苯那普利咳嗽不良反应候选基因研究

目的：探讨血管紧张素转换酶(ACE)基因I／D多态性和缓激肽β2受体(BDKRB2)基因C／T多态性与苯那普利相关的咳嗽不良反应间的关联。方法：在对1 831例高血压患者进行苯那普利3年上市后监测的基础上，嵌套病例对照研究。采用分层随机抽样方法，从与病例对应的年龄、性别和肾功能状态组内随机抽取对照。结果：ACE I／D等位基因频率为I 65．4％、D 34．6％，BDKRB2 C／T频率为T 53．0％、C 47．0％。基因型频率分别为II 42．2％、ID46．4％、DD 11．4％(ACE基因)；以及CC 21．6％、CT 50．9％、TT 27．6％(BDKRB2基因)。BDKRB2 C／T与咳嗽间未发现有统计学意义的关联。肾功能失代偿的男性组中，ID或DD基因型发生咳嗽的OR值为4．805。肾功能正常或代偿的35—49岁女性组中DD基因型对应的OR值为5．128。其他亚组未发现差异有显著统计学意义。结论：D等位基因对应较高的咳嗽危险性。肾功能状态以及年龄和性别代理的某些生理因素可能对这种关联有一定的效应修饰作用。     

男性不育症危险因素的病例对照研究

目的：探讨男性不育症的危险因素，方法：对94对病例和对照1：1配比进行病例对照研究。结果：长期大量吸烟（OR＝3．45，95％ CI：1．95－6．10）、婚外性生活史（OR＝7．29，95％CI：2．54－20．89）、高温大棚蔬菜种植（OR＝6．73，95％CI：1．91－23．69）、苯类化学品接触（OR＝20．53，95％CI：4．67－90．25），解脲支原体感染（OR＝5．55，95％CI：2．8－13．533）与男性不育症有关联，为其危险因素，结论：男性不育症是由多种因素长期反复作用的结果，其预防应从整治环境污染，加强职业防护，提高自我防护能力，改变不良工作生活习惯等方面做起。     

精神分裂症危险因素的病例对照研究

目的 探讨精神分裂症发病的主要危险因素，为精神病防治提供理论依据。方法 应用病例对照研究对10l例首发精神分裂症患和10l例正常对照进行1：1配对研究，通过单因素和多因素分析其危险因素。结果 发现4个主要危险因素，分别是：精神病家族史(OR＝7．98，95％CI＝2．58—32．58)、内向性格(OR＝3．32，95％CI＝1．60—6．94)、遭遇精神创伤事件(OR＝5．68，95％CI＝2．0l—15．63)、与父母关系不好(OR＝4．27，95％CI＝1．03一17．74)与精神分裂症的发病显相关。结论 精神分裂症的发病与遗传和多种环境因素有关。     

贲门癌危险因素病例对照研究

目的：探讨贲门癌发生的危险因素，为深入进行病因学研究提供线索。方法：对福州市6所医院2000年和2001年4月至7月的住院病人603例进行多组病例对照研究。贲门癌组为病理、手术和胃镜确诊的贲门癌191例，非贲门部胃癌190例，健康对照组为与肿瘤病例同期住院的骨科、泌尿外科的非肿瘤病人222例。采用统一调查表进行床边询问，对资料进行单因素及多因素Logistic分析。结果：贲门癌的主要危险因素有一一级亲属患肿瘤（OR＝4．286 95％CI：2．431－7．554）、进食速度快（OR＝2．028 95％ CI：1．142－2．912）、三餐不按时吃（OR＝1．909 95％ CI：1．396－2．610）、饮用井水（OR＝1．741 95％CI：1．042－2．910）每日吸烟量多（OR＝1．347 95％CI：0．989－1．835）。主要保护 因素有：常吃新鲜水果（OR＝0．645 95％CI：0．439－0．945）、使用冰箱年数长（OR＝0．731 95％CI：0．536－0．997）、化程度高（OR＝0．468 95％CI：0．276－0．74）。结论： 贲门癌与非贲门部胃癌可能有不同的危险因素，值得进一步研究。     

