合成短肽S247对呼吸机所致肺损伤中肺上皮细胞凋亡的影响

目的 研究合成短肽S247对呼吸机相关性肺损伤凋亡的影响，探索其在肺损伤中的防护作用。方法 30只清洁级雄性SD大鼠随机分为3组：对照组（C组）、肺损伤组（Ⅰ组）和S247治疗组（S组），每组10只，大潮气量损伤性通气4h建立呼吸机相关性肺损伤模型（呼吸参数：Vt=40ml／kg体重，呼吸频率=80次／min，FiO2=21％），光镜下观察肺病理改变，测定肺湿／干比；收集肺泡灌洗液（BALF），考马思亮兰法测BALF中总蛋白含量，光境下行WBC计数，免疫组织化学检查肺组织Fas、Caspase-3蛋白的表达水平，TUNEL法检测肺组织细胞凋亡情况。结果 Ⅰ组肺病理改变明显，各组肺湿／干比、BALF中总蛋白含量、WBC计数差异都有统计学意义（P〈0．05或P〈0．01），Ⅰ组Fas、Caspase-3蛋白的表达水平（0．359±0．055；0．152±0．007）显著增高（P〈0．01），凋亡指数（60．000±7．461）明显增加（P〈0．01）；在用S247后，Fas、Caspase-3蛋白的表达水平（0．240±0．062；0．146±0．004）显著下降（P〈0．05），凋亡指数（47．857±3．716）有所减少（P〈0．05）。结论 S247能通过抑制细胞凋亡，有效降低呼吸机相关性肺损伤的程度。     

一氧化氮对重症急性胰腺炎肺损伤的作用及其机制

目的研究一氧化氮(NO)减轻重症急性胰腺炎(SAP)肺损伤的机制。方法采用逆行胰胆管牛磺胆酸钠注射制造SAP大鼠模型。动物分为假手术组、胰腺炎组、L-精氨酸(L-Arg)治疗组和氯喹(CQ)治疗组。硝酸还原酶法检测肺组织NO的浓度变化,实时定量PCR(RT-PCR)检测肺组织TLR(Toll-like receptor)2／4 mRNA表达变化。结果与假手术组比较,SAP大鼠肺组织NO浓度降低,肺损伤加重;肺组织TLR2／4 mRNA表达增高,肺组织肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)表达升高(P<0．05)。给予不同剂量L-Arg治疗后,肺组织NO浓度明显升高,肺损伤程度减轻;TLR2／4 mRNA表达降低,肺组织TNF-α表达降低(P<0．05)。给予CQ抑制肺组织TLR2／4 mRNA表达后,肺组织内NO浓度升高,肺损伤减轻,TNF-α表达降低(P<0．05)。结论NO可以明显抑制SAP肺组织TLR2／4 mRNA的表达,减少细胞因子的合成及释放,从而减轻肺组织损伤。     

血红素氧合酶-1及Toll样受体2/4在直肠癌组织中的表达及意义

目的：探讨血红素氧合酶-1（hemeoxyenase-1，HO-1）和Toll样受体2／4（Toll-like receptor 2／4，TLR2，4）在直肠癌中的表达及意义。方法：应用免疫组织化学法和RT—PCR检测30例直肠癌组织中HO-1蛋白以及HO-1mRNA、TLR2／4mRNA的表达。结果：直肠癌组织中HO-1蛋白表达（13／30）明显高于正常组织（3/30）（P〈0．05），HO-1mRNA表达也明显高于正常组织（t=15．24，P〈0．05）；直肠癌组织中TLR2／4mRNA的表达高于正常组织（P〈0．05），且HO-1 mRNA与TLR2／4mRNA表达之间存在相关性（P〈0．05）。结论：HO-1和TLR2／4在直肠癌组织中高表达且呈正相关，提示参与直肠癌的发生、发展。     

重症急性胰腺炎大鼠脾脏巨噬细胞Toll样受体4的表达及分泌细胞因子水平的变化

目的 观察重症急性胰腺炎（SAP）大鼠脾脏巨噬细胞（sMΦ）T0u样受体4（TLR4）基因表达及分泌细胞因子水平的变化。方法 建立大鼠SAP模型，分别于6、12、24、72h分离sMΦ，观察sMΦ静息状态下和经1mg／L脂多糖（LPS）刺激后分泌肿瘤坏死因子（TNF）-α、白细胞介素（IL）-6、白细胞介素（IL）-10水平的变化，逆转录-聚合酶链反应（RT-PCR）法检测sMΦ TLR4mRNA表达。结果 予LPS刺激后，对照组sM（I）分泌TNF-α、IL-6和IL-10水平显著升高，分别由（1．1844±0．3490）μg／L、（214．14±33．41）ng／L、（20．26±3．71）ng／L升至（9．3110±1．9962）μg／L、（519．01±52．64）ng／L和（55．43±6．28）ng／L，TLR4 mRNA表达亦由0．9091±0．2763明显升高至2．1944±0．6098；而模型各亚组分泌TNF-α和IL-6水平较刺激前无明显变化，同时TLR4 mRNA表达出现不同程度下调，且各指标均明显低于对照组。结论 SAP大鼠sMΦ对内毒素耐受的发生与TLR4 mRNA表达下调有关。     

