左旋多巴合成工艺研究

以愈创木酚为起始原料，经八步反应得多巴。原料来源广，价格低，工艺简单。     

我国化妆品原料安全管理对策研究

目的：了解我国化妆品原料安全管理中面临的挑战并提出相关的管理建议,为我国化妆品原料的科学监管提供参考。方法：通过对我国已发布的化妆品原料安全相关管理法规进行调查研究,分析我国在化妆品新原料、美白原料和植物类原料管理方面所面临的问题和挑战,提出对我国化妆品原料管理改革的建议。结果：我国对化妆品原料的管理主要实行目录管理,制订了禁限用组分、准用组分（包括防腐剂、防晒剂、着色剂、染发剂）目录和《已使用化妆品原料名称目录》;并在化妆品新原料管理、原料的溯源和标识管理等方面均制订了相关管理法规。我国将对化妆品新原料管理模式进行调整;并需制订美白原料和植物类原料管理法规及技术指导文件。结论：我国急需调整和完善化妆品新原料、美白原料和植物类原料的管理体系建设。     

2,6—二氯甲苯的合成

２，６－二氯甲苯（１）是合成双氯苯唑青霉素及８－甲基喹啉酮酸类杀菌剂的重要原料，１的合成方法有４种：（１）以甲苯为原料经氯化分离制得［１，２］。（２）以对甲苯磺酰氯为原料，经催化氯化再硫酸高温脱磺而得［３］。（３）以邻或对硝基甲苯为原料经氯化、还原、...     

氯贝丁酯的合成工艺研究

目的合成氯贝丁酯,并研究最佳合成路线。方法按照采用的原料划分,合成路线主要有两条,一是以对氨基苯酚为原料经得重氮化、置换制得对氯苯酚,再经缩合、水解、酸化生产对氯苯氧异丁酸,再制得目标化合物。二中以苯酚为原料,经缩合生成苯氧异丁酸,再与乙醇中通氯,进行氯化及酯化反应生产目标化合物。结果以苯酚为原料合成目标产物,总收率达到70%,纯度达99.5%。结论以苯酚作为原料的合成路线方法比较简单,收率高。     

均苯三酚的合成

均苯三酚(1)是合成黄酮类药物的中间体,其合成路线报道较多。有用2,4,6-三硝基甲苯为原料的工业化生产法[1],原料便宜,生产工艺成熟,但污染环境、后处理较难;另有以2,4,6-三硝基苯甲酸或1,3,5-三异丙基苯为原料的报道[2,3],但原料难得;还可以苯或三硝基苯制备1[4]。我们参...     

对羟基苯乙酰胺合成工艺的研究

以苯甲醚为原料制香对羟基苯乙酮，进而合成对羟基苯乙酰胺，原料易得，成本低，适用于工业化生产。     

注射用氟罗沙星原料的合成工艺

对注射用氟罗沙星原料的合成工艺进行了探讨研究。方法：以6,7,8-三氟-1。4-二氢-4-氧喹啉-3-羧酸乙酯为原料,经四步反应得到了氟罗沙星。结果：本品的元素分析、红外、质谱、核磁共振图谱数据与文献报道一致,总收率为56.3％,产品经质量测定,完全符合注射用原料的标准。结论：采用该路线工艺生产的氟罗沙星原料产品符合注射用原料的标准,可直接用于注射荆的生产。     

氟罗沙星针剂原料的合成工艺

目的：对注射用氟罗沙星原料的合成工艺进行探讨研究。方法：以６,７,８ － 三氟－１,４ － 二氢－４－ 氧喹啉－３－ 羧酸乙酯为原料,经４ 步反应得到氟罗沙星。结果：本品的元素分析、红外、质谱、核磁共振图谱数据与文献报道一致,总收率为５６－３％ ,产品经质量测定,完全符合注射用原料的标准。结论：采用该路线工艺生产的氟罗沙星原料产品符合注射用原料的标准,可直接用于注射剂的生产。     

