三维CT重建和牵引成骨技术个性化治疗半侧颜面短小畸形

目的利用三维CT重建技术和牵引成骨技术,寻找精确治疗半侧颜面短小畸形患者的个性化治疗方案。方法通过测量分析8例半侧颜面短小畸形X线影像和三维CT重建模型,制定精确的个性化手术方案,应用内置式下颌骨牵引器,通过颌下入路延长下颌骨,以矫正半侧颜面短小畸形患者的面部不对称畸形。结果所有患者按预期完成骨牵引,最小牵引距离18 mm,最大牵引距离30 mm,牵引完成后面部不对称畸形得到明显改善,患者满意。结论三维CT重建结合牵引成骨技术,对以半侧颜面短小畸形为代表的复杂颅颌面不对称畸形的精确治疗有重要的临床价值。     

下颌升支牵引成骨矫治半侧颜面发育不全

目的 探讨下颌升支牵引成骨在矫治半侧颜面发育不全中的应用价值.方法 1999至2006年采用下颌升支牵引成骨矫治半侧颜面发育不全畸形患者15例,其中幼儿及青少年患者12例,成年患者3例,部分患者一期或二期采用了上颌Le Fort Ⅰ型截骨术、健侧下颌升支矢状劈开截骨术、颏成形术及游离肩胛皮瓣移植修复术等.结果 所有患者术后均顺利完成牵引治疗,平均牵引距离21.25舢(15～40 mm).临床及影像学观察新骨形成良好后去除牵引器.术后患侧面部丰满度和面部对称性均得到明显提高,咬合关系均较术前明显改善,咬合平面基本摆正.无一例出现感染或成骨不良等并发症.未出现永久性下牙槽神经功能损伤症状.结论 下颌升支牵引成骨技术是矫治严重半侧颜面发育不全的较好方法,且矫治效果优于传统正颌外科.     

半侧颜面短小畸形下颌骨牵引成骨术后面部不对称复发的研究进展

半侧颜面短小畸形是一种常见的以下颌骨发育不良为主要表现的先天性颅面畸形。自从JG McCarthy等1992年首次成功应用牵引成骨技术延长人的下颌骨以来,该技术目前已经成为治疗半侧颜面短小畸形的重要方法。经过20余年的应用和广泛研究后,部分学者发现,半侧颜面短小畸形患者牵引成骨术后的下颌骨生长存在个体差异,部分患者远期治疗效果欠佳,出现面部不对称复发。该现象目前备受关注,现将对半侧颜面短小畸形下颌骨牵引成骨术后面部不对称复发的影响因素进行综述。     

基于数字化技术的改良牵引成骨术整复半侧颜面短小畸形及疗效评估

目的探讨在数字化技术的支持下,应用结合下颌升支矢状劈开截骨术的改良内置式牵引成骨技术,治疗半侧颜面短小畸形的方法及临床效果。方法术前进行数字化手术模拟,明确下颌神经管与恒牙胚的位置,设计截骨线及牵引器固定位置。术中根据方案,采用改良的截骨术式进行截骨,即刻进行牵引,术后进行快速牵引,直至达到预期的延长效果。术后复查CT,进行面部三维重建和软组织三维扫描,测量健、患侧骨组织及软组织数据,并对手术前后各测量数据进行比较。结果 10例患者术后面部垂直方向的对称性得到较大程度的改善,牙平面较术前趋于水平,未发生神经及牙胚损伤等并发症;外观及咬功能基本正常,术后患侧下颌升支长度及厚度比术前明显增加,骨组织及软组织对称性改善明显。结论应用下颌升支矢状劈开截骨行牵引成骨的方法,能提高手术安全性,避免损伤神经及牙胚,并且能加快牵引速率,缩短疗程,并发症较少,能够安全有效地矫治半侧颜面短小畸形的颌骨不对称。     

半侧颜面短小畸形下颌骨牵引成骨对咬肌的影响

目的探讨半侧颜面短小畸形下颌骨牵引成骨对咬肌的影响。方法回顾性分析自2010年2月至2015年3月半侧颜面短小畸形患者共25例,借助Mimics软件重建患儿咬肌及头颅骨的三维立体图像,测量牵引成骨前后咬肌体积。结果下颌骨牵引成骨后,患儿健侧咬肌体积与术前相比,其差异无统计学意义(P0.05),而患侧咬肌体积术后较术前明显增加(P0.05)。ⅡA型和ⅡB型半侧颜面短小畸形患儿牵引成骨术后咬肌增加量差异无统计学意义(P0.05);下颌升支后缘高度增加量与咬肌体积增加量无显著相关性(P0.05)。结论下颌骨牵引成骨治疗半侧颜面短小畸形可能有助于促进患儿患侧咬肌生长,增加咬肌体积,改善半侧颜面短小畸形患儿肌肉软组织缺损情况。     

疑难牙颌面畸形的牵引成骨矫治(附112例临床经验与体会)

