外观呈三鼻孔样先天性鼻畸形的诊断与鉴别诊断——文献复习及临床分析

目的：探讨外观呈三鼻孔样先天性鼻畸形的分类与诊断,以期为临床提供较为规范的诊断标准。方法：总结我国自1994年以来公开发表且被“中国期刊全文数据库”收录的有关外观呈三鼻孔样先天性鼻畸形丈献14篇共26例病例,从外科情况、辅助检查、合并畸形等方面进行归纳,分析其相同点及不同点,从胚胎学角度探讨其发生机理。结果：根据异常鼻孔部位不同,分为鼻孔位于鼻尖部和位于鼻翼一侧,并有三个不同的诊断。结论：应根据病例特点及胚胎学发生原理对三鼻孔样畸形诊断。异常鼻孔位于鼻尖者为“额外鼻孔”：异常鼻孔位于鼻翼一侧,与鼻腔相通者为“副鼻”：不与鼻腔相通者为“先天性鼻窦道”。     

Triple nostrils: a case report and review

In this paper we present a case of a "third nostril" situated below the left nostril and passing posteriorly into the nasal cavity. In all previously published cases the supernumerary nostril has been situated superior to the normal nostrils.     

Supernumerary nostril with a contralateral naso-ocular cleft

We present the rare case of a child with a supernumerary nostril and a contralateral naso-ocular cleft. The child also had a suggestion of a microform cleft lip. There are only six or seven cases of supernumerary nostrils reported in the literature. This case is also unique in that the additional nostril and the naso-ocular cleft were on opposite sides. We describe a simple method of dealing with the problem and review the existing literature on the topic.     

A case of bilateral supernumerary nostrils

Summary A child with bilateral supernumerary nostrils is reported with the review of the literature regarding the relation between nasal embryology and the development of supernumerary nostrils.     

黏膜瓣Z成形术矫正二期单侧唇裂鼻翼畸形

目的评估运用黏膜瓣Z成形术矫正鼻翼塌陷的治疗效果。方法 2011年12月至2013年6月,对46例二期单侧唇裂患者使用黏膜瓣Z成形术锁边,缝合大翼软骨和侧鼻软骨来矫正其鼻翼畸形。测量鼻小柱倾斜度和鼻孔宽度,并进行统计分析。结果患侧鼻孔的宽度、鼻小柱的倾斜度及鼻尖和鼻翼的对称性都有明显改善。41例患者术后随访6个月,3例患者出现了轻度复发,但其数据分析与术前比较仍有明显改善。结论黏膜瓣Z成形术可有效矫正单侧唇裂患者的鼻翼塌陷。     

Supernumerary nostril: case report and review of the literature.

Supernumerary nostrils are extremely rare. A review of the literature revealed 21 published cases since 1906. We present a case of supernumerary nostril located above and to the side of the left nostril in a male patient. We discuss differences between published reports, surgical techniques proposed, and the outcome of our treatment approach.     

Correction of cleft lip nasal deformity in Orientals using a refined reverse-U incision and V-Y plasty.

A total of 45 patients with cleft lip nasal deformities were operated on between September 1997 and December 1999. We reviewed 35 of them. Out of these, 31 patients had unilateral cleft lip nasal deformities and four patients had bilateral cleft lip nasal deformities. The age range of the patients was from 3 years to 56 years. A reverse-U incision with V-Y plasty was used in 20 patients with mild to moderate unilateral cleft lip nasal deformities. An open rhinoplasty incision combined with the reverse-U incision and V-Y plasty was used in 11 patients with severe unilateral cleft lip nasal deformities. A bilateral reverse-U incision and a trans-columellar incision were used in the four patients with bilateral cleft lip nasal deformities. After advancement of the mucochondrial flap, alar transfixion sutures were used to ensure firm contact between the nasal skin and the redraped reverse-U flap. A composite graft for columellar lengthening was used in six cases of severe unilateral cleft lip nasal deformity and the four cases of bilateral cleft lip nasal deformity. Ancillary procedures included correction of a lateral displacement of the alar base, lip scar revision, a cartilage graft for tip augmentation, iliac bone grafting for correction of hypoplasia of the maxilla or for an alveolar cleft and corrective rhinoplasty. A self-made nasal retainer was applied for 6 months in all patients to maintain the corrected contour of the nostril. The follow-up period ranged from 11 months to 26 months, with an average of 18 months. The final results were evaluated based on the degree of symmetry of the nostrils, the redraping of the alar-columellar web and the exposure of the nostrils. Good results were obtained in 29 patients where alar-columellar web deformities were either absent or minimal and a satisfactory symmetry of the nostrils was achieved. Four patients had fair results and two patients had poor results. In conclusion, we suggest that the reverse-U incision with V-Y plasty is a useful method for achieving symmetry of the nostrils in cleft lip nasal deformities in Orientals. In addition, this technique provides ample advancement and repositioning of the mucochondrial flap and simultaneous correction of the nasal vestibular web.     

