多重荧光原位杂交检测骨髓增生异常综合征患者复杂核型异常

目的 探讨多重荧光原位杂交（M-FISH）技术存骨髓增牛异常综合征（MDS）患者复杂核型异常检测中的应用价值。方法 对10例常规R显带具有复杂染色体异常（CCA）的MDS患者应用M-FISH确定复杂染色体的重排及标记染色体的组成，识刖并确定微小易位。结果 M-FISH共检出37种结构重排，包括插入易位、缺夫、易值及衍生染色体，其中34种为不平衡重排；3种为平衡重排，包括：t（6；22）（q21；q12）、t（9；19）（q13；p13）和t（3；5）（？；？），有7种重排文献未见报道，涉及17号染色体的异常及-5／5q-最为常见（10例患者中两种异常各占7例）。结论 对伴有CCA的MDS患者M-FISH技术可以明确常规细胞遗传学（CC）分析中复杂染色体异常，并发现和纠正CC分析中漏检及误检的异常，为MDS患者染色体异常的分析提供了一种较理想的方法。     

多色荧光原位杂交技术的临床应用

目的 检测来源不明的额外标记染色体和衍生染色体。方法 用多色荧光原位杂交技术结合G显带技术和NOR技术,对1例47,XY,inv（9）（p11q13）,＋mar和1例46,XY,t（5;？）核型进行诊断。结果 病例1的额外标记染色体片段来源于15号染色体,患者核型为47,XY,inv（9）（p11q13）,＋SMC（15）。病例2的核型为46,XY,der（5）t（4,5）（q27;q35）。在此基础上对患者的核型—表型进行了分析。结论 多色荧光原位杂交技术结合细胞遗传学核型分析,对于来源不明的标记染色体和衍生染色体的诊断是非常有帮助的。     

常规细胞遗传学检查联合多重荧光原位杂交技术确定急性白血病患者复杂核型异常

目的 探讨多重荧光原位杂交(M-FISH)技术在急性白血病(AL)患者复杂核型异常和标记染色体检测中的应用价值.方法 对11例常规R显带检测显示具有复杂核型异常和标记染色体的AL患者应用M-FISH技术确定复杂染色体重排和标记染色体的组成,识别并确定微小易位和隐匿易位.结果 11例AL患者应用常规细胞遗传学(CC)技术共检出27种染色体数目异常和41种结构异常.CC技术检出的3种染色体增加和9种染色体丢失以及12种结构异常与M-FISH分析结果一致,CC技术检出的15种染色体丢失经M-FISH证实为衍生染色体,M-FISH还检出3种CC检查未发现的染色体数目增加.CC检查所检出的其余29种结构异常(包括17种标记染色体)的性质被M-FISH进一步明确.M-FISH共检出33种结构重排,有6种异常未见文献报道,分别为t(5q-;16)(?q14;q24)、der(9)(Y::9::Y::9)、der(7)(7::8::9)、ins(20;21)、der(11)(11::21::20)和der(3)t(3p-;13)(3p-;q21),这些复杂染色体重排主要由染色体不平衡易位所致.复杂核型异常几乎涉及所有染色体,在AML患者以涉及17、5、7、15和11号染色体的异常较为常见;在ALL患者则以涉及8、9、14和22号染色体的异常较为多见.结论 联合应用CC和M-FISH检查可以提高CC核型分析的分辨率,对伴复杂核型和标记染色体的AL具有一定的临床应用价值.     

多重荧光原位杂交检测慢性粒细胞白血病急变期复杂核型异常

目的 探讨多重荧光原位杂交（M—FISH）技术检测慢性粒细胞白血病急变期（CML—BC）复杂核型异常（CCA）的价值。方法 应用M—FISH技术对26例常规细胞遗传学（CC）分析显示CCA的CML—BC患者进行检测分析。结果 除标准t（9；22）（q34；q11）外，通过M—FISH技术共检出69种结构异常，其中10种为平衡易位，59种为不平衡易位，不平衡易位包括1种插入、6种缺失及52种易位及衍生染色体；另外还检出23种数目异常。26例CML—BC患者中所有染色体均涉及异常，除标准t（9；22）外异常最多涉及的染色体是17号、2号、8号及16号。1例标本M—FISH未检出CCA，6例标本检出了CC分析未发现的异常核型。M—FISH明确了16种CC分析未确定的异常，纠正了5种CC分析识别错误的异常，还发现了CC分析未检出的35种染色体易位，其中der（9）t（16；6；9；22）和der（18）t（16；18；19）在既往文献中未见报道。结论 对伴有CCA的CML—BC以M—FISH技术可以发现和纠正CC分析漏检及误检的染色体异常。伴有CCA的CML—BC与CML常见的附加异常不同。     