隐睾发生的危险因素研究

目的：研究隐睾发生的危险因素。方法：采用以医院为基础的1：2配比的病例对照研究方法，按统一的调查方法对99例隐睾及198例对照组面对面问卷调查。应用SAS6。12软件对所调查因素进行单因素及多因素logistic回归分析，结果：胎儿隐睾与母亲孕早期感冒伴发热（OR＝9．37，95％CI：2．25－39．09），孕期发生先兆流产（OR＝4．66，95％CI，2．02＝10．74），孕期发生先兆子痫（OR＝16．33，95％CI：1．40－191．20），父亲职业性接触农药（OR＝12．79％CI；2．90－56．43），低出生体重（OR＝5．77，95％CI：1．39－23．98），母亲怀孕年龄＜24（OR＝2．89，95％CI：1．29－4．06）呈正相关。结论：母亲孕早期感冒伴发热，孕期发生先兆流产及先兆子痫，父亲职业性接触农药，低出体重，母亲怀孕年龄＜24岁是隐睾发病的主要危险因素。     

道路伤害的病例对照研究

目的：探讨道路伤害危险因素。方法：采用病例对照研究方法，于2001年11月至2002年8月收集沈阳市皇姑区发生机动车交通事故的事故组驾驶员406例，并同期在皇姑区内于随机时间、随机地点调查道路上正常行驶的对照组驾驶员438名。采用统一问卷、面询方法，调查内容包括驾驶员的一般情况，连续驾驶时间，事故／调查前睡眠状况，急、慢性困倦程度(采用Stanford和Epworth困倦量表测量)，饮酒，吸烟，驾驶安全态度和行为，车速，车辆状况等。结果：处于慢性困倦状态的驾驶员发生事故的危险性是非困倦状态驾驶员的1．98倍(OR=1．98，95％CI：1．26—3．12)，事故组驾驶员的困倦程度高于对照组，但差异无显著性(OR＝2．38，95％CI：0．89—6．31)。夜班或倒班发生事故的危险是常白班的2．09倍(OR＝2．09，95％CI：1．48—2．94)，酒后驾车发生事故的危险性是非酒后驾车的3．59倍(OR＝3．59，95％CI：1．13--11．39)，无人约束时会违章的驾驶员发生事故的危险性是不违章驾驶员的1．73倍(OR＝1．73，95％CI：1．22—2．46)。结论：慢性困倦、夜班或倒班、酒后驾车、违章等是道路伤害的危险因素，急性困倦可能是道路伤害的一个潜在危险因素。     

尿石症危险因素人群病例对照研究

目的 探索尿石症发病的危险因素，为人群预防提供依据。方法 选取深圳市尿石症现况调查发现的334例患者为病例组，721名健康者为对照组，进行尿石症危险因素人群病例对照研究；采用非条件logistic回归对34个变量进行分析，采用Falconer回归法估算遗传变。结果 尿石症病例组和对照组配比条件均衡可比，单因素logistic回归分析共有17个变量有统计学意义，但最终进入模型的因素有10个，其中4个变量为尿石症发病危险因素，OR值大小依次为既往泌尿系慢性炎症史（OR＝4.09,95%CI:1.38-12.14)，一级亲属尿石症史（OR＝2.61,95%CI:1.70-4.01)和多食动物蛋白质（OR＝2．14，95％CI：1．71－2．69），暴露日照时间长（OR＝1．39，95％CI：1．16－1．66）；而较高文化程度（OR＝0．46，95％CI：0．29－0．73），日引水量多（OR＝0．59，95％CI：0．48－0．72），饮果汁（OR＝0．41，95％CI：0．18－0．94），多食奶及奶制品（OR＝0．82，95％CI：0．68－0．99），多食蔬菜（OR＝0．70，95％CI：0．55－0．91）和多食水果（OR＝0．78，95％CI：0．64－0．94）6个变量为尿石症发病的保护因素。一级亲属尿石症患病率病例组高于对照组，尿石症分离比为0．0109，95％CI：0．0050－0．0168，一级亲属尿石症的遗传度为28．48％，男，女分别为32．06％和24．60％。结论 尿石症主要受饮食习惯影响，尿石症家族史和社会经济状况也与发病有关。     