单侧唇裂术后继发鼻孔过小畸形的矫正

目的:探索一种单侧唇裂术后继发鼻孔过小畸形的手术矫正技术。方法:选择2008年1月～2011年11月在我院因单侧唇裂术后继发鼻孔过小畸形行手术治疗的患者12例。在相对鼻孔较大的健侧设计蒂在鼻小柱下的皮瓣,将皮瓣向患侧旋转,用于扩大患侧鼻孔,同时可矫正患者鼻孔过小伴发的鼻小柱向患侧偏斜畸形。结果:所有患者经过此种手术方法修复后鼻外形明显改善,两侧鼻孔大小基本对称,鼻小柱居中,效果满意。结论:鼻小柱下健侧皮瓣旋转开大患侧鼻孔是一种有效矫正唇裂术后继发鼻孔过小畸形的方法。     

Correction of severe secondary cleft lip nasal deformity using a composite graft: current approach and review

In the case of a severe tissue deficiency with a secondary cleft lip nasal deformity, a composite graft can be useful for columellar lengthening or to create symmetrical nostrils. The current study used composite grafts to correct secondary cleft lip nasal deformities with a severe tissue deficiency or severe nostril asymmetry. A total of 19 patients who were born with complete cleft type were operated between 1995 and 1999. Of these patients, 10 were men and 9 were women, and the age distribution was 7 to 35 years old. In 9 patients with unilateral cleft lip nasal deformities and in 6 patients with bilateral cleft lip nasal deformities, columellar lengthening was performed using a composite graft taken from the helix in 14 patients and the contralateral alar rim in 1 patient. In 4 patients with severely asymmetrical nostrils resulting from a short alar rim in unilateral cleft lip nasal deformities, the ear helix was used in 2 patients, whereas in the other two patients, the alar rim of the unaffected side was transferred to the affected side to create a symmetrical nostril by reducing the length of the ala on the unaffected side. The follow-up period ranged from 1 to 3 years, and results were as follows: Four days after the graft, the composite tissue exhibited a pinkish color, and complete survival was confirmed after 7 days. The absorption rate was approximately 10% and the color mismatch became minimal with time. Composite tissue from the ear was found to be useful for full-layer reconstruction of the ala and columella because of its stiffness, thin nature, and similarity. Composite tissue from the alar rim on the contralateral side was also determined to be a good material for full-layer reconstruction of the deficient ala.     

解剖矫正及鼻中隔软骨修复单侧唇裂继发鼻畸形

目的 探讨应用解剖矫正及鼻中隔软骨修复单侧唇裂继发鼻畸形的方法及临床疗效.方法 对21例单侧唇裂继发鼻畸形患者,采用鼻小柱及双侧鼻前庭Goodman切口,佩戴2.5倍放大镜,镜下充分剥离及矫正鼻畸形错位解剖至正常位置,通过切取鼻中隔软骨,并重新搭建鼻尖的支架系统,重塑鼻外形.结果 手术分别纠正了鼻翼塌陷、鼻小柱偏斜、鼻孔不对称等问题,术后1个月、15个月随访21例,可见切口愈合良好,鼻形态改善明显,鼻小柱居中、鼻翼无塌陷、鼻孔基本对称,无明显复发,无并发症发生.结论 在鼻部解剖基础上,充分矫正鼻畸形错位解剖至正常位置,通过切取鼻中隔软骨,并重新搭建鼻尖的支架系统,重塑鼻外形,有良好的治疗效果.     