IL-10、IL-18在重症急性胰腺炎肺损伤中的作用

目的探讨重症急性胰腺炎（SAP）中IL-10及IL-18的表达及其与SAP肺损伤的关系。方法将48只SD大鼠按随机数字表法均分为对照组和SAP组，动态定量测定肺湿重系数、腹水量、血清淀粉酶、血清IL-10及IL-18的变化和半定量RT—PCR检测肺组织中IL-10 mRNA及IL-18 mRNA的表达，并在光镜下观察胰腺及肺组织病理学改变。结果各时相SAP组肺湿重系数、腹水量、血清淀粉酶、血清IL-10及IL-18水平和肺组织中IL-10 mRNA及IL-18 mRNA的表达与对照组相比均明显增高（P〈0．05，P〈0．01）。SAP组大鼠血清中IL-18水平和肺组织IL-18 mRNA表达水平均与肺湿重系数（r=0．68，P〈0．01；r=0．72，P〈0．01）及肺损伤病理评分（r=0．74，P〈0．01；r=0．79，P〈0．01）呈正相关，而血清中IL-10水平和肺组织IL-10 mRNA表达水平均与肺湿重系数（r=O．62，P〈0．01；r==0．69，P〈0．01）及肺损伤病理评分（r=-0．66，P〈0．01；r=-0．60，P〈0．01）呈负相关。结论IL-18参与了SAP并发肺损伤的病理过程，而IL-10对肺损伤有保护作用。     

肝硬变肝组织H1和H2受体的实验与临床研究

目的：了解肝硬变大鼠和病人肝组织中H1和H2受体的变化。方法：光学放射自显影术。结果：大鼠肝组织受体密度（每1000μm^2银粒计）正常／肝硬化H1受体：肝细胞346±32／117±18（P＜0．01）；肝静脉277±18／27±5（P＜0．01）。肝动脉31±7／12±3（P＜0．05）；门静脉25±11／16±4（P＜0．05）；H2受体：肝细胞289±21／168±24（P＜0．01）；肝动脉235±29／154±25（P＜0．05）；门静脉230±28／148±18（P＜0．05）；肝静脉261±36／141±18（P＜0．01）。病人对照组／肝硬化H1受体：肝细胞69±19／63±15（P＞0．05）；肝动脉41±7／35±5（P＞0．05）；门静脉39±5／34±7（P＞0．05）；肝静脉36±8／35±5（P＞0．05）。H2受体：肝细胞512±38／168±23（P＜0．01）；肝动脉175±26／56±17（P＜0．01）；门静脉166±18／52±15（P＜0．01）；肝静脉313±2／239±41（P＜0．01）。结论：大鼠以H1受体占优势，人以H2受体为主；肝硬化大鼠及病人肝组织的H1、H2受体明显低于对照组。     

内毒素性肺损伤外周血中性粒细胞CD11b表达的意义

目的：探讨内毒素血症大鼠外周血中性粒细胞（PMN）表面CD11b表达与内毒素性肺损伤的关系。方法：大肠杆菌E-Coli O111B4 4mg／kg尾静脉注射制备大鼠内毒素血症动物模型。112只大鼠随机分为对照组（静脉注射等量生理盐水）及内毒素注射后1h组、2h组、4h组、8h组、12h组、24h组,每组16只动物。在相应时间点放血处死动物,分别取股静脉血、肺组织及进行支气管肺泡灌洗,测定肺组织湿／干重（W／D）比值、肺组织髓过氧化物酶（MPO）活性和支气管肺泡灌洗液（BALF）总蛋白定量等肺损伤指标。流式细胞仪测定外周血PMN表面CD11b表达。另取16只大鼠,内毒素注射后2h时测定外周血PMN表面CD11b表达,24h时放血处死,测定上述指标。结果：①大鼠内毒素血症可以造成明显的急性肺损伤,表现为肺组织W／D比值、MPO活性和BALF总蛋白明显增高,分别在2h、8h和2h显著高于对照组（P〈0．05或P〈0．01）,峰值分别出现在内毒素注射后12h、24h和12h;②大鼠内毒素性肺损伤时,外周血PMN表面CD11b表达水平在早期（1h）明显升高（与对照组比较,P〈O．05）,在2h达到峰值,之后逐渐降低;③外周血CD11b表达峰值明显早于肺组织W／D比、MPO和BALF总蛋白等肺损伤指标的峰值出现时间;④同一动物2h时外周血PMN表面CD11b的表达水平与其24h时肺组织W／D比、MPO和BALF总蛋白含量呈显著正相关（r分别为0．78、0．77和0．73,P〈0．05）。结论：内毒素性肺损伤中,外周血CD11b表达升高可能有助于内毒素性肺损伤的早期诊断,并可能预示以后的肺损伤程度。     