以天冬氨酸和丙氨酸为起始原料合成2-甲基-3-羟基吡啶

目的 获得2-甲基-3-羟基吡啶合成方法,降低2-甲基-3-羟基吡啶的合成成本,为常山酮等药物的合成提供了廉价原料。方法 分别以天冬氨酸和丙氨酸为起始原料,经过噁唑中间体,利用Diels-Alder反应,最后脱羧获得2-甲基-3-羟基吡啶,总收率7.4%和30.3%。结果 提供了1种合成2-甲基-3-羟基吡啶的方法,丙氨酸为原料的方法更适合工业化生产,且合成方法简单、原料价格低廉,极大降低了2-甲基-3-羟基吡啶的合成成本,为常山酮等药物的合成提供了廉价原料。     

菘蓝叶中靛玉红的提取与分离

<正> 靛玉红(Indirubin)为治疗慢性粒细胞白血病的有效成分,已制成片剂用于临床,治疗效果较好。据报导靛玉红可用青黛等为原料进行提取,也可人工合成,但直接以十字花科植物菘蓝(Isatis indigotica Fort.)的叶,即菘蓝叶为原料提取靛玉红未见报导。菘蓝叶为大青叶来源之一,价格便宜,资源充足,直接以其为原料提取靛玉红较用青黛经济实用。     

血脂对中老年人心脑血管疾病的影响8年观察

目的探讨血脂对中老年人心脑血管疾病的危害。方法对948例50岁以上的中老年人,分为血脂正常组和血脂增高组,进行8年随访观察。结果血脂增高组共503例,其中总胆固醇(TCH)增高256例,三酰甘油(TG)增高169例,两项都增高161例,β-脂蛋白(LDL)增高231例,三项同时增高135例。发生冠心病145例,心肌梗死11例,脑动脉硬化66例,脑血栓35例,脑出血10例,脑梗死13例,高血压病115例,其他疾病74例,无临床诊断疾病34例。血脂正常组共445例,发生冠心病81例,心肌梗死2例,脑动脉硬化59例,脑血栓5例,脑出血1例,脑梗死2例,高血压病72例,其他疾病139例,无临床诊断疾病84例。两组发病情况,经统计学分析有显著性差异。结论血脂增高与心脑血管疾病的发生率呈正相关,血脂是诱发中老年人心脑血管疾病的一个重要因素。     

600例老年人胃钡餐检查结果分析

目的探讨老年人胃的发病情况。方法以600例老年人为研究组,3000例非老年人为对照组,通过双对比造影检查结果进行对照分析。结果3000例对照组中,2700例胃炎,46例胃溃疡,142例十二指肠球部溃疡,胃息肉l8例,胃食管返流45例,食管裂孔疝10例,胃平滑肌瘤4例,胃癌22例。600例研究组中,516例胃炎,20例胃溃疡,28例十二指肠球部溃疡,胃息肉6例,胃食管返流60例,食管裂孔疝10例,胃平滑肌瘤6例,胃癌54例。结论老年人胃溃疡、胃食管返流、胃癌发病率高于非老年人。     

Late-life anxiety disorders

The prevalence, natural course, risk profile, and treatment of anxiety disorders in the elderly are remarkably understudied. Anxiety disorders are less prevalent in the elderly than in younger adults, but rates of subsyndromal anxiety disorders in elderly persons are nearly as high as in their younger cohorts. The most common late-life anxiety disorders are mixed anxiety-depression and generalized anxiety disorder. Though the benzodiazepines are widely used in this population and are considered relatively safe given appropriate dosing and safety monitoring, important liabilities remain with the use of these agents. Antidepressants also are widely used in elderly patients, but there are no randomized controlled anxiety disorder treatment trials in this population. Gabapentin and low-dose atypical antipsychotics are beginning to be used and studies of the atypical antipsychotics are ongoing. Until studies are completed, treatment of late-life anxiety will continue to be guided by extrapolating data from the general adult population. Psychopharmacology Bulletin. 2004;38(Suppl 1): 25-30.     