先天性鼻筛窦道假性三鼻孔畸形的诊断和整形修复

目的探讨先天性鼻筛窦道假性三鼻孔畸形的发病原因、诊断标准和有效治疗方法。方法对1993年2月至2006年3月13例先天性鼻筛窦道假性三鼻孔畸形从发病原因、临床表现、鉴别诊断、手术方法等进行了系统研究。采用窦道切除、重建再造筛窦开口、鼻表浅肌肉腱膜瓣移植、鼻唇沟皮瓣移植、鼻翼软骨肌肉环修复重建等综合手术方法一期整形修复。结果13例术后均自觉症状消失，双侧对称，外形满意，无并发症发生。结论应用窦道切除、再造重建筛窦开口、鼻唇沟皮瓣移植、鼻表浅肌肉腱膜瓣移植及鼻翼软骨肌肉环修复重建等综合手术方法一期整形修复，是治疗先天性鼻筛窦道假性三鼻孔畸形的安全有效方法。     

Identifying the more patent nostril before nasotracheal intubation

We have studied the reliability of two simple pre-induction tests used to select the more patent nostril for nasotracheal intubation by comparing their results with those obtained from fibreoptic examination of the nostrils, in 75 maxillo-facial patients requiring nasotracheal intubation under general anaesthesia, who had no history of nasal obstruction. The tests comprised (1) estimation of the rate of airflow through each nostril during expiration by palpating the passage of air when the contralateral nostril was occluded, and (2) asking for the patient's assessment of airflow through the nostrils, following the administration of a vasoconstrictor. After each test, noses were classified as left or right nostril clearer or nostrils equally clear. After the induction of general anaesthesia, bilateral nasendoscopies were performed and videotape recordings of these were later analysed by an otolaryngologist who had no knowledge of the test results. Intranasal abnormalities were identified and noses were again classified as left or right nostril clearer or nostrils equally clear. There was no significant difference between the overall diagnostic success rates of the two tests (44% and 47%, respectively). In patients with intranasal abnormalities, the numbers of correct diagnoses made by the two tests were not significantly different and were also not significantly different from the number of correct selections made if only the right nostril or only the left nostril had been used for the intubation. In view of the relatively high diagnostic failure rates, anaesthetists should not rely on the two tests investigated when selecting the best nostril for nasotracheal intubation.     

The patency of the airway via each upper airway orifice during general anesthesia

The patency of the airway via each orifice was examined during general anesthesia in 112 patients by occluding other orifices in order to develop a method in which fiberoptic endotracheal intubation (FEI) and ventilation could be performed via different orifices. Ventilation was well maintained via the mouth in 61 (54.5%), via bilateral nostrils in 87 (77.7%), and via the unilateral right and left nostril in 67 (59.8%) and 73 (65.2%) patients, respectively. With the aid of an artificial airway, ventilation was well maintained via the mouth in 112 (100.0%), via bilateral nostrils in 111 (99.1%), and via the unilateral right and left nostril in 106 (94.6%) and 105 (93.8%) patients, respectively. Based on these findings, we developed a method in which FEI is performed via the nostril, while ventilation is performed with a mask applied over only the mouth.     

应用假体矫正单侧唇裂术后鼻孔基底凹陷畸形

目的探讨矫正唇裂术后鼻孔基底凹陷畸形的方法。方法对24例患有唇裂术后鼻唇畸形的患者进行手术,切除上唇瘢痕,重建口轮匝肌,矫正红唇凹陷,提高患侧鼻翼,在患侧的梨状孔周围用膨体雕刻成预定的形状并进行填充。结果24例患者中,有2例因出现感染而取出假体,其余效果满意。结论对于错过了牙槽骨植骨仍存在鼻孔基底凹陷的患者,在矫正鼻唇畸形的同时,可采用膨体填充患侧鼻孔基底的凹陷。     

Compression of a nasotracheal tube in the nasal cavity of a patient with craniofacial fibrous dysplasia

A 42-year-old woman with craniofacial fibrous dysplasia underwent osteoplasty of maxillary and mandibular bone. Preoperative CT images showed osteosclerosis and ground glass appearance of the right side of the skull including the orbit, temporal bone, paranasal sinus, and maxillary and mandibular bones, as well as hypertrophy of the nasal septum. Inhalation anesthesia was induced and 8.0-mmID polyvinyl chloride endotracheal tube was inserted via the left nostril with slight resistance. At emergence, a 10-Fr suction catheter could not be passed throgh the tube but an 8-Fr nasogastric tube could be passed. A part of the tube positioned in the nasal cavity was apparently compressed. Preoperative examination of the nasal cavity and nasal septum using CT or MRI may be desirable for nasotracheal intubation in the patients with craniofacial tumor, and the application of a spiral reinforced endotracheal tube may contribute to prevent such cases of airway obstruction in the nasal cavity.     