非肽内皮素拮抗剂在体外循环中的肺保护作用

目的 研究体外循环（CPB）过程中内皮素（endothelin，ET）在肺损伤中的作用，探讨ET介导肺损伤的可能机制及阿魏酸（FA）对肺的保护作用。方法 将12只犬随机分为两组，建立CPB肺灌注模型。对照组：灌注4C冷晶体心脏停搏液；实验组：于肺动脉近端灌注4CFA保护液；观察两组CPB前后肺组织内ET的浓度、一氧化氮（NO）、丙二醛（MDA）含量及肺组织干湿比（D／W）变化、氧合指数（PaO2／FiO2）、肺血管阻力（PVR）、气道压（AWP）、肺顺应性和组织学变化。结果 CPB后对照组肺内ET合成显著增加（P〈0．05），实验组低于对照组（P〈0．05）；D／W，MDA较对照组降低（P〈0．05）．NO含量较对照组增高（P〈0．05）。CPB后实验组PaO2／FiO2、肺顺应性分别高于对照组（P〈0．05），而AWP、PVR则低于对照组（P〈0．05）；实验组肺损伤较对照组轻。结论 ET参与CPB中的肺损伤过程；用FA进行肺灌注可减轻肺损伤，改善肺功能，具有较好的肺保护作用。     

Toll-样受体2，4mRNA在急性出血坏死性胰腺炎肺损伤中的表达变化

目的研究急性出血坏死性胰腺炎（AHNP）肺损伤中Toll-样受体（TLR）2/4mRNA表达的变化规律.方法建立AHNP肺损伤动物模型.动物分为假手术组（S组）、胰腺炎组（P组）.计算各组肺组织学评分和肺损伤指数以评价肺损伤的程度;RT-PCR方法检测不同时间点肺组织TLR2和TLR4mRNA表达的变化.结果肺组织TLR2和TLR4mRNA在S组仅有低表达,在P组3h表达开始增高,伤后6～12h该两指标表达达到峰值（P＜0.05或P＜0.01）,而S组变化不明显.结论AHNP时,肺组织内该两种基因的表达上调;肺组织内TLR2和TLR4的基因表达增高可能在AHNP肺损伤的发生、发展中起作用.     

异丙酚或氯胺酮对内毒素性急性肺损伤大鼠肺小动脉BMP-2表达的影响

目的评价异丙酚或氯胺酮对内毒素（LPS）性急性肺损伤大鼠肺小动脉骨形态构建蛋白-2（BMP-2）表达的影响。方法雌性Wistar大鼠60只，体重220—260g，6—7周龄。随机分为6组，每组10只。对照组（C组）：1．5h内经股静脉输注生理盐水5ml；LPS组（L组）：1h内输注生理盐水3ml，然后30min内输注内毒素1mg／kg（溶于2ml生理盐水中）；异丙酚20mg／kg＋LPS组（P1组）、异丙酚50mg／kg＋LPS组（P2组）、氯胺酮20mg／kg＋LPS组（K1组）、氯胺酮50mg／kg＋LPS组（K组）1h内经股静脉分别输注不同剂量的药物，然后30min内输注LPS1mg／kg（溶于2ml生理盐水中）。输注完毕后72b断头处死大鼠。RT-PCR法测定肺小动脉BMP-2mRNA、BaxmRNA表达。免疫组织化学法、Western blot测定肺小动脉BMP-2、Bax、Bcl-2表达。显微成像分析系统测量肺小动脉中膜厚度。结果各组肺小动脉BMP-2、Bax、Bcl-2均有表达。与C组比较，其余组BMP-2、Bax蛋白水平和mRNA表达降低，Bcl-2水平升高（P〈0．05或0．01）。与L组比较，异丙酚或氯胺酮使BMP-2、Bax蛋白水平及mRNA表达升高，Bcl-2水平降低（P〈0．05）。各组肺小动脉中膜厚度较C组增加（P〈0．05）；异丙酚或氯胺酮减轻了肺小动脉中膜的增厚（P〈0．05）。结论异丙酚或氯胺酮可以抑制大鼠LPS致急性肺损伤肺血管的重建，其机制可能与BMP-2、Bax基因表达上调，Bcl-2基因表达下调有关。     

Severe acute respiratory syndrome mimicking acute abdomen

Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is a novel epidemic disease. The clinical presentation can sometimes be very non-specific. The present study reports a case of SARS, which presented as acute abdomen, warranting laparotomy. The atypical presentation in the present case reminded us of the importance of strict infection control measures in all surgery-related specialist workplaces.     

