半椎板入路显微手术切除椎管内髓外硬膜下肿瘤的效果分

目的 探讨半椎板入路显微手术切除椎管内髓外硬膜下肿瘤的方法及疗效。方法 回顾性分析2016年1月至2018年12月采用半椎板入路显微手术切除的38例椎管内髓外硬膜下肿瘤的临床资料。结果 肿瘤全切除35例,次全切除3例（肿瘤与周围神经组织粘连紧密）。术后病理示神经鞘瘤 29例、脊膜瘤6例、表皮样囊肿2例、副神经节瘤1例。术后随访6~36个月,平均19.3个月;MRI复查显示复发1例,未见椎体滑脱及脊柱畸形发生;术后6个月Frankel分级:改善34例,不变3例,恶化1例。结论 半椎板入路显微手术切除椎管内髓外硬膜下肿瘤,不但能够充分显露肿瘤,而且保留椎板后弓的完整性,脊柱稳定性良好。     

半椎板入路显微手术切除椎管内髓外硬膜下肿瘤的效果分析

目的探讨半椎板入路显微手术切除椎管内髓外硬膜下肿瘤的方法及疗效。方法回顾性分析2016年1月至2018年12月采用半椎板入路显微手术切除的38例椎管内髓外硬膜下肿瘤的临床资料。结果肿瘤全切除35例,次全切除3例(肿瘤与周围神经组织粘连紧密)。术后病理示神经鞘瘤29例、脊膜瘤6例、表皮样囊肿2例、副神经节瘤1例。术后随访6～36个月,平均19.3个月;MRI复查显示复发1例,未见椎体滑脱及脊柱畸形发生;术后6个月Frankel分级:改善34例,不变3例,恶化1例。结论半椎板入路显微手术切除椎管内髓外硬膜下肿瘤,不但能够充分显露肿瘤,而且保留椎板后弓的完整性,脊柱稳定性良好。     

半椎板入路显微手术治疗椎管内肿瘤 16 例分析简

目的探讨单侧半椎板人路在显微手术治疗椎管内髓外硬膜下肿瘤中的应用。方法回顾性分析16例经单侧半椎板人路显微手术切除的椎管内髓外硬膜下肿瘤病人的临床资料,其中肿瘤位于颈段1例,胸段6例,腰段9例。结果16例肿瘤均全切除。病理结果：神经鞘瘤11例,脊膜瘤4例,室管膜瘤1例。术后均未出现新的神经功能损害症状。随访16例,时间6～26个月,症状和体征明显好转或消失,未出现手术并发症,脊柱稳定性好。结论经单侧半椎板人路结合显微神经外科技术的手术创伤小,对脊椎后柱结构破坏少,可有效治疗椎管髓外硬膜下肿瘤。     

颈椎椎管内肿瘤显微手术与椎管骨性重建

目的总结颈椎椎管内肿瘤的显微外科手术与椎管骨性重建的诊疗经验。方法回顾性分析14例颈椎椎管内肿瘤病人的临床资料,采用显微手术和椎板棘突复合体回纳固定进行椎管骨性重建。结果术后神经功能改善12例,改善不明显2例,无新发神经功能障碍病人。随访14例,时间平均1年3个月,术后3个月行颈椎CT三维复查,14例椎板棘突复合体均固定确切,无移位,无椎管狭窄,13例颈椎生理曲度稳定性良好,1例术后3个月出现生理曲度下降。结论在电生理监测下行显微手术切除颈椎椎管内肿瘤以及椎板棘突复合体回纳椎管重建术能在切除肿瘤同时最大限度保护颈椎生理功能。     

显微手术治疗脊髓髓内室管膜瘤14例

目的 总结脊髓髓内室管膜瘤显微手术的治疗经验。方法 回顾性分析2005年1月至2013年12月显微手术治疗的14例脊髓髓内室管膜瘤患者的临床资料,术中采用椎管成形术。结果 肿瘤全切12例,次全切2例,全部椎板予以复位。术后随访3个月~3年,改善10例,无变化3例,加重1例;根据McCormick脊髓神经功能分级,Ⅰ级8例,Ⅱ级4例,Ⅲ级2例。结论 显微手术+椎管成形术治疗脊髓髓内室管膜瘤安全、有效。     