Analysis of chromosomal aberrations in the chorionic cells of induced abortions as a method for estimating the level of spontaneous mutagenesis

Chromosomes were morphologically studied in the chorionic fibroblasts of induced abortions. Chorionic villi biopsy specimens taken during 103 abortions at gestational weeks 6-12 served as a material for this investigation. They were taken from women with pregnancies interrupted due to that there were social indications. Metaphase and prometaphase chromosomal specimens were obtained by the test modified by V. Baranov 4-5 hours after chorionic villi biopsy, without preliminarily tissue cultivation. A cytogenetic analysis revealed an abnormal karyotype in 2.91%. The frequency of chromosomal aberrations may serve as a control for prospective studies of spontaneous mutagenesis in a region and the chorion of induced abortion may be regarded as a test unit of mutagenic and embryotoxic effects on the fetus.     

荧光原位杂交技术在诊断胎儿非整倍体疾病中的应用

目的探讨荧光原位杂交（fluorescence in situ hybridization,FISH）诊断未培养羊水细胞非整倍体的临床应用价值。方法采用着丝粒探针、专一序列探针（13、18、21、X、Y）对99例进行产前诊断孕妇的羊水细胞进行FISH检测,并与常规细胞遗传学（CC）相比较。结果进行产前诊断的99例孕妇,CC检测其羊水细胞诊断出两例染色体异常患儿,分别是1例47,XX,＋21和1例47,XY＋21,FISH与CC结果一致。结论FISH对未培养羊水细胞非整倍体的检测有快速、准确、用量少的优势,可达到产前诊断要求,可用于产前诊断的临床应用。     

Application of multicolor fluorescent in situ hybridization for enhanced characterization of chromosomal abnormalities in congenital disorders

OBJECTIVE: To determine the efficacy of multicolor fluorescent in situ hybridization (M-FISH), which paints each chromosome in a unique color, for identification of congenital derivative and marker chromosomes. MATERIAL, METHODS AND CASES: Commercially available M-FISH probes were used to label each chromosome in a specific fluorescent color. Six representative cases involving derivative chromosomes, markers, and subtle anomalies were analyzed by M-FISH. RESULTS: Three familial, rather subtle derivative chromosomes were identified by M-FISH with relative ease. A small ring that was unidentifiable by banded-chromosome analysis was identified by M-FISH. A case of a subtle telomeric anomaly could not be resolved without the use of telomeric-specific probes. The M-FISH results were confirmed by individual chromosome-specific painting probes. CONCLUSION: M-FISH was helpful for identifying a wide range of congenital chromosomal anomalies. However, for subtle chromosomal abnormalities, use of locus-specific probes may be necessary.     

Diagnosis of hydatidiform moles by polymorphic deletion probe fluorescence in situ hybridization

Because products of conception often contain maternal and villous tissues, the determination of maternal and villous genotypes based on genetic polymorphisms can help discern maternal and paternal chromosomal contribution and aid in the diagnosis of hydatidiform moles. Polymorphic deletion probe (PDP) fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) probes based on copy number variants are highly polymorphic and allow in situ determination of genetic identity. By using three informative PDPs on chromosomes 2p, 4q, and 8p, we compared maternal with villous genotypes and determined the ploidy of villous tissue. PDP FISH was performed on 13 complete moles, 13 partial moles, 13 nonmolar abortions, and an equivocal hydropic abortion. PDP FISH permitted definitive diagnosis of complete moles in five of 13 cases for which maternal and villous genotypes were mutually exclusive. A complete mole was highly suspected when all three PDP loci showed homozygous villous genotypes. The diagnosis of a complete mole by PDP FISH yielded a theoretical test sensitivity of 87.5%, specificity of 91.8%, an observed test sensitivity of 100%, and specificity of 92.3%. Triploidy was observed in all partial moles, in which diandric triploidy was confirmed in six cases. In the equivocal hydropic abortion, PDP FISH combined with p57 immunofluorescence revealed placental androgenetic/biparental mosaicism. PDP FISH can be used in clinical practice and research studies to subclassify hydatidiform moles and evaluate unusual products of conception.     