单侧完全性唇裂术后继发鼻唇畸形的一次性修复

目的：介绍一种综合术式一次性整体矫正单侧完全性唇裂术后继发鼻唇畸形的方法。方法：采用一针法鼻小柱鼻翼脚复位固定，以缩窄以平齐鼻底；穹隆MT瓣成形术改善鼻孔形状；带侧翼鼻假体隆鼻突出鼻部立体感和加高鼻翼；上唇M瓣成形修整唇红缘重建唇弓；双侧口角为蒂的唇黏膜瓣或下唇瓦合式黏膜瓣修复上唇唇红过薄、过短或部分缺损。结果：单侧完全性唇裂术后继发鼻唇畸形21例，随访10例3个月至1年，外观和效果满意。结论：应用一针法鼻小柱鼻翼脚复位加MT成形术和双蒂唇黏膜瓣移植等术式是值得推荐的一种一次性整体修复继发鼻唇畸形的方法。     

Complications and late sequelae following nasotracheal intubation

A total of 379 patients admitted to the ICU for mechanical ventilation were prospectively investigated for lesions on the nose, nasal cavity, ears and larynx during and after nasotracheal intubation. One to two years later, the surviving patients were questioned to investigate late persisting sequelae. During intubation and up to 5 days following extubation, inflammatory changes and ulceration of the nostrils or nasal septum were found in 76 (20%) and 110 patients (29%), respectively. There were bleedings from the nasal cavity in 67 (19%) and fractures of the conchae in 40 patients (11%). Hoarseness was noted in 135 patients (42%). Inflammatory changes and ulcerations of the nostril and nasal septum were correlated to the duration of intubation. Among the 281 patients included in the follow-up study, 100 (35%) had symptoms from the nose and nasal cavity. Sixty-five (24%) had symptoms related to the ears, 56 (20%) to the maxillary sinus, 81 (29%) to the voice and 90 (32%) to the throat. Increasing duration of intubation was found to be correlated to persisting symptoms from the larynx. Former ulcerations of the nose were associated with a tendency to nasal bleeding. To avoid as many complications as possible from the nose and nasal cavity, we recommend orotracheal intubation. As late sequelae from the larynx increase with the duration of intubation, perhaps tracheostomy should be performed earlier than is general practice today, but that has to be proven in forthcoming studies.     

隆鼻术中扁圆形前鼻孔的联合治疗

目的 探讨隆鼻术中扁圆形前鼻孔塑形的手术方式。方法 2014年12月至2015年5月,对57例先天性鼻孔扁圆横向者,采集术前术后数字图像并测量数据。从鼻外切口入路,通过采用两侧大翼软骨拉拢缝合、鼻小柱-上唇皮瓣推进法、自体软骨/假体植入等,达到全鼻形态的综合塑形。结果 所有患者切口一期愈合,鼻孔方向和角度明显改善,术后效果满意。术后随访6~12个月,可见切口瘢痕隐蔽,鼻孔形态无复发,无并发症出现。结论 通过两侧大翼软骨拉拢缝合、鼻小柱-上唇皮瓣推进,可有效调整鼻孔形态。     

髂骨片移植辅助鼻翼软骨悬吊矫正唇裂鼻畸形

目的探讨一种矫正单侧唇裂继发鼻畸形的有效、可靠方法。方法对61例单侧唇裂鼻畸形患者,采用患侧鼻翼外侧脚基底部颌骨骨膜下皮质骨片贴敷移植,鼻翼软骨内侧脚间植入髂骨皮质骨片,依健侧鼻孔形态,选择鼻翼软骨截断部位和悬吊方式,重建鼻翼软骨肌肉环,术后保持3个月。结果本组61例患者随访3～24个月,56例效果稳定,5例术后出现轻度复发。结论单侧唇裂继发鼻畸形成因复杂,通过颌骨、鼻翼软骨、鼻唇肌肉组织的综合矫治,可有效地改善畸形;稳定牢固地悬吊可增强疗效稳定性、减少畸形的复发率。     

Supernumerary nostrils.

We encountered a rare case of four asymmetrical nostrils 10 years ago. The upper nostrils looked normal while the lower appeared as sinuses. The lower pair communicated with the nasal cavities but the upper pair was obliterated. There was a thick columella and an elongated continuous nasal septum separating the nasal cavities. The left nostril sill was thicker and situated higher than its counterpart. When the patient was 3 months old, the lower sinuses were trimmed and closed primarily, while the upper pair was perforated and kept patent with a silicone tube covered with a split thickness skin graft. Four years later, a revision was performed. Stages of operation were preferred as nasal growth was concerned. The result was satisfactory following 10 years of observation.