单开门椎管成形显微手术治疗颈椎管髓外硬膜内肿瘤的研究

目的探讨单开门椎管成形显微手术治疗颈椎管髓外硬膜内肿瘤围术期护理方法及疗效。方法对2005-01—2015-01在我院治疗的91例颈椎管髓外硬膜内肿瘤患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析,所有患者给予单开门椎管成形显微手术治疗并进行围术期护理。结果椎板开门节段(2.52±0.46)个,手术时间(97.42±16.95)min,失血量(81.38±21.07)mL;疾病类型:神经鞘瘤57例,脊膜瘤15例,肠源性囊肿4例,脂肪瘤15例。经1a随访治愈76例,改善15例,治疗前后颈椎曲度比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论针对颈椎管髓外硬膜内肿瘤患者采用单开门椎管成形显微手术治疗并配合围术期护理取得良好效果,有效恢复脊椎原有结构,防止术后脊椎畸形,对脊柱影响小。     

椎管内肿瘤30例诊治分析

目的探讨椎管内肿瘤的临床诊断与显微外科治疗方法。方法回顾性分析30例椎管内肿瘤的临床症状、体征、影像学检查、病理类型与部位及手术治疗的方法和疗效。结果术后病理证实:30例中神经鞘瘤14例,神经纤维瘤8例,脊膜瘤4例,室管膜瘤、畸胎瘤、蛛网膜囊肿、胶质瘤各1例。肿瘤位于颈段15例,胸段9例,腰段5例,骶尾段1例。其中硬膜外肿瘤5例,硬膜内髓外22例,髓内3例。肿瘤全切率76.67%,髓外肿瘤全切率82.19%,髓内肿瘤33.33%。术后出院时29例患者临床症状较术前明显改善,1例加重。结论椎管内肿瘤大多为良性肿瘤,手术效果较好,宜早诊断早手术,MRI检查和显微外科技术可明显提高手术疗效。     

半椎板入路显微手术治疗椎管内髓外占位性病变的临床研究

目的探讨半椎板入路显微手术治疗椎管内髓外占位性病变的临床疗效。方法回顾性分析应用半椎板入路显微手术治疗20例椎管内髓外占位性病变病人的临床资料。结果病变完全切除17例,部分切除3例,术中出血量平均80 ml。术后病人临床症状改善16例,无变化4例。围手术期无死亡病例、无并发症发生。病理证实:神经鞘瘤9例,脊膜瘤6例,脱落椎间盘组织2例,蛛网膜囊肿1例,肠源性囊肿1例,血管瘤1例。术后住院时间平均6 d。随访3~18个月,影像学检查未发现肿瘤复发,未发现脊柱不稳定。结论应用半椎板入路显微手术治疗椎管内髓外占位性病变,具有手术创伤小、保持脊柱稳定性、病人康复快的优势,值得临床推广应用。     

椎管内室管膜瘤的显微手术治疗

目的 探讨椎管内室管膜瘤的显微手术方法及其疗效。方法 回顾性分析31例椎管内室管膜瘤的临床资料,肿瘤位于髓内25例,髓外硬脊膜下6例;颈段10例,颈胸段5例,胸段3例,胸腰段5例,腰段8例;均在神经电生理监测下行显微手术治疗。结果 6例髓外硬脊膜下肿瘤均全切除;23例髓内肿瘤,全切除15例,次全切除5例,大部分切除2例,部分切除1例。除1例髓内肿瘤病人术后神经功能较术前稍差,其余病人神经功能障碍均不同程度改善。术后随访3~36个月,行颈,胸,腰椎MRI及X线或CT复查,除2例椎板未复位,出现脊柱后凸畸形外,其余脊柱稳定性良好;未见肿瘤复发。结论 在神经电生理监测下手术,是治疗椎管内室管膜瘤的有效方法。     

半椎板入路切除椎管内肿瘤

目的探讨半椎板切除入路在椎管内肿瘤中的应用及其适应证.方法回顾性分析43例椎管内肿瘤病人的临床资料,其中髓外肿瘤40例,髓内海绵状血管瘤3例;均采用半椎板切除入路显微手术.结果43例肿瘤均获全切除.随访6～48个月,术前症状均不同程度改善,行颈、胸、腰椎X-线或MRI复查,均未出现脊柱畸形,无肿瘤复发.结论对椎管内髓外良性肿瘤,半椎板切除入路创伤小,术后恢复快,可最大限度保护脊柱的稳定性;对部分偏侧生长界限清楚的髓内肿瘤也可采用半椎板切除入路.     