Detection of bone marrow infiltration of lymphoma cells by fluorescence in situ hybridization

BACKGROUND: It is sometimes difficult to detect the bone marrow infiltration of lymphoma cells, because lymphoma cells are not distinguishable from normal lymphocytes due to the similarity of their phenotype. METHODS: Bone marrow involvement of 17 samples of 15 patients with follicular lymphoma, whose lymphoma cells were confirmed to harbor the translocation of chromosome14q32, were examined by microscopic analysis of bone marrow smear and biopsy, flow cytometorical analysis (FCM), chromosomal analysis of G-banding and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). FISH was performed using a probe, which detects the split of IGH gene on 14q32. RESULTS: The positivity of FISH was highest among these methods and FISH was able to detect the bone marrow involvement in one case who was defined as negative by bone marrow biopsy. CONCLUSIONS: FISH can be used for detection of bone marrow involvement of malignant lymphoma that carries chromosomal rearrangement involving 14q32.     

The development of a multitarget, multicolor fluorescence in situ hybridization assay for the detection of urothelial carcinoma in urine

The purpose of this study was to develop a multitarget, multicolor fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) assay for the detection of urothelial carcinoma (UC) in urine specimens. Urinary cells obtained from voided urine specimens of 21 patients with UC and 9 normal donors were analyzed with nine different centromere enumeration probes and a single locus-specific indicator probe to determine an optimal set of FISH probes for UC detection. The four probes with the greatest sensitivity for UC detection were then labeled with a unique fluorophore and combined into a single probe set. The probes with the greatest combined sensitivity for UC detection were CEP3, CEP7, CEP17, and the 9p21 (P16) LSI. This probe set was used to evaluate urine specimens acquired from 179 patients for prospective testing (46 with biopsy-proven UC). FISH slides were evaluated by scanning the slide for cells with nuclear features suggestive of malignancy and assessing the FISH signal pattern of these cells for polysomy (ie, gains of two or more different chromosomes). A receiver operator characteristic curve revealed that a cutoff of 5 cells with polysomy as the positive criterion for cancer resulted in an overall sensitivity of 84.2% for patients with biopsy-proven UC and a specificity of 91.8% among patients with genitourinary disorders but no evidence of UC. This study demonstrates that a multitarget, multicolor FISH assay containing centromeric probes to chromosomes 3, 7, and 17 and a locus-specific probe to band 9p21 has high sensitivity and specificity for the detection of UC in voided urine specimens.     

间期荧光原位杂交技术检测急性粒-单核细胞白血病inv(16)

目的 探讨荧光原位杂交（FISH）技术在检测inv(16)(p13q22)中的价值。方法 采用红色荧光素（Spectrum Red标记的酵母人工染色体（YAC）克隆854E2[跨越第16号染色体短臂inv（16）断裂点]作为探针，用单色间期FISH检测26例急性粒－单核细胞白血病（AML－M4）inv（16)。在9例inv（16）患者中，特征性的3个红色荧光信号的阳性率仅为13.3%－32.1%（中位数21.3%）。结论 YAC854E2和间期FISH是检测inv(16)的有效方法。     

