价诺氟沙星对烧烫伤创面常见致病菌的抑菌、杀菌作用。方法：用浊度法测定诺氟沙星对金黄色葡萄球菌（ATCC6538）、大肠杆菌（ATCC8099）和铜绿假单胞菌[CMCC（B）10110]的最小抑菌浓度（MIC）和最小杀菌浓度（MBC）,实验平行3次,观察诺氟沙星培养液的浊度。结果：诺氟沙星对金黄色葡萄球菌的MIC为0．15μg·ml^-1,MBC为0．25μg·ml^-1;对大肠杆菌的MIC为0．25μg·ml^-1,MBC为5．0μg·ml^-1;对铜绿假单胞菌的MIC为4．57μg·ml^-1,MBC为14．0μg·ml^-1。结论：诺氟沙星在体外对烧烫伤创面常见致病菌均具有较强的抗菌作用,可为临床创面用药剂量的筛选提供一些依据。     

316例小儿肺炎药物细菌学分析

目的了解小儿肺炎的致病菌特征及耐药性,为临床合理用药提供依据。方法对316例痰培养阳性的小儿肺炎进行分析。结果主要致病菌依次为肺炎链球菌69株,流感嗜血杆菌66株,金黄色葡萄球菌52株,肺炎克雷伯菌25株,副流感嗜血杆菌20株,化脓性链球菌20株;肺炎克雷伯菌、大肠埃希菌、阴沟肠杆菌3种产超广谱β-内酰胺酶（ESBL）菌所占比例分别为7．91％,3．48％,2．53％。各菌分别对应的耐药率最高的抗生素,肺炎链球菌为红霉素（95．5％）,流感嗜血杆菌为复方磺胺甲嗯唑（70．3％）,金黄色葡萄球菌为青霉素G（98．0％）,肺炎克雷伯菌为阿莫西林（100．0％）,大肠埃希茵为阿莫西林（90．9％）,阴沟肠杆菌为阿莫西林、阿莫西林克拉维酸、头孢呋辛、头孢噻吩、头孢西丁（均为100．0％）。结论小儿肺炎的病原菌以肺炎链球菌和流感嗜血杆菌为主,不同细菌对常用的抗生素均存在不同程度的耐药性。及时掌握小儿肺炎的病原茵及其耐药动态,可为临床合理用药提供依据。     

帕珠沙星对临床分离致病菌的体外抗菌活性研究

目的评价帕珠沙星的体外抗菌活性。方法采用琼脂二倍稀释法，测定帕珠沙星与左氧氟沙星对342株临床分离菌株的最低抑菌浓度（MIC）。结果帕珠沙星对革兰阴性菌和革兰阳性菌的MIC90分别为0．06～4和1～16μg／ml。对大肠埃希菌、阴沟肠杆菌、变形菌、铜绿假单胞菌、不动杆菌和链球菌的MIC90为0．06～4μg／ml，是左氧氟沙星的1／2～1／8;对肺炎克雷伯菌、金葡菌和表葡菌与左氧氟沙星抗菌作用相当，MIC90分别为0．5、1、1μg／ml；对流感嗜血杆菌、黏膜炎莫拉菌和粪肠球菌的MIC90为0．5、1、16μg／ml，高于左氧氟沙星（0．25、0．5、8μg／ml）。结论帕珠沙星对革兰阴性菌和革兰阳性菌均具有广谱的抗菌作用，对革兰阴性菌的抗菌活性优于革兰阳性菌。     

消炎止痛栓体外抗菌活性研究

目的:研究消炎止痛栓(主要成分为盐酸小檗碱、冰片、土霉素、盐酸丁卡因)的体外抗菌活性。方法:运用试管稀释法测定并分析消炎止痛栓在体外对标准菌株金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠埃希菌、铜绿假单胞菌的最低抑菌浓度(MIC)和最低杀菌浓度(MBC)。结果:消炎止痛栓对上述3种标准菌株的MIC分别为0.195、0.0488、0.0975mg.mL-1,MBC分别为0.390、0.0975、0.390mg.mL-1。结论:消炎止痛栓在体外对上述3种标准菌株具有良好的抗菌活性。     

巴洛沙星的体外抗菌作用研究

目的评价巴洛沙星的体外抗菌作用。方法以琼脂稀释法测定巴洛沙星对临床分离菌的最低抑菌浓度，并与有关抗菌药进行比较；测定巴洛沙星的杀菌作用，观察巴洛沙星的抗菌活性影。结果巴洛沙星对革兰氏阳性菌及革兰氏阴性菌具广谱抗菌活性，尤其对葡萄球菌、肺炎球菌、肠球菌等革兰氏阳性菌活性优于诺氟沙星、氧氟沙星和环丙沙星。巴洛沙星有较强的杀菌作用，其MBC与MIC相一致，在体外具有较长的抗菌后效应。结论巴洛沙星是一种广谱抗菌药，抗菌作用强，临床应用前景好。     

