GW4064 对LPS 诱导的RAW264.7 细胞中炎症反应的影响

目的:研究FXR激动剂GW4064对脂多糖(LPS)诱导的RAW264.7巨噬细胞炎症因子TNF-α、MCP-1和NO的分泌及IL-1β、TNF-α的表达,以及诱导型一氧化氮合酶(iNOS)表达的影响。方法:通过流式高通量多因子检测技术和Griess法检测炎症因子TNF-α、MCP-1和NO分泌的影响;采用qPCR技术检测炎症因子IL-1β、TNF-α和iNOS的mRNA的表达;Western blot检测iNOS及NF-κB蛋白的表达的水平。结果:GW4064能抑制LPS诱导的细胞促炎因子IL-1β、TNF-α和iNOS的mRNA的表达(P0.05),同时能不同程度的抑制细胞上清中TNF-α,MCP-1中的分泌量(P0.05);并且呈剂量依赖性的抑制NO的释放(P0.05);除此之外,GW4064(10、20μmol/L)可显著抑制LPS诱导的RAW264.7巨噬细胞iNOS蛋白的产生(P0.01),经过GW4064处理后,LPS诱导的RAW264.7巨噬细胞NF-κB的活性也显著下调(P0.01)。结论:FXR激动剂GW4064在巨噬细胞中具有一定的抗炎作用,抑制iNOS的表达及下调NF-κB的活性是其发挥抗炎作用的机制之一。     

肾上腺素对小鼠巨噬细胞中促炎／抗炎介质比值的影响

目的：研究肾上腺素对脂多糖（LPS）诱导的小鼠单核巨噬细胞株RAW264.7中促炎介质［肿瘤坏死因子（TNF-α）、一氧化氮（NO）、环加氧酶-2（COX-2）］和抗炎介质［血红素氧化酶-1（HO-1）、白介素10（IL-10）］表达及NF-κB活化的影响。 方法： 以10 μg/L的LPS刺激体外培养的RAW264.7细胞作为炎症模型，加入不同浓度的肾上腺素（1、5、10、50 μmol/L）孵育24 h后，收集培养上清并提取细胞总蛋白，酶联免疫法测定上清中TNF-α、IL-10浓度，Griess法检测上清NO含量(以NO2-/NO3-表示)，免疫印迹法检测细胞总蛋白中COX-2、HO-1、IκB-α的含量。 结果： 10 μg/L的LPS明显诱导TNF-α、NO(NO2-/NO3-)、COX-2、IL-10及HO-1的产生；LPS+肾上腺素组与LPS单独作用组相比促炎介质TNF-α、NO(NO2-/NO3-)、COX-2的表达量显著下降，而抗炎介质IL-10、HO-1的表达却明显增强；肾上腺素与LPS共同作用组中IκB-α的含量与单独LPS作用组相比无明显差异。 结论： 肾上腺素下调LPS诱导的巨噬细胞中促炎介质的表达同时促进抗炎介质的表达，这种效应并不通过影响NF-κB的活化来实现。     

α-硫辛酸降低脂多糖诱导的Raw264.7细胞TNF-α的分泌

目的观察α-硫辛酸(ALA)对脂多糖(LPS)在体外诱导的Raw264.7细胞TNF-α释放及机制。方法用ALA或者ALA联合ERK或NF-κB的抑制剂或者激活剂预处理2 h,再用LPS(1 mg/L)体外刺激巨噬细胞Raw264.7;采用MTT法检测ALA对Raw264.7细胞活力影响,利用ELISA方法对Raw264.7释放在培养上清中的细胞因子肿瘤坏死因子(TNF-α)的浓度,及用Western blot方法检测T-p ERK、p ERK和NF-κB的表达。结果 ALA可抑制LPS诱导的Raw264.7细胞TNF-α表达(P0.05),用ALA联合ERK或NF-κB的激活剂预处理后可减弱ALA产生的抑制效果(P0.05)。同时ALA抑制LPS诱导的Raw264.7细胞p ERK和NF-κB的表达(P0.05),用ALA联合ERK或NF-κB的抑制剂预处理后可加强ALA产生的抑制效果(P0.05)。结论 ALA可能通过抑制LPS诱导的Raw264.7细胞的ERK和NF-κB信号通路来抑制TNF-α释放。     