Epilepsy and anomalies of neuronal migration: MRI and clinical aspects

Neuronal migration disorders are the result of disturbed brain development. In such disorders, neurons are abnormally located. In diagnosing these conditions, magnetic resonance imaging is superior to any other imaging technique. This enables us to improve our knowledge of the clinical correlates of neuronal migration. With reference to migrational disorder, a retrospective study of all 303 patients with epileptic seizures referred for magnetic resonance imaging during a 3-year period was performed, 13 patients (aged 12-41, mean age 27) were identified. They represent 4.3% of the entire study group. Of the patients with known epilepsy, 6.7% and of the mentally retarded, 13.7% had migrational disorders. Four patients had schizencephaly as the dominant finding, one was classified as hemimegalencephaly, 2 had isolated heterotopias, and 6 had localized pachy- and/or poly-microgyria. The clinical pictures are complex. Ectopias of grey matter are recognised foci of epilepsy, but from an epileptological and a clinical viewpoint little attention has been given to these disorders. The present study shows that malmigration is not rare in epilepsy patients, especially not in the mentally retarded.     

Hepatic Considerations in the Use of Antiepileptic Drugs

Summary: Virtually all of the major antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) can cause hepatotoxicity, although fatal hepatic reactions are rare. The mechanisms, incidences, and risk profiles for such reactions differ from drug to drug. With carbamazepine and phenytoin, hepatotoxicity may be due to drug hypersensitivity. Although the profiles of patients at risk have not been well-defined for these two antiepileptic drugs, it would appear from reports in the literature that older adolescents and adults are at higher risk than children of developing serious or fatal hepatotoxicity. Once hepatotoxicity develops, mortality rates are 10–38% with phenytoin and 25% for carbamazepine. The risk profile for valproate fatal hepatotoxicity has been more clearly defined. Those at primary risk of fatal hepatic dysfunction are children under the age of 2 years who are receiving multiple anticonvulsants and also have significant medical problems in addition to severe epilepsy. The risk is considerably lower for patients over the age of 2 years on valproate monotherapy. In contrast to the risk profile with other AEDs, adults receiving valproate as monotherapy have the lowest risk of hepatotoxicity. Fatal hepatic dysfunction coincident with valproate may be the result of aberrant drug metabolism. Concomitant use of AEDs that induce microsomal P450 enzymes (e.g., phenytoin and phenobarbital) may enhance the production of a toxic metabolite, and hence the greater risk of hepatotoxicity with polypharmacy.     

Vascular Malformations and Epilepsy: Clinical Considerations and Basic Mechanisms

Summary: Vascular malformations (VMs) are associated with epilepsy. The natural history of the various VMs, clinical presentation, and tendency to provoke epilepsy determine treatment strategies. Investigations have probed the mechanisms of epileptogenesis associated with these lesions. Electrophysiologic changes are associated with epileptogenic cortex adjacent to VMs. Putative pathophysiologic mechanisms of epileptogenesis include neuronal cell loss, glial proliferation and abnormal glial physiology, altered neurotransmitter levels, free radical formation, and aberrant second messenger physiology.     

Classification of methods in transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) and evolving strategy from historical approaches to contemporary innovations

Transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) encompasses all methods of non-invasive current application to the brain used in research and clinical practice. We present the first comprehensive and technical review, explaining the evolution of tES in both terminology and dosage over the past 100 years of research to present day. Current transcranial Pulsed Current Stimulation (tPCS) approaches such as Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation (CES) descended from Electrosleep (ES) through Cranial Electro-stimulation Therapy (CET), Transcerebral Electrotherapy (TCET), and NeuroElectric Therapy (NET) while others like Transcutaneous Cranial Electrical Stimulation (TCES) descended from Electroanesthesia (EA) through Limoge, and Interferential Stimulation. Prior to a contemporary resurgence in interest, variations of transcranial Direct Current Stimulation were explored intermittently, including Polarizing current, Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation (GVS), and Transcranial Micropolarization. The development of these approaches alongside Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) and pharmacological developments are considered. Both the roots and unique features of contemporary approaches such as transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) and transcranial Random Noise Stimulation (tRNS) are discussed. Trends and incremental developments in electrode montage and waveform spanning decades are presented leading to the present day. Commercial devices, seminal conferences, and regulatory decisions are noted. We conclude with six rules on how increasing medical and technological sophistication may now be leveraged for broader success and adoption of tES.     