常州市武进区健康人群高尿酸血症患病率及相关因素分析

目的：分析常州市武进区健康人群高尿酸血症患病率及相关危险因素。方法对2013年的3538名健康人群体检资料进行分析。结果人群血尿酸水平为（326.69±90.30）μmol／L,男性（356.76±81.90）μmol／L,女性（253.97±64.68）μmol／L,差异有统计学意义（t＝36.004,P ＜0.001）;高尿酸血症患病率为16.26％。男性20.54％,女性5.89％,差异有统计学意义（χ2＝114.26,P ＜0.001）。多因素 logistic 回归分析显示：年龄（OR ＝1．02,95％CI ：1．01～1．03）、男性（OR ＝1.40,95％CI ：1.01～1.95）、超重（OR ＝2.59,95％CI ：2.09～3.20）和肥胖（OR ＝3.82,95％CI ：2.89～5.05）、高血压（OR ＝1.45,95％CI ：1.12～1.87）、总胆固醇（OR＝1.17,95％CI ：1.05～1.32）、甘油三脂（OR ＝1.19,95％CI ：1.12～1.27）、血肌酐（OR＝1.04,95％CI ：1.03～1.05）、尿素氮（OR＝1.18,95％CI ：1.10～1.28）、谷丙转氨酶（OR＝1.01,95％CI ：1.01～1.02）均为高尿酸血症的危险因素。结论男性、年龄、超重和肥胖、高血压、血酯异常、肝功能异常等均与高尿酸血症相关,应加强综合干预。     

胃腺癌危险因素的病例对照研究

目的 探讨与胃癌有关的危险因素。方法 对天津市区1998－1999年的189例新发胃癌病人进行1：1配对病例对照研究,采用条件Logistic回归分析。结果 烟熏食品OR＝2．34,OR95％CI＝1．60－4．98;吸烟量OR＝6．07,OR95％CI＝1．26－7．16;喜食重盐饮食OR＝1．95,OR95％CI＝1．27－3．23;过量摄入动物肉类OR＝1．46,OR95％CI＝1．05－2．02。结论 经常食用烟熏食品、吸烟量大、重盐饮食、过量摄入动物肉类等可能是胃癌的危险因素。     

北京和南京两地代谢综合征危险因素分析

目的分析北京和南京两地人群代谢综合征的危险因素。方法采用整群抽样对北京和南京的6123人进行流行病学调查,应用IDF（2005）定义。采用多因素Logistic回归分析可能存在的危险因素。结果男性和女性的年龄标化患病率分别为19．5％和33．6％。多因素条件Logis—tic回归结果,女性（OR=1．49;95％CI（1．40,1．59））、年龄增长（OR=1．23;95％CI（1．16,1．31））、低体力活动（OR=1．76;95％a（1．13,2．76））、糖尿病家族史（OR：1．33;95％CI（1．11,1．60））、高血压家族史（OR=1．46;95％CI（1．29,1．65））、年龄性别交互作用（OR=1．29;95％a（1．21,1．40））、居住在城市（OR=1．09;95％CI（1．02,1．18））均是代谢综合征的危险因素。居住在南京（OR=0．76;95％CI（0．71,0．81））是代谢综合征的保护因素。结论代谢综合征是多重危险因素共同作用的结果,其中女性、慢病家族史、低体力活动是其重要的危险因素。     

Patterns of alcohol consumption among pregnant African-American women in Washington, DC, USA

The objective of this paper is to describe the patterns and associated behaviours related to alcohol consumption among a selected sample of pregnant women seeking prenatal care in inner city Washington DC. Women receiving prenatal care at one of nine sites completed an anonymous alcohol-screening questionnaire. Questions concerned the amount, type and pattern of alcohol consumption. Women were categorised as at no, low, moderate or high risk for alcohol consumption during pregnancy. For comparisons of risk levels of drinking, bivariate associations were examined using Fisher's exact test. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were also computed. Although 31% of current/recent drinkers stated that they continued to drink during pregnancy, responses to quantity/frequency questions revealed that 42% continued to do so. Women who were at high compared with moderate risk acknowledged that others were worried about their consumption [OR=4.0, 95% CI 1.5, 10.6], that they drank upon rising [OR=6.7, 95% CI 1.8, 26.9], had a need to reduce drinking [OR=3.2, 95% CI 1.3, 8.1] and in the past 5 years had had fractures [OR=4.2, 95% CI 1.0, 17.8] or a road traffic injury [OR=3.4, 95% CI 1.0, 12.2]. Women in the high/moderate compared with low-risk group were more likely to have been injured in a fight or assault [OR=2.7, 95% CI 1.3, 5.6]. This study validated the usefulness of our questionnaire in identifying women who were at risk for alcohol consumption during pregnancy across a range of consumption levels. Using our screening tool, women were willing to disclose their drinking habits. This low-cost method identifies women appropriate for targeting of interventions.     