白藜芦醇抑制脂多糖诱导破骨前体细胞Raw264.7的激活

目的探讨白藜芦醇(Res)对脂多糖(LPS)诱导的破骨前体细胞Raw 264.7细胞系释放炎性细胞因子的抑制作用。方法采用LPS刺激Raw 264.7细胞构建炎症模型,采用抗酒石酸酸性磷酸酶(TRAP)染色鉴定细胞,采用MTT检测Res对Raw 264.7细胞的毒性影响,免疫荧光双标以及反转录聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)方法检测不同浓度Res(1μmol/L和5μmol/L)对细胞炎性因子:肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)和白细胞介素-1β(IL-1β)与细胞炎性蛋白酶:诱导型一氧化氮合酶(i NOS)和环氧合酶-2(COX-2)、炎性信号蛋白核因子-κB(NF-κB)蛋白与mRNA的表达变化。结果不同浓度的Res(1μmol/L和5μmol/L)在翻译水平和转录水平上明显抑制了LPS诱导的细胞炎性蛋白酶i NOS和COX-2表达,同时了抑制细胞炎性因子IL-1β与炎性信号蛋白NF-κB的上调。结论 Res可能通过NF-κB调控LPS诱导的Raw 264.7细胞炎性细胞因子的释放进而抑制破骨前体细胞的激活,进而具有抗骨质疏松的作用。     

羧胺三唑抑制大鼠腹腔巨噬细胞iNOS表达和NF-κB活化

目的探讨羧胺三唑(CAI)对多种炎性相关因子的体外调节作用及机制。方法利用MTT法观察5~40μmol/L的CAI对细胞活力的影响。将上述浓度的CAI加入巨噬细胞中共同培养18 h,同时加入脂多糖(LPS)诱导上述细胞活化。分别用硝酸还原法和TNF-αELISA检测试剂盒测定培养基上清中NO的含量和TNF-α的水平,用Western blot法测定iNOS蛋白的表达和NF-κB活化。结果浓度在5~40μmol/L范围内的CAI对正常大鼠腹腔巨噬细胞的细胞活力没有影响,但20和40μmol/L的CAI能够剂量依赖性地降低LPS诱导的NO释放(P<0.01和P<0.001)以及TNF-α分泌(P<0.05和P<0.01),且明显抑制LPS引起的iNOS蛋白表达和NF-κB活化。结论CAI对与炎性反应相关的调控因子iNOS蛋白表达和NF-κB活化具有抑制作用,该机制与抑制IκBα磷酸化和降解相关。     

白芍总苷对巨噬细胞一氧化氮和诱导型一氧化氮合酶生成的影响及其机制研究

目的：探讨白芍总苷（TGP）抗炎作用与调节巨噬细胞一氧化氮（NO）的产生及诱导型一氧化氮合酶（iNOS）的表达的关系,并从调控核转录因子-κB（NF-κB）活性的途径探讨其作用机制。方法：预先用不同浓度的TGP与大鼠腹腔巨噬细胞共同孵育,然后加入脂多糖（LPS）刺激细胞,检测细胞培养液中NO的产生,Westernblot方法检测iNOS的表达和NF-κB抑制蛋白α（IκBα）的含量,同时检测NF-κB与DNA的结合活性。结果：TGP显著抑制了LPS诱导的大鼠腹腔巨噬细胞产生NO、表达i-NOS,同时也显著增加了细胞内IκBα蛋白的含量和抑制了NF-κB与DNA的结合活性。结论：TGP的抗炎作用与其通过抑制巨噬细胞NF-κB的活性,从而降低巨噬细胞iNOS的表达、减少NO产生密切相关。     