Potential edible lupine poisonings in humans

Edible lupine seeds are being marketed in Edmonton. The cooking instructions are very elaborate and are intended to remove toxic alkaloids. No warning is given on the packing to indicate that the seeds are potentially poisonous if the cooking instructions are not followed. A complaint to Alberta's Poison Control Centre indicated that problems may arise if the cooking instructions are dismissed as rigmarole. The purpose of this report is to alert poison control centres and other toxicologists of the potential toxicity of "edible lupines" when cooking instructions are not followed.     

Deaf culture and alcohol and substance abuse.

Alcohol and substance abuse problems are now of concern among persons who are deaf. The problems of cultural influence, prevalence of the problem, and factors contributing to isolation and denial are addressed in this article. In addition, the issues of accessibility and service delivery are explored. Current programs that are accessible and provide alcohol and substance abuse recovery are identified.     

甲真菌病的药物治疗

治疗甲真菌病,临床上多采用口服抗真菌药。这类药物口服吸收好,与血浆蛋白结合率高,药物半衰期长,生物利用度高,毒副作用小,不良反应发生率低。临床资料表明,这类药物对于甲真菌病的治疗总有效率为100％。临床治愈率和真菌转阴率在停药后的几个月逐渐上升,表现了药物很强的后效应。     

The framework of toxicology information

The scientific and societal underpinnings of toxicology are reviewed, as is the structure and flow of its information. Historical sources are presented, followed by a summary of patterns of publication in and access to the periodical, monographic, and special report literature. Computerized information is stressed and specialized systems such as TOXNET and CIS are described. Other innovative electronic projects, including micro-CSIN and the ANSWER workstation are touched upon. Important organizations active in the toxicology field are highlighted and information applications in the legislative, regulatory, and judicial areas are discussed. Finally, the work of international organizations is reviewed and new directions in toxicology information are explored.     

老年肾病综合征60例分析

目的了解老年肾病综合征的病因及并发症。方法回顾分析成都铁路分局医院2000年9月至2010年9月及广州南方医院肾内科1992年1月至1999年12月收治的60例老年肾病综合征病例。结果①继发性老年肾病综合征5例。②原发性老年肾病综合征并发症:高脂血症43例,感染9例,急性肾功能衰竭4例,血糖升高4例,消化性溃疡4例。结论①此组患者继发性老年肾病综合征较少。②原发性老年肾病综合征主要并发症:高脂血症、感染、急性肾功能衰竭、血糖升高及消化性溃疡。     

Carcinogenic fungal hydrazines.

The carcinogenic, mutagenic and teratogenic activity of 11 hydrazine analogues and diazonium ions are described. These chemicals are ingredients of 22 mushroom species. Of these, one is cultivated, while the remaining 21 are wild fungi. To date, many of these mushrooms are considered to be edible. The appropriate chemistry and biochemistry investigations of the mushroom chemicals are summarized briefly. Human consumption estimates also are provided in as much as possible.     

Extrapolation of animal toxicity to humans: interspecies comparisons in drug development

Different methods for converting the dose-related toxicity of drugs from animals to humans are reviewed. Each method is analyzed with respect to its utility and limitations. Linear extrapolations from animals to humans based on body weight equivalence are shown to be inaccurate unless species-specific conversion factors are used. Extrapolations based on surface area equivalence are more accurate, do not require conversion factors, and may be used when pharmacokinetic data are not available. Ultimately, interspecies conversions are most reliable when pharmacokinetic data are available, assuming that toxic responses are comparable among species for similar blood levels. Two pharmacokinetic-based approaches may be used: direct use of plasma concentration or area under the concentration-time curve (AUC) and physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models.