选择常规正颌外科难以矫治的七类复杂牙颌面畸形112例，采用内置式颌骨牵引成骨矫治，其中22例采用德国生产的牵引器，其余均采用作研制的不同类型的国产牵引器，其截骨方式，牵引器选择与安放，牵引方式依不同患的畸形分类，畸形严重程度，不同颌骨部位而不同，上颌骨牵引距离7－20mm，下颌骨12－46mm，3例合并局部慢性感染，导致部分新骨吸收，另3例因牵引器故障，下颌骨下缘骨折等原因另行手术处理完成牵引，其余106例均按术前设计顺利完成牵引成骨，取得了良好的成骨及牙颌面畸形矫治效果。内置式颌骨牵引成骨技术为各类复杂疑难牙颌面畸形的矫治提供了新的有效手段，具有广泛的应用价值。     

重度进行性半侧颜面萎缩骨骼和软组织的轮廓重建

目的 总结治疗重度半侧颜面萎缩症的手术方法.方法 2004年1月至2012年5月,对25例重度半侧颜面萎缩的患者,综合应用自体脂肪游离移植、股前外侧筋膜脂肪瓣、自体真皮游离移植等方法进行软组织重建,应用下颌骨延长技术、正颌技术、自体组织移植或假体植入等方法进行骨骼轮廓重建.结果 25例患者中有24例接受了颧骨增高术和面部脂肪注射；17例接受了正颌手术:Le Fort Ⅰ型截骨3例,颏部截骨整形4例,下颌骨延长配合二期Le Fort Ⅰ型截骨3例,颏部截骨整形联合下颌骨Medpor贴附整形7例；股前外侧筋膜脂肪瓣10例；背阔肌肌瓣修复1例.术后随访6个月至5年,25例患者通过骨骼轮廓和软组织结构重建,倾斜的咬合平面和错颌畸形获得纠正,面部不对称和扭曲畸形得到明显改善.结论 对于重度半侧颜面萎缩患者,只有综合应用各种治疗手段进行软组织和骨骼轮廓重建,才能获得良好的治疗效果.     

牵张成骨联合正颌外科治疗成人严重小下颌畸形伴重度阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征

目的:探讨牵张成骨术联合正颌外科的方法治疗小下颌畸形患者下颌骨严重发育不足伴重度睡眠呼吸暂停综合征(OSAHS)的效果。方法:对2例继发于颞下颌关节强直的小颌畸形患者首先采用牵张成骨技术进行治疗。手术在全麻下行双侧下颌角处截骨,安置牵引器,延长下颌升支及下颌体矫正小颌畸形及OSAHS。第二期在拆除牵引器的后行正畸治疗,继而采用正颌外科方法矫正颌面畸形及咬合关系,术后进一步正畸治疗矫正咬合关系排齐牙列。结果:2例患者均顺利完成治疗。下颌骨最小牵引距离25mm,最大牵引距离30mm,牵引区成骨良好。后气道间隙由治疗前的平均3.25mm增加到11.5mm;SNB角由术前平均67°增加到术后80°,OSAHS得以治愈。联合正颌外科及正畸治疗后小颌畸形得以矫治,面型及咬合功能均获得满意的效果。术后经过2年随访,未见复发。结论:牵张成骨技术联合正颌外科治疗成人严重小颌畸形伴重度OSAHS可以获得满意的效果。不仅可有效治疗伴发的OSAHS,而且能很好地矫治小下颌畸形引起的牙颌面畸形。     

24例半侧颜面发育不全畸形外科矫治的临床分析

目的 对24例半侧颜面发育不全畸形的外科矫治作回顾性分析,探讨此类畸形综合治疗的效果. 方法 1991年7月至2006年8月,采用正颌外科技术、游离组织瓣法、Medpor植入术、牵引成骨技术综合治疗半侧颜面发育不全畸形24例,对患者年龄、畸形分类、手术时机、治疗方法及术后并发症等情况进行分析. 结果 所有患者术后均顺利完成治疗,术后患侧面部丰满度和面部对称性均得到明显提高,咬合关系均较术前明显改善,咬合平面基本摆正,其中8例血管化游离组织瓣均成活,无一例出现血管危象和组织瓣的坏死. 结论 根据患者年龄及畸形的分类选择合适的手术方案组合,对半侧颜面发育不全畸形的矫治可获得咬合关系和容貌均满意的效果.     

Le-FortⅠ型截骨分块联合正畸矫治严重牙颌面畸形

目的评价Le-FortⅠ型切开分块截骨联合正畸技术矫治严重牙颌面畸形的效果.方法对17例成年患者术前正畸去代偿和排齐拥挤错位牙齿,采用Le-FortⅠ型截骨,断离上颌骨,按术前设计将断离上颌骨分成2～4块,分块的上颌骨通过咬合板定位,微型钛板加钛钉坚固内固定.下颌畸形同期行下颌骨切开整复,之后配合正畸调整咬合.结果本组17例,X线头影测量显示手术前后SNA角、SNB角等软硬组织差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）,术后面部外形及口腔功能均达到术前设计的预测效果,正畸矫治时间缩短,无1例骨块坏死,手术安全性高.随访3～60个月,均无复发,面部外形效果良好.结论Le-FortⅠ型切开分块截骨联合正畸术矫治严重牙颌面畸形,能提高整复和正畸矫治效果,缩短术前术后正畸时间,尤其对矫治伴有不规则的上颌牙弓畸形是一种可行、安全、有效、快捷的方法.     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.