三百棒通过调控TLR4/NF-κB信号通路对脂多糖诱导的RAW264.7细胞极化的影响

目的：探讨三百棒醇提物(TAAE)对脂多糖(LPS)诱导的小鼠单核-巨噬细胞RAW264.7极化趋向以及其对炎症反应的影响。方法：用LPS诱导RAW264.7细胞建立炎症模型。CCK-8法检测细胞活力;ELISA检测细胞因子(TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6和IL-10)的水平;Griess法检测细胞培养上清液中一氧化氮(NO)的分泌情况;荧光染色双标法观察巨噬细胞的极化状态;免疫荧光染色检测NF-κB定位及表达;Transwell检测TAAE对RAW264.7细胞迁移和趋化性的影响;RT-qPCR检测TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6、IL-10、Arg-1、NF-κB和TLR4的mRNA水平;Western blot检测iNOS、COX-2、TLR4、NF-κB、p-NF-κB、IκBα和p-IκBα蛋白水平。使用TLR4通路抑制剂TAK-242进一步验证TAAE对TLR4/NF-κB信号通路的影响。结果：与模型组相比较,TAAE降低LPS诱导的炎症模型RAW264.7细胞中M1型促炎因子(TNF-α、IL-1β和IL-6)及NO水平,促使M2型抑炎因子(IL-10和Arg-1)分泌...     

胆红素对脂多糖引起的腹膜炎及腹腔免疫细胞功能的影响

目的探讨胆红素(bilirubin)对脂多糖(lipopolysaccharide,LPS)引起的腹膜炎中腹腔炎性因子分泌,以及腹膜巨噬细胞和Raw264.7细胞功能的影响。方法构建LPS诱导的小鼠腹膜炎模型,采用酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)测定小鼠腹腔灌洗液上清液中炎性因子(IL-2、IFN-γ、IL-4、IL-6)的含量;分离培养小鼠腹膜巨噬细胞并进行分组处理,培养Raw264.7细胞进行分组处理。采用MTT法检测不同处理的腹膜巨噬细胞与Raw264.7细胞的活性;实时荧光定量PCR(RT-PCR)检测不同处理的腹膜巨噬细胞与Raw264.7细胞中Nlrp3和IL-1βmRNA的表达情况;免疫印迹法(Western blot)检测不同处理的腹膜巨噬细胞中Nlrp3、IL-1β和caspase-1蛋白表达,Raw264.7细胞中Nlrp3、IL-1β、IκBα和p-p65蛋白表达,以及Raw264.7胞质与胞核中p50、p65和p-p65蛋白表达水平;免疫荧光染色检测p-p65蛋白在不同处理的Raw264.7细胞胞质与胞核中的表达情况。结果在LPS诱导的小鼠腹膜炎模型中,注射胆红素的小鼠腹腔灌洗液中IL-2、IL-4、IL-6和IFN-γ的含量明显降低。10μmol/L胆红素处理腹膜巨噬细胞后对细胞活性无影响;10μmol/L胆红素预处理可以显著抑制脂多糖诱导的腹膜巨噬细胞中Nlrp3、IL-1βmRNA和Nlrp3、IL-1β、caspase-1蛋白的表达。5μmol/L、10μmol/L胆红素处理Raw264.7细胞后对细胞活性无影响;胆红素呈剂量依赖性地抑制脂多糖诱导的Raw264.7细胞中Nlrp3、IL-1βmRNA和蛋白表达水平,并抑制IκBα蛋白表达降低与p-p65蛋白表达升高;10μmol/L胆红素预处理抑制了脂多糖诱导的Raw264.7细胞核中p50、p65和p-p65蛋白表达升高以及p-p65从细胞质向细胞核的转移。结论胆红素可抑制脂多糖引起小鼠腹膜炎中腹腔灌洗液中炎性因子的分泌,并抑制腹膜巨噬细胞和Raw264.7细胞中Nlrp3炎性体活化,该作用可能是通过抑制NF-κB通路激活实现的。     