Y染色体原位杂交在追踪间充质干细胞上的应用

背景:间充质干细胞移植治疗多发性硬化症是一种被日渐关注的新型治疗手段.然而,间充质干细胞是通过穿越血脑屏障发挥细胞替代作用还是通过免疫抑制发挥治疗作用仍有待进一步验证.目的:建立稳定有效的Y染色体原位杂交方法,观察间充质干细胞在多发性硬化症模型小鼠中的分布.设计、时间及地点:观察性实验,于2007-09/2009-02在健康科学研究所分子免疫学实验室完成.材料:C57BL/6小鼠30只,6～8周龄,体质量15～20 g,雌鼠用于建立实验性自身免疫性脑脊髓炎模型.方法:用地高辛标记了针对Y染色体的DNA探针,进行原位杂交验证探针的特异性和敏感性.再将从雄鼠中分离的间充质干细胞移植到雌性实验性自身免疫性脑脊髓炎小鼠体内,进行原位杂交.主要观察指标:光学和荧光显微镜观察间充质干细胞在实验性自身免疫性脑脊髓炎小鼠体内的分布情况.结果:实验确立了探针的Y染色体特异性和敏感性,进一步建立了有效的原位杂交方法.追踪到间充质干细胞在实验性自身免疫性脑脊髓炎小鼠的脊髓内分布极少,而外周免疫器官内有一定数量的分布,表明间充质干细胞可能是通过外周免疫调节发挥治疗作用.结论:在外周脾和淋巴结内有一定数量的间充质干细胞分布,而在中枢神经系统的脊髓内只有极少数的间充质干细胞.     

Analysis of the relationship between sex and chromosomal aberrations in colorectal cancer by comparative genomic hybridization

Colorectal cancer is thought to be more common in men than in women. The chromosomal locations of DNA gains and losses in surgical specimens of colorectal tumours were detected by comparative genomic hybridization and were compared by gender. Five chromosomal regions, 7p, 8p, 8q, Xp and Xq, contained multiple gains that were significantly more common in males than in females, and within these regions, the differences were significant for Xp21, Xp11.3, Xp11.4 and Xq26. Regions 1p, 3q, 11q, 12p, 12q and 15q contained multiple sites of gain that were significantly more common in females than in males. Tumours from male and female patients showed significantly more losses at 11p and 15q, and at 4q and Xq, respectively. The fact that gains in X-chromosomal regions were detected with a significantly higher frequency in tumours from male patients suggests that the difference between the genders might be explained by X-chromosomal inactivation.     

Quantitative analysis of fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) signals for molecular cytogenetic diagnosis

Molecular cytogenetic diagnosis of chromosomal aberrations, by using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) requires the introduction of quantitative approaches to estimating hybridization signals. Specifically, this estimation is required for the differentiation of monosomy and for the superposition of the signals in the diagnosis of mosaic forms of chromosomal syndromes, as well for the determination of the parental origin of homologous chromosomes. The present paper proposes an approach to rapidly estimating FISH signals, based on image capture by a CCD digital chamber and a fluorescence microscope, and to measuring the intensity of hybridization signals. This approach has been shown to be highly effective in differentiating the parent origin of chromosomes, by applying original chromosome-specific DNA tests. It has been successfully used in the study of numerical chromosomal aberrations in various biological materials. By taking into account the findings and as well as earlier described quantitative FISH analyses applied to basic studies, the authors discuss whether the quantitative FISH analyses can be used for the molecular cytogenetic diagnosis of hereditary diseases.     

用于荧光原位杂交技术的骨髓细胞制片方法研究

本研究对传统的骨髓细胞制片方法进行改良,探讨其对荧光原位杂交(FISH)信号的影响,为骨髓标本FISH检测提供最佳的制片方法。采用缺口平移的方法,制作出Spectrum Green-C-myc,Promo Fluor-555-MDM2,Promo Fluor-415-STK6三色荧光杂交探针。将采集到的5例骨髓标本进行2种方法制片,传统方法:用低渗的方法去除红细胞,甲醇/冰醋酸(3∶1)固定细胞后进行细胞甩片;改进方法:用密度梯度离心的方法去除红细胞,细胞甩片后用甲醇固定细胞,再用2%甲醛固定细胞,将固定好的细胞进行FISH检测并比较两种方法获得的平均荧光信号强度,背景信号强度以及荧光信号的分裂率。结果表明:在Spectrum Green,Promo Fluor-555和Promo Fluor-415 3个通道中,传统方法制片FISH平均荧光信号强度与背景强度的比值为4.3±0.19,3.52±0.04,3.07±0.08,改进方法为9.89±0.41,7.55±0.5,5.67±0.18,(P<0.01);改进方法在3个通道中获得的荧光信号强度分别为传统方法的2.32,2.14和1.85倍;同时该方法减少了荧光信号的分裂率,传统方法荧光信号的分裂率分别为(15.8±1.74)%,(20.42±2.88)%,(23.2±3.02)%,改进方法分别为(8.6±1.2)%,(12.28±1.33)%,(12.6±2.56)%(P<0.05)。结论:采用改进后的骨髓制片方法有效地提高了FISH检测的荧光信号强度,明显降低了荧光信号的分裂现象,而且该方法易于掌握,程序简单。本研究为FISH检测骨髓标本提供了一种更佳的制片方法。     

