肥胖人群头颈部脂肪分布与OSAHS的关系

目的 探讨国人体质量过重者(BMI＞25)阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(OSAHS)与非OSAHS患者头颈部脂肪分布情况的差异对OSAHS的影响.方法 自2009年7月至2010年7月,对收治的47例主诉打鼾患者中部分身体质量指数(body mass index,BMI)＞25的病例,进行前瞻性研究.将患者分为OSAHS组(病例组)17例和非OSAHS组(对照组)30例.对两组患者均进行睡眠、呼吸监测诊断,应用CT行头颈部连续扫描及三维重建系统,分别测算咽腔三段(鼻咽、口咽、喉咽)及整段咽腔旁、颈部皮下脂肪体积;数据采用SPSS 13.0统计学软件处理.结果 两组采用t检验进行组间比较,其中口咽部、颈部皮下脂肪体积百分比差异有统计学意义(P ＜0.05);鼻咽部、喉咽部及整段咽腔旁脂肪的体积百分比差异无统计学意义(P ＞0.05).结论 在肥胖人群中,头颈部的脂肪分布异常与OSAHS有联系,口咽旁和颈部皮下脂肪分布增多会提高罹患OSAHS的风险,而咽腔其他部位的咽旁脂肪分布异常与OSAHS的发生无关.     

阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征与主动脉夹层的相关性研究

目的探讨阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome,OSAHS)与主动脉夹层(aortic dissection, AD)的关系。方法选择2016年1月至2018年1月于我院经血管CTA确诊的53例AD患者。采用STOP-BANG问卷表对所有入组AD患者进行评分,评分≥3者经手术或保守治疗病情稳定后均接受多导睡眠监测(polysomnography,PSG),根据睡眠呼吸暂停低通气指数(apnea hypopnea index,AHI)是否≥5将53例患者分为OSAHS组与非OSAHS组。结果 OSAHS组纳入18例患者[男17例、女1例,年龄(43.3±8.4)岁],非OSAHS组纳入35例患者[男23例、女12例,年龄(56.6±12.9)岁]。在主动脉夹层Stanford分型、发病时间、个人史、糖尿病史、冠心病史、高脂血症病史以及经治后睡前血压等方面,两组数据差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。OSAHS组患者年龄明显小于非OSAHS组(P0.01),OSAHS组患者男/女比例(P=0.021)、体重(P0.01)、身高(P=0.028)、体重指数(BMI,P0.01)以及经治疗后醒后收缩压和舒张压(P=0.028,P=0.044)明显比非OSAHS组高,OSAHS组既往高血压患者比例明显高于非OSAHS组(P=0.042);其差异均有统计学意义。结论 AD合并OSAHS者多为男性,且年轻、高胖体型者明显多于非OSAHS组;OSAHS可能为年轻男性且合并高胖体型AD患者发病的危险因素之一。     

脂肪分布对不同年龄正常人群骨密度的影响

目的 探讨体质指数(BMI)、腹部脂肪、臀部脂肪对不同年龄正常人群骨密度的影响.方法 采用双能X线BMD仪和医用身高体重测量仪测定393名正常体检人群腰椎松质骨密度、腹部脂肪含量、臀部脂肪含量、全身其他部位脂肪含量和身高、体重、腰围、臀围,并计算BMI和腰臀比.然后将人群按不同年龄分为青年组、中年组和老年组,分析骨密度与不同部位脂肪含量的关系.结果 (1)体内脂肪含量随年龄增加而增加,女性比男性的变化趋势更明显(P＜0.05);(2)在中年患者中,BMI与骨密度成正相关(男性组r=0.237,P=0.018;女性组r=0.279,P=0.024);(3)老年男性患者腹部脂肪含量和臀部脂肪含量与骨密度成正相关(P＜0.05).而老年女性患者腹部脂肪含量与骨密度成负相关(r=0.263,P＜0.05).结论 脂肪分布对骨密度的影响是复杂的,其中腹部脂肪和臀部脂肪可能是影响老年男性骨密度的主要因素,腹部脂肪是中老年女性骨密度的重要负调节因素.因此对中老年患者需注意减肥方式,以避免骨量的丢失和骨质疏松的形成.     

主动脉夹层与阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征关系的临床研究

目的:研究主动脉夹层与阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(OSAHS)的关系。方法:回顾分析41例合并高血压的主动脉夹层患者的临床资料,设为主动脉夹层组,并选取41例具有年龄、性别及体质量指数相近的高血压患者作为对照组,分析OSAHS与主动脉夹层之间的关系。结果:夹层组的阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征发病率较对照组明显升高(P0.05),且夹层组合并OSAHS者睡眠呼吸暂停低通气指数(AHI)较对照组升高,平均Sa O2降低(P0.05)。结论:主动脉夹层的发生与睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征可能有关。     

阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征研究进展

阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征( obstructive sleepapnea-hypopnea syndrome,OSAHS)指睡眠时反复发作的呼吸暂停和通气不足,伴有打鼾、睡眠结构紊乱、频繁发生血氧饱和度下降、白天嗜睡等,并可能继发引起认知功能、心血管、代谢等各方面紊乱的综合征[1].一般认为,当睡眠呼吸暂停低通气指数( apnea-hypopnea index,AHI)＞5,并伴随该病相关症状而无法用其他原因解释时即可诊断.     

