石斛多糖抗氧化活性研究

目的研究石斛多糖的体内、体外抗氧化活性。方法①体外抗氧化实验：用化学反应法检测石斛多糖对邻苯三酚自氧化反应产生的超氧阴离子和Fenton反应产生的羟自由基的清除作用;②体内抗氧化实验：昆明种小鼠随机分为空白对照组、小剂量组、中剂量组和大剂量组,每组10只。研究石斛多糖对小鼠血清及肝组织中SOD、GSH-Px、MDA的影响。结果石斛多糖具有清除羟基自由基和超氧阴离子自由基的作用,可显著提高小鼠血清和肝组织中超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GSH-Px）活力,降低丙二醛（MDA）含量。结论石斛多糖具有明显的抗氧化活性,为进一步开发石斛药材提供依据。     

2-乙基-3-羟基-6-苯硫基-4(1H)-吡啶酮的抗氧化作用

目的研究2-乙基-3-羟基6-苯硫基-4(1H)-吡啶酮(HPP)的抗氧化作用。方法用电子自旋共振(ESR)法测定HPP对羟自由基的清除作用,用荧光法测定大鼠线粒体膜的流动性,用比色法测定给药后小鼠血清中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)及肝线粒体中谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)的活力。结果HPP对羟自由基有较强的清除作用,显著促进线粒体膜的流动性,明显提高给药小鼠血清中SOD和线粒体中GSH-Px的活力。结论HPP有显著的抗氧化作用。     

维吾尔药牛舌草提取物抗氧化活性研究

目的研究维吾尔药牛舌草提取物的抗自由基作用及体内抗氧化功能。方法采用体外分析法观察牛舌草提取物对DPPH·及超氧自由基的清除作用,并进一步针对牛舌草大孔树脂洗脱部位GZB-3及GZB-AB80的提取物,以小鼠血清SOD、GSH-Px的活性和MDA的含量变化,探讨牛舌草提取物在小鼠体内的抗氧化能力。结果牛舌草各提取物具有体外抗自由基功能,其中牛舌草GZB-3及GZB-AB80提取物有较好的清除DPPH·及超氧自由基的作用;牛舌草提取物可显著增强小鼠血清SOD、GSH-Px活性,降低MDA含量,其中GZB-AB80提取物有较好的体内抗氧化能力。结论体内外抗氧化实验表明,牛舌草提取物具有明显的抗自由基作用及抗氧化功能。     

坛紫菜中藻胆蛋白的提取及其抗氧化活性研究

目的 提取紫菜中的藻胆蛋白,找出从紫菜中提取藻胆蛋白的最佳提取条件,并对其抗氧化能力进行研究.方法 紫菜用40倍体积的水溶涨6d后,经组织捣碎2min,45%的硫酸铵盐析沉淀透析后即得藻胆蛋白粗提物(CPP).采用邻二氮菲-Fe2+氧化法和邻苯三酚自氧化法分别测定CPP清除·OH和O-2·能力,并小鼠连续灌胃25d后,分别测定小鼠全血过氧化氢酶(CAT)和谷胱甘肽氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活性,以及红细胞丙二醛(MDA)含量和血清总SOD活性.结果 CPP具有体外清除·OH和O-2·作用,并能显著地提高小鼠全血CAT,GSG-Px,血清总SOD活力,降低红细胞MDA含量.结论 CPP能以多种途径发挥抗氧化作用.     

鱿鱼皮胶原蛋白水解肽抗氧化活性研究

目的探讨秘鲁鱿鱼(Dosidicus eschrichitiiSteenstrup)皮胶原蛋白多肽组分对自由基的清除作用以及水解产物的体内抗氧化作用,为鱿鱼加工废弃物的高值化利用探索一条新途径。方法采用化学发光法研究胶原蛋白活性多肽体外对超氧阴离子自由基(O2.-)和羟自由基(.OH)的清除作用,并筛选出体外清除自由基活性最好的组分;灌胃于D-半乳糖致衰老的模型小鼠,测定小鼠血液及皮肤中的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活力和丙二醛(MDA)及羟脯氨酸(Hyp)含量。结果与结论鱿鱼皮胶原蛋白多肽分子量小于2000D组分对O2.-和.OH具有较好的清除效果,该活性多肽组分可以提高小鼠血液及皮肤中SOD和GSH-Px的活力,降低MDA含量,并能提高小鼠皮肤组织中Hyp的含量。     