荧光原位杂交技术在羊水间期细胞产前诊断中的应用

目的探讨荧光原位杂交(FISH)技术在产前诊断中的应用价值。方法采集1 189名孕18~24周孕妇的羊水标本,用染色体GLP13/21探针和CSP18/X/Y探针对未培养的羊水细胞进行FISH检测,并与羊水细胞染色体核型结果比较。结果 1 189例羊水标本1 175例培养成功,检出41例染色体异常,35例染色体多态性。1 189例羊水标本FISH杂交均成功,检出29例异常标本,另有6例结果不能判定。29例FISH结果异常中除1例因羊水培养失败无染色体核型对比外,其余与染色体核型结果一致。6例结果不能判定中5例因母血污染影响X、Y信号判断。结论产前FISH检测法在诊断5种染色体数目异常中有较高的应用价值,但存在检测假阳性和范围局限性,不建议作为单独检测方法用于染色体异常的产前诊断。     

荧光原位杂交在细胞学诊断中的应用

荧光原位杂交(FISH)是一种可以识别染色体畸变的有效技术,近年来逐渐在细胞学诊断中得到应用.本文通过分别阐述FISH如何从尿液、胆道刷液、支气管刷液和痰液、食管刷液以及妇科脱落细胞学中检测肿瘤细胞,从而证明FISH能够提高细胞学诊断的敏感性,而且该方法 几乎适用于任何细胞学样本类型.但是因为FISH技术费时且昂贵,所以对于大多数细胞学样本来说,FISH技术是对传统细胞学的补充而不是替代.     

膀胱移行细胞癌各分期分级中荧光原位杂交检测敏感性比较

目的评价荧光原位杂交(FISH)在诊断膀胱移行细胞癌各分期分级中的敏感性。方法应用荧光标记的3、7、17号染色体及p16基因探针检测138例血尿患者尿液中脱落细胞的染色体及基因畸变情况,根据诊断标准计算FISH诊断膀胱移行细胞癌的敏感性。同时留取上述患者尿液送病理科行尿找瘤细胞检查,并比较两种方法对膀胱移行细胞癌的诊断效能。结果 FISH图像中细胞核大且不规则者更易观察到染色体基因异常情况,并可见具有较多染色体改变的细胞呈花斑状的染色图像。FISH和尿细胞学诊断膀胱移行细胞癌的总敏感性为83.9%和36.8%,在各分期分级中敏感性为T1期83.6%和31.3%,T2-4期100%和55.6%,G1级36.3%和9.1%,G2级95.2%和42.9%,G3级100%和50%。FISH诊断膀胱移行细胞癌的总敏感性及在肿瘤各种分期分级中敏感性与尿细胞学结果比较均有统计学差异(P<0.05)。FISH诊断膀胱移行细胞癌敏感性高于尿细胞学。结论 FISH对膀胱移行细胞癌的诊断有较高的敏感度。     

荧光原位杂交技术检测BCR/ABL融合基因

目的 建立荧光原位杂交（FISH）技术,直接原位检测间期细胞中BCR／ABL融合基因,辅助临床诊断和治疗慢性粒细胞性白血病（CML）。方法 应用FISH技术检测15例CML患者骨髓培养细胞BCR／ABL融合基因,其中5例CML患者同时取骨髓直接涂片检测,5例CML患者同时取外周血浓缩单个核细胞直接涂片检测。以5例非CML患者骨髓培养细胞为阴性对照。结果 15例患者骨髓标本成功培养10例,染色体分析检测到Ph1染色体8例。15例患者骨髓培养细胞FISH检测BCR／ABL融合基因阳性14例。5例CML患者同时做骨髓直接涂片FISH检测,结果阳性4例。5例CML患者同时做血标本浓缩单个核细胞FISH检测阳性2例。5例非CML患者FISH结果均阴性。结论 FISH技术能直接原位检测间期细胞中BCR／ABL融合基因,且快速、可靠、成功率高,是诊断和监测CML的一项有效新技术。