False surgical acute abdomen with intermittent acute porphyria

This article presents a case of acute intermittent porphyria admitted to the Surgery Department of C.F. Craiova Hospital between 18.08.2003-26.08.2003 then transferred to the Colentina Hospital in Bucharest for diagnosis confirmation and adequate treatment. The purpose of this paper is to bring attention on a rare metabolic inherited disease that, due to its non-specific and often noisy symptoms and limited possibilities of biochemical, enzymatic and genetic diagnosis, could generate potential serious confusions. The presentes case illustrates the fact that sometimes the acute attack may be mistaken for an acute surgical affection which requires an emergency operation with all the aggravating consequences and delay in the real diagnosis. About 1% of acute attacks of porphyria may be fatal. Only the drugs known as safe should be prescribed. Basic treatment consists in oral and intravenous glucose and hematin administration.     

Erroneous diagnosis of acute appendicitis in acute gynecological diseases

On the basis of an analysis of 84 observations the authors describe special features of the clinical course and diagnosis of gynecological diseases simulating acute appendicitis (rupture of the ovary, extrauterine pregnancy, torsion or rupture of the ovarian cyst, adnexitis).     

Reversible acute tubular necrosis following severe acute renal rejection

The clinical observation of 6 out of 250 renal transplant patients showed that acute renal rejection may lead to reversible acute tubular necrosis (ATN) necessitating intermittent haemodialysis treatment. Despite missing early response to high-dose (methyl-) prednisolone therapy (during a mean period of 4.7 days) all 6 patients developed spontaneous diuresis 14.5 days on average after onset of rejection while on maintenance immunosuppressive therapy. From the clinical course the conclusion was drawn that in severe cases of renal rejection with arteriographic and histological findings consistent with acute tubular necrosis, prolonged therapy with high doses of (methyl-) prednisolone is not desirable, since after reversal of immunological rejection the onset of spontaneous diuresis will be determined mainly by the duration of the healing and recovery phase of acute tubular necrosis.     

Risk factors of acute kidney injury after acute myocardial infarction

Objectives: To study the risk factors for acute kidney injury (AKI) in-patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI).

Methods: A total of 1371 cases of adult in-patients with AMI in the First People's Hospital of Changzhou from January 2008 to December 2012 were retrospectively analyzed. Based on the occurrence of AKI diagnosed according to the 2012 KDIGO AKI criteria, they were divided into AKI group and non-AKI group and further into conservative treatment groups, coronary angiography (CAG) groups, and coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) groups based on the timing of AKI occurrence, respectively. Related risk factors of AKI were analyzed by univariate and multivariate logistic regressions.

Results: 410 (29.9%) developed AKI. Patients with AKI had significantly increased in-hospital mortality than patients without AKI. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that decreased baseline eGFR, increased fasting plasma glucose (FPG), use of diuretics and Killip grade IV were independent risk factors of AKI, while increased DBP on admission was a protective factor for patients in conservative treatment group. Decreased baseline eGFR, increased FPG, use of diuretics, intraoperative hypotension and acute infection were independent risk factors of AKI for patients in the CAG group. Decreased baseline eGFR, increased FPG, use of diuretics and low cardiac output syndrome after operation were independent risk factors of AKI for patients in the CABG group.

Conclusions: AKI is a common complication and associated with increased mortality after AMI. Decreased baseline renal function, increased FPG and use of diuretics were common independent risk factors of AKI after AMI.     

The acute scrotum

The list of differential diagnoses for the acute scrotum is extensive, but it is paramount to rule out torsion of the spermatic cord, most common in boys aged 13–17 years and the most common cause of acute scrotal pain and swelling up to 18 years old. Torsion requires emergency surgical exploration and detorsion if the testis is to be salvaged. The management of perinatal torsion is surrounded by some controversy and best dealt with by dedicated paediatric units. Beyond 18 years epididymitis is a more common finding, usually caused by chlamydial, gonococcal or coliform infection. Investigations, antibiotic treatment and follow up should be based on the 2010 national guidelines. Torsion of the appendix testis and appendix epididymis, remnants of the Mullerian and Wolffian ducts, respectively, can mimic the more common diagnoses but most cases resolve spontaneously with non-operative management. Torsion of the testis is more likely if the onset of pain is sudden, the pain is severe and the patient is younger than 20 years of age. When there is any doubt about the diagnosis, an emergency scrotal exploration should be undertaken.