Alcohol intake and the pattern of trauma in young adults and working aged people admitted after trauma

AIMS: To investigate the relationship of different patterns of alcohol intake to various types of trauma. METHODS: We examined the associations of alcohol consumption in a series of 385 consecutive trauma admissions (278 men, 107 women, age range 16-49 years). Patients underwent clinical examinations, structured interviews on the amount and pattern of alcohol intake, and measurements of blood alcohol concentration (BAC). RESULTS: On admission, 51% of the patients had alcohol in their blood. Binge drinking was the predominant (78%) drinking pattern of alcohol intake. Assaults, falls and biking accidents were the most frequent causes of trauma. Dependent alcohol drinking and binge drinking were found to be significantly more common among patients with head trauma than in those with other types of trauma (77% vs 59%, OR=2.38; 95% CI 1.50 to 3.77). The OR for sustaining head injury increased sharply with increasing BAC: 1-99 mg/dl (1.24; 95% CI 0.55-2.01), 100-149 mg/dl 1.64; 95% CI 0.71-3.77), 150-199 mg/dl (3.20; 95% CI 1.57-6.53) and >199 mg/dl (9.23; 95% CI 4.79-17.79). CONCLUSIONS: Binge drinking is a major risk factor for head trauma among trauma patients. Assaults, falls and biking accidents are the commonest causes for such injuries. The relative risk for head injury markedly increases with increasing blood alcohol levels. Alcohol control measures should feature in policies aiming at the prevention of trauma-related morbidity and mortality.     

Cumulative false positive recall rate and association with participant related factors in a population based breast cancer screening programme

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To investigate the cumulative false positive recall rate throughout the period of participation in a population based breast cancer screening programme and to examine its association with women related factors. DESIGN: Analysis of a database to estimate the cumulative false positive recall rate after 10 biennial mammograms in a cohort of women. Cumulative risk after 10 rounds was calculated by projecting forward the information available on the four rounds. Logistic regression was used to evaluate the association between the cumulative risk of false positive recall and women related factors. SETTING: Population based breast cancer screening programme in Barcelona City (Spain). PARTICIPANTS: 8502 women aged 50-69 years who participated in four consecutive screening rounds. Eligible women had received a mammogram in the first screening round between 1 December 1995 and 31 December 1996. MAIN RESULTS: The false positive recall rate in the first screening for women who entered the screening programme at the age of 50-51 years was assessed at 10.6% (95% CI 8.9, 12.3). In the second screening this risk decreased to 3.8% (95% CI 2.7, 4.9) and remained almost constant in subsequent rounds. After 10 mammograms, the cumulative false positive recall rate was estimated at 32.4% (95% CI 29.7, 35.1). The factors associated with a higher cumulative risk of false positive recall were: previous benign breast disease (OR = 8.48; CI 7.39, 9.73), perimenopausal status (OR = 1.62; CI 1.12, 2.34), body mass index above 27.3 (OR = 1.17; CI 1.02, 1.34), and age 50-54 years (OR = 1.15; CI 1.00, 1.31). CONCLUSIONS: One third of women could have at least one false positive recall over 10 biennial screens. Women participating in screening programmes should be informed about this risk, especially those with associated factors.     

江苏省医学生酒精滥用相关因素研究

目的 探讨江苏省医学生酒精滥用的危险因素,为制订减少有害使用酒精策略提供参考依据.方法 以江苏省医学生酒精滥用现况调查中319例酒精滥用者作为病例组,按照1:2匹配同性别、专业、年级的对照组638人.采用SPSS 22.0软件进行单因素和多因素条件Logistic回归分析模型分析.结果 江苏省医学生饮酒率为44.59％...     