黄芪多糖通过NF-κB诱导巨噬细胞产生NO和TNF-α

目的 通过体外试验研究黄芪多糖(Astragalus mongholicus polysaccharides,ASP)激活巨噬细胞产生NO和TNF-α的分子机制和细胞内信号转导机制.方法 黄芪多糖刺激RAW264.7细胞,用Western blot方法 检测细胞核内核转录因子-κB(NF-κB)的变化.用Griess还原法观察黄芪多糖对巨噬细胞释放NO的作用的影响以及NF-κB抑制剂对黄芪多糖诱导巨噬细胞释放NO作用和分泌TNF-α的影响.ELISA法检测黄芪多糖对巨噬细胞分泌肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)的变化.结果 100μg/ml黄芪多糖刺激RAW264.7细胞,4 h后可引起细胞核内NF-κB含量显著增加,6 h达到顶峰.16 h后可显著诱导NO[(18.9±1.5)μmol/L;P<0.01]释放和TNF-α分泌[(81.2±16.7)pg/ml,P<0.01]的增加,以及诱导型一氧化氮合酶(iNOS)[(23.54±2.41)U/mg蛋白质,P<0.01]活性的增加.NF-κB抑制剂吡咯烷二硫代氨基甲酸盐(PDTC)可明显抑制黄芪多糖诱导RAW264.7生成NO和分泌TNF-α.结论 NF-κB在黄芪多糖诱导巨噬细胞生成NO和TNF-α过程中发挥重要作用.     

没食子酸通过拮抗脂多糖诱导的TLR4/NF-κB活化抑制RAW264.7巨噬细胞炎性反应

目的观察没食子酸对脂多糖(LPS)诱导RAW264.7巨噬细胞Toll样受体4/核因子κB(TLR4/NF-κB)通路的影响。方法将巨噬细胞分为空白对照组、LPS组、LPS联合没食子酸组、LPS联合NF-κB抑制剂吡咯二硫代甲酸(PDTC)组和LPS联合地塞米松(DM)组。处理后的细胞培养24 h,ELISA检测肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)、白细胞介素1(IL-1)、IL-6水平,实时定量PCR检测TLR4、NF-κB mNRA水平,Western blot法检测p65、p-p65、TLR4、磷酸化的NF-κB抑制蛋白α(IκBα)的蛋白表达水平。结果 LPS诱导RAW264.7巨噬细胞后TNF-α、IL-1、IL-6水平升高,没食子酸可降低LPS诱导引起的TNF-α、IL-1和IL-6表达水平升高。LPS刺激后TLR4 mRNA及蛋白表达增加,NF-κB活化,没食子酸可拮抗以上作用,阻止NF-κB活化。结论没食子酸可通过TLR4/NF-κB通路抑制LPS诱导的RAW264.7巨噬细胞炎性反应。     

三七皂苷Rg1抑制脂多糖诱导的小胶质细胞激活

目的 探讨三七皂苷Rg1(Rg1)对脂多糖(LPS)诱导的小胶质细胞系BV-2细胞炎性因子释放的抑制作用.方法 用LPS刺激BV-2细胞构建炎症模型,采用四甲基偶氮唑盐比色法检测Rg1对BV-2细胞活力的影响,免疫荧光染色和反转录PCR方法检测不同浓度Rg1(10、20、40μmol/L)对细胞炎性蛋白酶诱导型一氧化氮合酶(iNOS)和环氧合酶-2 (COX-2)、细胞炎性因子肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)和白细胞介素-1β(IL-1β)、炎性信号分子NF-κB蛋白与mRNA的表达变化.结果 不同浓度的Rg1在转录水平和翻译水平上明显抑制了LPS诱导的细胞炎性蛋白酶iNOS和COX-2、细胞炎性因子TNF-α和IL-1β与炎性信号分子NF-κB的上调,并且iNOS、COX-2和NF-κB的表达呈剂量依赖性.结论 Rg1可通过调控LPS诱导的小胶质细胞系BV-2细胞炎性因子释放从而抑制小胶质细胞激活,发挥抗神经炎症的作用.     