OSAHS发病机制的研究进展

阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome, OSAHS)是指睡眠时因上气道塌陷阻塞引起的呼吸暂停和通气不足并伴有打鼾、睡眠结构紊乱、频繁发生血氧饱和度下降、白天嗜睡等病征[1].OSAHS是睡眠呼吸障碍的最常见形式,在人群中发病率较高.OSAHS作为一种众多系统的源头性疾病正日益受到临床医师及社会的关注和重视.目前普遍认为,OSAHS是一种全身性疾病,所有导致鼻腔、咽腔和喉腔任何部位狭窄的原因都可以成为OSAHS的致病因素.现笔者针对已知的OSAHS发病机制作一综述.     

阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征患者血清C反应蛋白、内皮素-1、肿瘤坏死因子-α水平变化及其临床意义

目的 探讨血清C反应蛋白(CRP)、内皮素-1(ET-1)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)在阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征(OSAHS)中的变化及其意义.方法 选取经多导睡眠监测系统(PSG)确诊且未经治疗并排除其他疾病的OSAHS患者60例为OSAHS组;对照组为50例PSG监测正常且排除其他疾病者.分别测定CRP、ET-1、TNF-α水平.结果 OSAHS组血清CRP、ET-1、TNF-α分别为(7.87±6.56) mg/L、(84.24±23.46) ng/L、(24.83±5.89) ng/L,均高于对照组(P＜0.05).结论 血清CRP、ET-1、TNF-α水平在OSAHS患者中均升高,表明它们均参与了OSAHS的病理生理过程,OSAHS患者存在着系统性炎症.     

DXA在糖耐量低减的老年男性脂肪含量测量中的应用

目的 探讨应用双能X线吸收法(DXA)进行人体脂肪含量测量的可行性,并研究糖耐量低减的老年男性患者中脂肪含量与骨密度的相关性.方法 选取171例糖耐量低减的老年男性行腰椎、股骨及全身的DXA检查,收集测量的骨密度、脂肪含量百分比、组织厚度及体重指数(BMI)等数据进行相关性统计分析.结果 腰椎骨密度与腹部脂肪含量(fat%腹部)呈正相关,相关系数r=0.263(P<0.001);股骨颈骨密度与臀部脂肪含量(fat%臀部)呈负相关,r=-0.284(P<0.001).fat%腹部、fat%臀部与BMI高度相关,r=0.561,0.377(P<0.001);腹部、臀部组织厚度与BMI高度相关,r分别为0.854,0.850(P<0.001).结论 DXA测量所得的脂肪含量百分比及组织厚度可作为肥胖检测的定量指标,更多应用于临床;脂肪成分对骨密度具有双重影响,其机制尚待进一步研究.     

206例儿童阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(OSAHS)的围手术期护理

目的:探讨儿童阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(OSAHS)围手术期的护理经验.方法:对我院206例儿童阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(OSAHS)的患者实施术前术后的护理.结果:206例患儿随访3个月,打鼾、呼吸暂停现象消失,白天精力充沛,复查PSG各项指标,189例患儿各项指标均正常,17例患儿各项指标明显好转,鼓膜置管患儿拔管后听力恢复,无并发症.结论:重视围手术期护理,能有效地预防并发症,提高手术疗效.     

腹腔镜袖状胃切除术对肥胖型阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征中期疗效的临床研究

目的:探讨腹腔镜袖状胃切除术(LSG)对肥胖型阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征(OSAHS)的疗效,并分析其影响因素。方法:回顾分析2017年1月至2018年7月行腹腔镜袖状胃切除术的37例肥胖型阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征患者的临床资料及随访资料,分析此术式对患者体重及OSAHS的控制情况,并采用单因素与多因素Logistic回归分析影响体重及OSASH控制效果的相关因素。结果:共37例患者完成手术并定期随访至术后12个月,患者术后体重指数呈下降趋势,额外体重减轻百分率达73.2%;阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征治疗有效率达91.89%,呼吸暂停低通气指数、夜间最低血氧浓度较术前均呈现明显改善趋势;单因素分析显示,性别、体重、额外体重减轻百分率、吸烟可影响LSG对OSAHS的疗效(P<0.05),额外体重减轻百分率、吸烟是影响LSG治疗病态性肥胖疗效的独立因素之一。结论:LSG可有效降低肥胖患者多余体重,具有可靠的减重疗效,同时对OSAHS患者具有良好的中期疗效,吸烟及额外体重减轻百分率可能是影响手术疗效的因素。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.