The risk of acute myocardial infarction after stopping drinking

BACKGROUND: Subjects at high risk of alcohol-related diseases may benefit from alcohol cessation. However, drinkers have a lower risk of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) than abstainers, and there is very scanty information on how the risk changes after stopping drinking. METHODS: Between 1995 and 1999, we administered a structured questionnaire to 507 cases (378 men, 129 women) with a first episode of nonfatal AMI and 478 control patients (297 men, 181 women) admitted to the same network of hospitals in the greater Milan area for acute conditions. RESULTS: Compared to lifelong abstainers, the odds ratio (OR) adjusted for age, sex, and several AMI risk factors was 0.56 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.41-0.84) for current and 0.65 (95% CI 0.37-1.15) for former drinkers (48 cases and 44 controls). The OR was 2.10 (0.40-11.1) for having stopped since 1 year, 0.64 (95% CI 0.19-2.16) for 2-4 years, 0.46 (95% CI 0.18-1.20) for 5-14 years, and 0.78 (95% CI 0.27-2.27) for > or = 15 years. CONCLUSIONS: Although our data are too limited to draw any definite conclusion, they suggest that the protection of alcohol drinking against AMI may persist, at least in part, for several years after stopping.     

Excessive drinking and history of unemployment and cohabitation in Danish men born in 1953

Background: Few studies exist on social inequality of excessive drinking in Denmark and differences seem to be less pronounced than in other European countries. The aims of this study were to investigate how history of employment and cohabitation is associated with excessive drinking and to study interaction between both. Methods: Birth-cohort study of 6112 Danish men born in 1953 with follow-up in 2004 on excessive drinking at age 51 years. RESULTS: Excessive drinking (between 22 and 35 units of alcohol per week) differed little depending on history of unemployment and cohabitation. Risk of very excessive drinking (drinking >35 units of alcohol per week) increased with number of job losses-ranging from one job-loss [odds ratio (OR) 1.72, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.39-2.14] to three or more job-losses (OR 2.48, 95% CI 1.75-3.52)--and duration of unemployment--ranging from 1 to 5 years (OR 1.34, 95% CI 1.11-1.63) to ≥10 years (OR 4.16, CI 3.13-5-53). Very excessive drinking was also associated with number of broken partnerships-ranging from one broken partnership (OR 1.43, 95% CI 1.16-1.77) to three or more broken partnerships (OR 2.69, 95% CI 2.03-3.55)--and with living alone for >5 years--ranging from 6 to 9 years (OR 1.73, 95% CI 1.30-2.29) to ≥10 years (OR 2.55, 95% CI 2.04-3.55). We found an interaction between the number of job-losses and of broken partnerships in relation to very excessive drinking. CONCLUSIONS: Very excessive drinking is related to number of job-losses, broken partnerships, living alone and duration of unemployment.     

沈阳农村60岁以上人群良性前列腺增生危险因素的病例对照研究

目的：探讨各种危险因素与良性前列腺增生（BPH）的关系。方法：采用以人群为基础的病例对照研究，病例组为沈阳市某郊区农村60周岁以上BPH患者，对照组为无前列腺增生（排除前列腺癌、前我腺炎等疾病）的老年男性，病例与对照各100例，单因素分析采用χ^2检验，多因素分析利用非条件logistic回归分析。结果：多因素非条件logistic回归分析显示BPH发病与下列5种因素有关：患前列腺炎（OR＝5．577，95％CI：2．147－14．482）；20世纪80年代初每月肉类摄入量（OR＝4．930，95％CI：2．404－10．111）；舒张压（OR＝1．050，95％CI：0．480－0．881）。结论：患前列腺炎、80年代初每月过多摄入肉类、舒张压高可能是BPH的危险因素；吸烟量大、饮酒量大可能是BPH保护因素。     

Determinants of pregnant women's compliance with alcohol guidelines: a prospective cohort study

ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: In 2009, Australian alcohol guidelines for pregnancy changed from low to no alcohol intake. Previous research found a high proportion of pregnant Australian women drank during pregnancy; however, there has been limited investigation of whether pregnant women comply with 2009 alcohol guidelines. The purpose of this study was to provide an assessment of pregnant women's compliance with 2009 Australian alcohol guidelines and identify predictors of such compliance, including previous drinking behaviour. METHODS: Cross-sectional analysis of prospective data from the 1973--1978 cohort of the Australian Longitudinal Study on Women's Health was conducted. Women aged 30--36 years who were pregnant at the 2009 survey and had data on alcohol use were included (n = 837). Compliance with 2009 alcohol guidelines for pregnancy was defined as no alcohol intake. Predictors of compliance were analysed using multivariate logistic regression, controlling for area of residence, in three separate models to account for multicollinearity between measures of previous alcohol intake (compliance with 2001 guidelines; frequency and quantity; bingeing). Private health insurance, household income, and illicit drug use were entered into all models and retained if significant. RESULTS: 72% of pregnant women did not comply with the 2009 alcohol guidelines and 82% of these women drank less than seven drinks per week, with no more than one or two drinks per drinking day. The odds of complying with abstinence increased by a factor of 3.48 (95% CI 2.39-5.05) for women who previously complied with the 2001 alcohol guidelines and decreased by a factor of 0.19 (95% CI 0.08-0.66) if household incomes were $36,400 or more. In other models the odds of complying were lower for women who consumed alcohol before pregnancy at least weekly (OR = 0.40, 95% CI 0.25-0.63) or binged (OR >= 0.18, 95% CI 0.10-0.31) and were higher for those who abstained (OR = 45.09; 95% CI 8.63-235.49) prior to pregnancy. CONCLUSION: Most pregnant women did not comply with alcohol guidelines promoting abstinence. Prior alcohol behaviour was the strongest predictor of compliance during pregnancy, suggesting alcohol use should be addressed in women of child-bearing age. The study is limited by the relatively short timeframe between the official introduction of the 2009 guidelines and the date the surveys were sent out. Widespread dissemination of the guidelines may be necessary to help increase guideline compliance by pregnant women.     

Adult outcomes of binge drinking in adolescence: findings from a UK national birth cohort

AIMS: The aim of the study was to determine outcomes in adult life of binge drinking in adolescence in a national birth cohort. DESIGN AND SETTING: Longitudinal birth cohort: 1970 British Birth Cohort Study surveys at 16 years (1986) and 30 years (2000). PARTICIPANTS: A total of 11 622 subjects participated at age 16 years and 11 261 subjects participated at age 30 years. MEASUREMENTS: At the age of 16 years, data on binge drinking (defined as two or more episodes of drinking four or more drinks in a row in the previous 2 weeks) and frequency of habitual drinking in the previous year were collected. Thirty-year outcomes recorded were alcohol dependence/abuse (CAGE questionnaire), regular weekly alcohol consumption (number of units), illicit drug use, psychological morbidity (Malaise Inventory) and educational, vocational and social history. FINDINGS: 17.7% of participants reported binge drinking in the previous 2 weeks at the age of 16 years. Adolescent binge drinking predicted an increased risk of adult alcohol dependence (OR 1.6, 95% CI 1.3 to 2.0), excessive regular consumption (OR 1.7, 95% CI 1.4 to 2.1), illicit drug use (OR 1.4, 95% CI 1.1 to 1.8), psychiatric morbidity (OR 1.4, 95% CI 1.1 to 1.9), homelessness (OR 1.6, 95% CI 1.1 to 2.4), convictions (1.9, 95% CI 1.4 to 2.5), school exclusion (OR 3.9, 95% CI 1.9 to 8.2), lack of qualifications (OR 1.3, 95% CI 1.1 to 1.6), accidents (OR 1.4, 95% CI 1.1 to 1.6) and lower adult social class, after adjustment for adolescent socioeconomic status and adolescent baseline status of the outcome under study. These findings were largely unchanged in models including both adolescent binge drinking and habitual frequent drinking as main effects. CONCLUSIONS: Adolescent binge drinking is a risk behaviour associated with significant later adversity and social exclusion. These associations appear to be distinct from those associated with habitual frequent alcohol use. Binge drinking may contribute to the development of health and social inequalities during the transition from adolescence to adulthood.