EstA protein,a novel virulence factor of Streptococcus pneumoniae, induces nitric oxide and pro-inflammatory cytokine production in RAW 264.7 macrophages through NF-κB/MAPK

In the present study we characterized the molecular mechanism by which esterase A (EstA) protein, a novel virulence factor of Streptococcus pneumoniae induces inflammation. Stimulation of RAW 264.7 macrophages with purified EstA protein induced the expression of inducible nitrogen oxide synthase (iNOS) mRNA and nitrogen oxide (NO) production in a concentration-dependent manner. Inhibitors of iNOS, NF-κB, p38 and ERK 1/2 MAPK pathways significantly decreased (50–78%) EstA-induced NO production. Similarly, EstA induced TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 mRNA expression in RAW 264.7 macrophages in a dose-dependent manner, and pre-treatment of the cell cultures with specific NF-κB, p38 and ERK 1/2 MAPK pathway inhibitors significantly decreased EstA-induced TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 protein production. Furthermore, immunoblot analysis revealed the degradation of the inhibitory kappa B (IKB-α) in response to EstA stimulation. Taken together, our data suggests that EstA protein is a novel inducer of NO and pro-inflammatory cytokines by activating the NF-κB, p38 and ERK 1/2 MAPK pathways during inflammatory responses. Future studies on the upstream protein kinases of the MAPK/NF-κB pathways and the kinetics of cytokine production will provide further details into the mechanism of EstA-induced inflammatory response.     

Anti-Inflammatory Mechanism of a Folk Herbal Medicine,Duchesnea indica (Andr) Focke at RAW264.7 Cell Line

This study is to explore the anti-inflammatory mechanism of the ethanol extract of Duchesnea indica (Andr) Focke. An inflammatory cellular model was established by addition of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on RAW264.7 cell line. The cellular secretion of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, NO and IL-10 in supernatant, mRNA expression of TNF-α, COX-2, iNOS and HO-1, protein expression of COX-2 and HO-1, and activation of NF-κB were assayed by ELISA, the Griess method, real-time quantitative PCR, and Western blot and immunocytochemistry method, respectively. The ethanol extract of D. indica not only reduced production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and mediators and blocked NF-κB activation, but also slightly promoted release of the anti-inflammatory mediator HO-1 and suppressed IL-10 secretion. In conclusion, the anti-inflammatory effects of the extract of D. indica are attributed to the suppression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and mediators by blocking NF-κB activation. The extract of D. indica can also slightly promote HO-1 production to reduce inflammation.     

Leptin induces nitric oxide synthase type II in C6 glioma cells: Role for nuclear factor-κB in hormone effect

Astrocytes in the CNS produce inflammatory mediators in response to several stimuli and cytokines. Here we investigated the in vitro effect of leptin on inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression in a glioma cell line (C6). After hormone stimulation, culture media were analysed for accumulated stable oxidation products of NO (NO₂⁻ and NO₃⁻, designated as NO_x), cellular RNA was extracted to determine iNOS mRNA level by RT-PCR and cellular lysates were prepared for protein expression. Leptin induced a concentration-dependent increase of NO release, related to iNOS induction. This effect was potentiated by IFN-γ, or TNF-α, or IFN-γ plus IL-1β. Pyrrolidine dithiocarbammate (PDTC) and N-α-tosyl-l-lysine chloromethyl ketone (TLCK), two inhibitors of NF-κB activation, as well as the specific proteasome inhibitor MG132, blocked leptin-induced iNOS. The role of NF-κB was also confirmed by time course studies on degradation of IκB-α, which began to degrade 5 min after treatment with leptin and returned to basal level after 30–60 min. Pre-incubation of cells with MG132 inhibited leptin-induced IκB-α degradation. These results confirm the pro-inflammatory role of leptin and identify it as a potential up-regulator of cytokine-induced inflammatory response in the CNS.     

β-sitosteryl-3-O-β-glucopyranoside isolated from the bark of Sorbus commixta ameliorates pro-inflammatory mediators in RAW 264.7 macrophages

The bark of Sorbus commixta has been used in Asian traditional medicine for treatment of cough, asthma, bronchial disorders, gastritis and dropsy. However, the anti-inflammatory effect of β-sitosteryl-3- O -β-glucopyranoside, a major compound of the bark of S. commixta, is poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the anti-inflammatory effect and the underlying molecular mechanisms of β-sitosteryl-3-O-β-glucopyranoside in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW 264.7 cells. Prostaglandin E₂ (PGE₂) and cytokines released from cells were measured using EIA assay kit. The expression of inducible NO synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase (COX)-2, Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) was measured by real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and/or Western blot analysis. β-sitosteryl-3-O-β-glucopyranoside inhibited the production of nitric oxide (NO) and PGE₂ along with the expression of iNOS and COX-2 in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. In addition, β-sitosteryl-3-O-β-glucopyranoside reduced the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6. Moreover, β-sitosteryl-3-O-β-glucopyranoside inhibited the NF-κB activation induced by LPS, which was associated with the abrogation of IκBα degradation and subsequent decreases in nuclear p65 levels. The result suggested that the β-sitosteryl-3-O-β-glucopyranoside inhibited NO and pro-inflammatory productions by down-regulating the gene expression of pro-inflammatory mediators via the negative regulation of the NF-кB pathway in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells.     