鲎血中超氧化物歧化酶对D-半乳糖致衰老小鼠抗氧化作用的研究

目的研究鲎血中超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide Dis-mutase,SOD)对D-半乳糖所致衰老小鼠的抗氧化作用。方法将96只昆明小鼠随机分为空白对照组、衰老模型组、维生素E组和鲎血SOD高、中、低剂量组。空白对照组颈背部注射生理盐水,其余各组颈背部注射D-半乳糖[120 mg.(kg.d)-1]造模,同时维生素E组和鲎血SOD处理组分别灌胃给药,连续造模给药42 d后各组小鼠眼球采血并取肝脏、脑组织。检测血清、肝脏、脑中的SOD、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活力及丙二醛(MDA)含量。结果与空白对照组相比,衰老模型组小鼠血清、肝脏、脑中SOD、GSH-Px活力明显降低(P<0.01),MDA含量明显升高(P<0.01)。与衰老模型组相比,鲎血SOD处理组在给药后均能明显提高小鼠血清中SOD和GSH-Px、肝脏中SOD、脑中GSH-Px的活力(P<0.05),降低血清和脑中MDA含量,肝脏中GSH-Px活力、MDA含量和脑中SOD活力无明显变化。维生素E组与SOD给药组效果相当。结论鲎血中SOD对D-半乳糖所致衰老模型小鼠有一定程度的抗氧化作用,对血清抗氧化作用较强,对肝脏和脑组织的效果不明显。     

骆驼刺茎枝粗多糖体内抗氧化活性考察

摘要：目的:研究骆驼刺茎枝粗多糖（ASSBP）对正常及衰老小鼠的体内抗氧化活性。方法:采用正常小鼠及腹腔注射D-半乳糖诱导的衰老模型小鼠,分别测定高、中、低剂量ASSBP对小鼠脾、胸腺等脏器指数、小鼠血清中超氧岐化酶（SOD）、丙二醛（MDA）活力水平、以及对总抗氧化能力（Trolox等效抗氧化能力,TEAC）的影响,并与阳性药物香菇菌多糖进行比较。结果:与空白组相比,ASSBP高、中、低剂量组小鼠脾、胸腺指数明显增高（P<0.05）;与模型组相比,模型+ASSBP中、高剂量组小鼠脾、胸腺指数明显增高（P<0.05）;阳性对照组小鼠脾、胸腺指数高于ASSBP各剂量组（P<0.05）。与空白组相比,ASSBP高、中剂量组小鼠血清SOD水平显著升高（P<0.05）; ASSBP高、中、低剂量组小鼠血清MDA水平显著降低,TEAC水平显著升高（P<0.05）。与模型组相比,模型+ASSBP高、中剂量组小鼠血清SOD水平显著升高（P<0.05）,模型+ASSBP高、中、低剂量组小鼠血清MDA水平显著降低,TEAC水平显著升高（P<0.05）;与模型+阳性药组相比,模型+ASSBP各剂量组小鼠血清SOD、MDA和TEAC水平无明显差异（P>0.05）。结论:ASSBP对正常及衰老小鼠都具有一定的抗氧化活性,且能增强免疫活性。ASSBP中剂量具有良好的体内抗氧化活性,可通过调节免疫活性和抗氧化活性发挥抗衰老作用。     

某保健酒对老龄小鼠抗氧化作用的实验研究

目的探讨＂寿星宝＂保健酒对老龄小鼠的抗氧化作用。方法 80只昆明种老龄小鼠随机分成4组：即老龄对照组、保健酒低剂量组、保健酒中剂量组、保健酒高剂量组,各组分别连续灌胃90d后,分别测定小鼠血清中超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GSH-Px）活力和丙二醛（MDA）含量。结果与老龄对照组相比,保健酒低、中、高剂量组均能明显提高小鼠血清SOD活力、GSH-Px活力及降低MDA含量。其中高、中剂量组功效较低剂量组显著,而高剂量组和中剂量组功效相当。结论 ＂寿星宝＂保健酒对老龄小鼠具有抗氧化的作用,可延缓小鼠衰老。     

太子参水提物的抗氧化活性

目的:研究太子参水提物的抗氧化活性及其机制。方法:用D-半乳糖造衰老小鼠模型,受试药组衰老小鼠分别灌胃生药量1.44,2.88,5.76g.kg-1.d-1的太子参水提物,qd,共7周,观察其对衰老模型小鼠抗氧化系统的影响。结果:太子参水提物能使心、肝、肾组织中丙二醛(MDA)不同程度下降;超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)及谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活力不同程度提高;脑组织中脂褐质(LF)不同程度下降。结论:太子参水提物通过清除.OH,提高SOD及GSH-Px活力而发挥抗氧化活性。     

不同提取方式对灵芝多糖含量及生物活性的影响研究

目的 对比不同提取方式下灵芝多糖提取率及其生物学活性,为灵芝的高效利用提供研究基础。方法 分别采用热水浸提法（HG）、超声破碎辅助法（UG）、超声辅助酶法（EG）及微波辅助法（MG）4种方法提取灵芝子实体中的多糖成分,比较不同提取方法所得灵芝多糖的含量、抗氧化活性及对高脂饮食小鼠糖脂代谢的影响。结果 MG法提取的灵芝多糖含量最高,为53.43%。MG法提取的灵芝多糖清除DPPH自由基能力最强,UG法提取灵芝多糖清除羟自由基能力最强。MG给药组小鼠空腹血糖、甘油三酯、胆固醇降幅最大,HG给药组调控血糖血脂能力最差。结论微波辅助法提取灵芝多糖具有较高的提取率,且所得灵芝多糖抗氧化活性,调控血糖血脂能力最佳。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

---

Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.