skp2,C-myc在肝细胞肝癌中的表达及其意义

目的研究skp2和C—myc在肝细胞肝癌组织中的表达及其与临床病理指标的关系。方法用免疫组化PV9000二步法检测skp2和C—myc蛋白在48例肝细胞肝癌、20例肝硬化患者和16例正常肝组织中的表达。结果肝细胞肝癌组织中skp2的阳性表达率（33．3％）显著高于肝硬化组织（均为阴性表达）（P=0．008）和正常肝组织（均为阴性表达）（P=0．020）。skp2在肝细胞肝癌中的表达与组织分化程度及转移有关（P〈0．001及P=0．017），但与肿瘤大小无关（P=0．058），skp2在高分化肝细胞肝癌中无表达。肝细胞癌组织中C—myc蛋白的的阳性表达率为58．3％，显著高于肝硬化组织的15％（P=0．001）和正常肝组织（阴性表达）（P〈0．001）。C—myc蛋白阳性表达与组织分化程度、转移及肿瘤大小有关，组间差异依次为P〈0．001，=0．023及=0．007。肝细胞癌中skp-2蛋白的表达与C—myc的表达呈正相关（r=0．508，P〈0．001）。结论C—myc可能与肝细胞肝癌的发生发展有关。Skp2的表达提示预后不良。C—myc可能对skp2的表达起正性调节作用。     

p27kip1及相关分子skp2在肺癌组织中的表达及其临床意义

目的 探讨细胞周期素依赖性激酶抑制蛋白27(p27kip1)和细胞S相激酶相关蛋白2(skp2)表达与肺癌发生的关系.方法 应用免疫组织化学SP法检测56例肺癌组织中p27kip1、skp2蛋白的表达,并与19例癌旁正常肺组织作对比.结果 p27kip1蛋白阳性表达率在肺癌中为46.42%,而癌旁肺组织中为89.47%(P<0.01).skp2蛋白阳性表达率在肺癌组织中为32.14%,而癌旁正常肺组织为10.52%(P<0.05).p27kip1与skp2蛋白在肺癌组织中的表达呈负相关(P<0.01).结论 检测p27kip1和skp2蛋白有助于肺癌的临床诊断及判断预后.     

Skp2和p27kip1蛋白在病理性瘢痕组织中的表达和意义

目的研究Skp2（S期激酶相关蛋白2）在病理性瘢痕中的表达情况及其与p27^kip1之间的相互关系，探讨它们在瘢痕形成中的作用及机制。方法应用免疫组化SP法检测正常皮肤、成熟瘢痕、增生性瘢痕和瘢痕疙瘩组织中Skp2、p27^kip1蛋白的表达并进行统计学分析。结果病理性瘢痕组织中Skp2蛋白表达增高，与正常皮肤、成熟瘢痕对照组比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）；病理性瘢痕组织中p27^kip1蛋白表达显著低于正常皮肤、成熟瘢痕（P〈0．05）；病理性瘢痕组织中Skp2蛋白和p27^kip1蛋白呈负相关（P〈0．01）。结论Skp2在病理性瘢痕组织中表达增高，可能通过调节p27^kip1等细胞周期调控因子的降解而促进瘢痕组织中细胞的增生，对病理性瘢痕的形成可能起着重要作用。     

胃癌及癌旁组织中SKP2和p27蛋白表达及相互关系研究

目的研究胃癌及其癌旁组织中SKP2和p27蛋白表达水平,探讨两者的相互关系及其临床意义。方法49例胃癌及20例癌旁组织常规制作石蜡包埋切片,SKP2和p27染色方法为SP免疫组化法。结果胃癌组织中SKP2表达阳性率及其评分值明显高于癌旁组织（P〈0．01）,而p27则相反（P〈0．05,P〈0．01）;SKP2表达阳性和（或）p27表达阴性的癌旁组织呈中至重度不典型增生。SKP2和p27蛋白表达与癌细胞浸润深度、有无淋巴结转移、淋巴结转移分站及有无远处转移有关（P〈0．05,P〈0．01）。在胃癌组织中SKP2与p27评分值之间呈负相关（r=-0．65,P〈0．01）。结论SKP2和p27可能是反映胃癌发生、进展、生物学行为及预后的标记物。     