Molecular Basis of the Anti-Inflammatory Property Exhibited by Cyclo-Pentano Phenanthrenol Isolated from Lippia nodiflora

The objective of this study was to assess the anti-inflammatory potential of the active molecule isolated from Lippia nodiflora and to understand its molecular dynamics in Vitro inflammation models. Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells were used as models to study mitogen induced lymphocyte proliferation, cytokine mRNA expression (TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6) and intracellular protein levels of pro-inflammatory mediators (MAPK and NF-κB). The NO release levels, on treatment with the extract and molecule, were correlated with the underlying iNOS mRNA expression in the murine macrophage cell line RAW 264.7. RT-PCR for COX-2, MMP2 and MMP9 were also performed in the cell line. The rat basophilic leukemia cell line RBL-2H3 was used as an in Vitro model for PLA2 activity. Then, 20 μg/ml of Lippia nodiflora crude methanol extract and 10 μg/ml of the purified CPP were used for subsequent studies based on the IC50 values obtained in the proliferation assay. Results demonstrate that the isolated Cyclo-pentano phenanthrenol inhibits TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 expression, NO release via iNOS suppression, prostaglandin biosynthesis via PLA2 and COX-2 inhibition and the activation of intracellular targets, MAPK and NF-κB. We conclude, cyclo-pentano phenanthrenol exerts its anti-inflammatory effect via inhibition of MAPK phosphorylation and NF-κB translocation.     

PKC/Raf-1/NF-κB信号通路在低氧诱导大鼠单核细胞表达TNF-α中的作用

目的：研究PKC/Raf-1/NF-κB信号通路在低氧诱导大鼠外周血单核细胞（PBMCs）肿瘤坏死因子α（TNF-α）表达中的作用，探讨低氧与全身炎症反应综合征(SIRS)的关系，为进一步研究老年多器官功能障碍综合征(MODSE)的肺启动机制奠定基础。方法:采用明胶法分离大鼠外周血单核细胞，分为chelerythrine+低氧组、forskolin+低氧组和单纯低氧组。Chelerythrine+低氧组和forskolin+低氧组细胞在低氧前分别予10 μmol/L chelerythrine和50 μmol/L forskolin预处理。然后各组均于低氧条件下（3 % O2, 5 % CO2, 92 % N2）培养0、1、3、6、9、12、24 h后，收集细胞及培养液上清，分别采用PKC、Raf活性检测试剂盒、电泳迁移分析法（EMSA）、逆转录PCR（RT-PCR）和酶联免疫吸附试验（ELISA）检测PKC、Raf-1、NF-κB活性及TNF-α表达量。结果:低氧1-9 h，PKC、Raf-1活性、NF-κB结合活性及TNF-α表达量显著高于正常对照组（P<0.01）。低氧后1-24 h，PKC、Raf-1活性、NF-κB结合活性与TNF-α mRNA和蛋白表达水平间呈显著正相关（P<0.01，P<0.05）。10 μmol/L chelerythrine可显著抑制低氧诱导的PKC、Raf-1、NF-κB活性升高和TNF-α表达。50 μmol/L forskolin可显著抑制低氧诱导的Raf-1、NF-κB活性升高及TNF-α表达。结论:低氧可显著增强大鼠外周血单核细胞的PKC、Raf-1活性及NF-κB结合活性,并可诱导其产生大量的促炎症因子TNF-α，这些变化可能与急性呼吸窘迫综合征（ARDS）时血浆中大量促炎症因子持续存在密切相关。