Carbamazepine Efficacy and Utilization in Children

Summary: Carbamazepine is effective for preventing partial and generalized tonic-clonic seizures in children. Although absence epilepsies are more common in children than adults, an estimated 80% of children with epilepsy have seizure types or epilepsies that are potentially responsive to carbamazepine. The differential diagnosis of ictal staring is an especially important issue in children because absence and atypical absence seizures are more prevalent in children than adults. Age-related pharmacokinetic differences and drug interactions are major considerations in children. On average, children have higher clearance rates of carbamazepine, shorter half-lives, and higher ratios of carbamazepine-10, 11-epoxide to carbamazepine than adults. In addition, children with severe epilepsy are more likely to require multiple-drug therapy, which can lead to complex drug interactions. When carbamazepine is administered along with valproate, drug protein binding interactions can cause intermittent side effects.     

Neonatal Seizures: Problems in Diagnosis and Classification

Summary: The clinical identification of neonatal seizures is critical for the recognition of brain dysfunction; however, diagnosis is often difficult because of the poorly organized and varied nature of these behaviors. Current classification systems are limited in their ability to communicate motor, autonomic, and electroencephalo-graphic features of seizures precisely and to provide a basis for uniform effective diagnosis, therapy, and determination of prognosis. Recent investigations of neonates, utilizing bedside electroencephalographic/polygraphic/ video monitoring techniques, have provided the basis for improved diagnosis and classification of seizures in the newborn. These studies have demonstrated that not all clinical phenomena currently considered to be seizures require electrocortical epileptiform activity for their initiation or elaboration. In addition, the specific clinical character of the phenomena considered to be seizures, the clinical state of the infant, and the character of the EEG indicate the probable pathophysiological mechanisms involved and suggest probable etiologies, prognosis, and therapy. Similarities between animal models that demonstrate reflex physiology and neonates with motor automatisms and tonic posturing suggest that these clinical behaviors may not be epileptic in origin but, rather, primitive movements of progression and posture mediated by brainstem mechanisms. Although not all clinical behaviors currently considered to be neonatal seizures may have similar pathophysiological mechanisms, they are clinically significant because they all indicate brain dysfunction.     

Valproate Monotherapy in the Management of Generalized and Partial Seizures

Summary: For decades, therapeutic tradition has promoted the concept of polypharmacy in the management of epilepsy. In recent years, however, studies have shown that, for most patients, monotherapy can provide comparable or better seizure control than administration of multiple anticonvulsants, while diminishing the potential for adverse reactions, drug interactions, and poor compliance. Valproate is an important monotherapeutic agent that is highly effective in the control of idiopathic primary and secondarily generalized epilepsies, and partial seizures that do not generalize. Comparative studies have found that valproate is at least as effective as phenytoin and carbamazepine in the treatment of generalized and partial seizures. Given the similar efficacy, other factors such as pharmacokinetics and side effects may therefore determine anticonvulsant selection for monotherapy.     

Un nouveau cadre conceptuel de travail pour la psychiatrie

In an attempt to place psychiatric thinking and the training of future psychiatrists more centrally into the context of modern biology, the author outlines the beginnings of a new intellectual framework for psychiatry that derives from current biological thinking about the relationship of mind to brain. The purpose of this framework is twofold. First, it is designed to emphasize that the professional requirements for future psychiatrists will demand a greater knowledge of the structure and functioning of the brain than is currently available in most training programs. Second, it is designed to illustrate that the unique domain which psychiatry occupies within academic medicine, the analysis of the interaction between social and biological determinants of behavior, can best be studied by also having a full understanding of the biological components of behavior.     

Special Pharmacokinetic Considerations in Children

Summary: Pediatric patients have greater degrees of pharmacokinetic variability and unpredictability than adults. This variability results from the effects of pharmacogenetics, age and growth, prior and current comedication, and disease. Newborns with seizures have the least predictable dosage requirements, and their needs change as drug-eliminating mechanisms mature in the neonatal period. Infants have the highest relative capacities to eliminate antiepileptics of any age group and require the largest relative doses. In addition to age-related trends, children demonstrate the same drug-specific, pharmacokinetic phenomena that adults do, including nonlinear phenytoin elimination, nonlinear valproate binding, and autoinduction of carbamazepine. Intercurrent illness and drug interactions further modify the age-related pharmacokinetic patterns in children and make dosage requirements even more unpredictable. Recent studies have shown that febrile illness can affect drug elimination, sometimes decreasing drug levels by 50% or more. Intermittent treatment with benzodiazepines administered either orally or rectally can be an important adjunct and help minimize this type of problem for children with marginally controlled epilepsy. Intermittent benzodiazepines are also helpful for children who have febrile seizures and who need only occasional antiepileptic protection.