不同配比的头孢曲松钠/舒巴坦钠体外抗菌活性比较

目的:比较不同配比的头孢曲松钠/舒巴坦钠(CRO/SBT)及头孢曲松钠(CRO)单剂对黑龙江地区临床分离致病菌的体外抗菌活性.方法:采用琼脂二倍稀释法测定不同配比CRO/SBT复方制剂(1:1,2:1,4:1,8:1)对鲍曼不动杆菌、表皮葡萄球菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠埃希菌、铜绿假单胞菌、肺炎克雷伯菌等6种临床分离致病菌株(共183株)的最低抑菌浓度(MIC),采用肉汤二倍稀释法测定最小杀菌浓度(MBC),并与单方CRO进行比较.结果:对于鲍曼不动杆菌和产ESBLs大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌,4种CRO/SBT不同配比的复方可使耐药率从单用CRO的46.7%～100%下降至4.17%～67%,下降幅度达6～10倍,CRO/SBT(1:1)的MIC50为4～32 mg·L-1,是CRO单方的1/16～1/24;对于不产酶的大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌以及耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌,复方制剂的活性类似于单方.结论:4种配比CRO/SBT对大多数临床分离的致病菌均有较强的体外抗菌活性,明显高于单剂;在复方制剂中,当头孢曲松钠的量一定时,增加舒巴坦钠的量对抗菌活性有一定的增强作用,CRO/SBT(1:1)为强效广谱杀菌复方制剂.     

不同配比头孢噻肟/舒巴坦对180株临床分离菌的体外抗菌活性

目的:研究不同配比的头孢噻肟/舒巴坦及头孢噻肟单剂对临床分离菌体外抗菌作用.方法:采用平皿二倍稀释法测定头孢噻肟/舒巴坦对180株临床分离菌的最低抑菌浓度(MIC)、最低杀菌浓度(MBC).结果:头孢噻肟/舒巴坦(1:1,2:1)对180株临床分离菌具有广谱抗菌作用,对革兰阴性杆菌MIC90为0.25～32 mg·L-1,是头孢噻肟单剂的1/4～1/8,明显强于头孢噻肟单方使用效果,同时也强于头孢噻肟/舒巴坦(4:1,8:1).结论:1:1及2:1配比的头孢噻肟/舒巴坦对绝大多数临床感染细菌有很强的抗菌活性,明显优于头孢噻肟单剂和头孢噻肟/舒巴坦其他配比.     

In vitro antibacterial activity of prulifloxacin,a new oral fluoroquinolone

We compared antibacterial activity of NM394, which is the active metabolite of a prodrug of new fluoroquinolone prulifloxacin (PUFX), against clinical isolates of bacteria with those of ciprofloxacin (CPFX), levofloxacin (LVFX), gatifloxacin (GFLX), tosufloxacin (TFLX) and fleroxacin (FLRX). 1. NM394 showed a broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. 2. MIC80 of NM394 for methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae and Enterococcus faecalis were 0.5 microgram/ml, 2 micrograms/ml and 4 micrograms/ml, respectively. MIC80 of NM394 for Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Enterobacter cloacae was lower than 0.06 microgram/ml. MIC80 of NM394 for Serratia marcescens and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were 0.25 microgram/ml and 2 micrograms/ml, respectively. 3. Short-time bactericidal activity of NM394 against P. aeruginosa was stronger than those of CPFX, GFLX, LVFX and TFLX. 4. Short-time bactericidal activity of NM394 at Cmax concentration against 12 strains of P. aeruginosa was stronger than those of CPFX, LVFX, GFLX and TFLX.     

Comparative antimicrobial activity and post-antibiotic effect of azithromycin, clarithromycin and roxithromycin against some respiratory pathogens

Recent macrolide derivatives, roxithromycin, azithromycin and clarithromycin show more favourable pharmacokinetic characteristics in comparison to old ones and some differences in antibacterial activity. With the aim of improving our understanding of some aspects of their action against respiratory pathogens, we determined the MICs and MBCs of Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus pyogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Moraxella catarrhalis and Haemophilus influenzae. Azithromycin was the most active agent against Haemophilus influenzae and Moraxella catarrhalis, while clarithromycin was more active against Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus pyogenes and Staphylococcus aureus with MICs similar to those of erythromycin. The bactericidal activity of all tested derivatives was weak against Staphylococcus aureus (MBC/MIC ratio approximately 16) and against Moraxella catarrhalis (MBC/MIC ratio, 8-16), but good against Staphylococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus pyogenes and Haemophilus influenzae (MBC/MIC ratio, 2-4). The determination of killing curves in the presence of 2 MIC and 10 MIC of azithromycin, clarithromycin and roxithromycin confirmed their weak bactericidal activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Moraxella catarrhalis as well as their effective activity against Streptococcus pyogenes and Streptococcus pneumoniae. Azithromycin showed the highest bactericidal activity against Haemophilus influenzae. As expected, the three derivatives produced a quite prolonged PAE when exposed to 5 MIC for 1 h, ranging between 2-4 h. The bactericidal activity and the prolonged PAE of new macrolides for the most common respiratory pathogens should assure a good clinical activity in respiratory infections including those sustained by Haemophilus influenzae, which is less susceptible to erythromycin and other old macrolides.     

In vitro bactericidal activities of new oral penem, faropenem against the various clinical isolates]

The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of faropenem (FRPM) more compared with those of various oral beta-lactams against 15 isolates each of 6 species of microorganism. FRPM possessed potent in vitro antibacterial activity against both aerobic and anaerobic Gram-positive bacteria tested. FRPM showed the same activity as new oral cephems such as cefdinir, cefditoren and cefcapene against all Gram-negative bacteria, but K. pneumoniae strains were less susceptible. The MBC of FRPM against S. pneumoniae and the other strains tested equal and were within 1 dilution the MIC of that, respectively. These results suggest that FRPM has excellent in vitro bactericidal activity against clinical isolates and is a clinically useful for the chemotherapy of bacterial infections.