EphrinA1在原发性肝细胞癌中的表达及临床意义

目的探讨原发性肝细胞癌中EphrinA1的mRNA和蛋白表达水平及其临床意义。方法应用逆转录聚合酶链反应（RT-PCR）及免疫组织化学方法检测EphrinA1的mRNA及蛋白在40例肝癌及相应的癌旁肝组织和10例正常肝组织中的表达水平,并分析其与临床病理学特点之间的关系。结果40例肝癌组织及相应的癌旁肝组织和10例正常肝组织中均有EphrinA1 mRNA的表达。RT-PCR分析显示EphrinA1mRNA在肝癌组织（0．5413±0．1527）中的表达显著高于癌旁肝组织（0．3895±0．0549,P〈0．05）和正常肝组织（0．3770±0．1055,P〈0．05）,而在癌旁肝组织（0．3895±0．0549）和正常肝组织（0．3770±0．1055）中的表达差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。从正常肝组织、癌旁肝组织到肝癌组织,EphrinA1蛋白的阳性表达率分别为20％（2／10）、35％（14／40）和62％（25／40）,呈递增趋势（x^2=14．762,P〈0．05）。EphrinA1蛋白的过表达与肝癌细胞的分化程度、门静脉癌栓的形成及淋巴结转移等临床病理因素有关（P〈0．05）。结论EphrinA1蛋白的过表达与肝癌细胞的分化程度、淋巴结转移和门静脉癌栓有密切联系,提示其可能在肝癌的恶性转化、侵袭和转移过程中发挥重要作用。     

肝癌及癌旁组织中β-葡萄糖醛酸酶蛋白及mRNA的表达及意义

目的探讨肝细胞癌及癌旁组织中β-葡萄糖醛酸酶（β-G）蛋白及β-G mRNA的表达和临床意义。方法采用逆转录-聚合酶链反应（RT-PCR）方法和免疫组织化学方法，对25例原发性肝细胞癌及其癌旁组织和10例正常肝脏组织进行检测，并分析其与临床病理特点之间的关系。结果半定量分析显示β-G mRNA的表达在肝脏癌组织（3．71±0．32）与癌旁肝组织（1.83±0.22）以及正常肝脏组织（1．71±0．32）间差异比较，均有统计学意义（均为P〈0．01），而癌旁肝组织和正常肝组织间比较，差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）；从正常肝组织、癌旁组织到肝癌组织β-G蛋白的阳性细胞表达率分别为（48．2％±5．5％）、（56．8％±6．2％）和（83．8％±9．1％），呈递增趋势（χ^2=42．33，P〈0．01）；β-G蛋白的表达与肝癌病人的门脉癌栓以及淋巴结转移等临床因素有关（P〈0．01），而与肿瘤大小、AFP水平无关。结论β-G与肝细胞的癌变过程密切相关，可能在肝癌的侵袭和转移过程中也起一定的作用。     

PTEN和p27及cyclin D1蛋白在大肠癌组织中的表达及相关性研究

目的：研究大肠癌组织中PTEN、p27和cyclinD1蛋白的表达及三者间的关系。方法：应用免疫组铡匕学方法检测58例大肠癌组织、58例癌旁组织和14例正常大肠黏膜中PTEN、p27和cyclinD1蛋白的表达情况。结果：大肠癌组织中PTEN和p27蛋白的阳性表达率分别为65．52％（38／58）和53．45％（31／58），较癌旁组织和正常组织明显刚氏（P〈0．05）；cyclinD1蛋白的阳性表达率为60．34％（35／58）,较癌旁组织及正常组织显著升高（P〈0．05）。三者在大肠癌组织中的表达存在相关性，且均与肿瘤的分化程度、有无淋巴结转移和Dukes分期有关（P〈0．05）。结论：PTEN、p27和cyclinD1基因的异常改变参与大，且三者之间存在相关性。联合检测三者表达水平可作为评价大肠癌病理生物学行为的客观指标之一。     

Hedgehog信号通路转录因子Gli2在肝癌组织中的表达及意义

目的探讨Hedgehog（Hh）信号通路下游转录因子胶质瘤相关癌基因同源蛋白2（Gli2）在肝细胞癌组织中的表达及临床意义。方法采用RealtimeRT—PCR法及Westernblot检测20对肝癌及癌旁组织Gli2基因mRNA及蛋白的表达;采用免疫组织化学法检测52对肝癌及癌旁组织Gli2蛋白的表达情况。结果Gli2mRNA及蛋白在肝癌组织中的表达明显高于癌旁组织。52例肝癌组织中Gli2阳性表达38例（73．1％）,相应的癌旁组织Gli2阳性表达8例（15．4％）,差异有显著性（P〈0．01）;且G1i2蛋白表达与肝癌分化程度、有无血管侵犯及淋巴结转移有相关性（P〈0．05）。结论Gli2的异常表达与肝癌的发生发展及浸润转移密切相关,Gli2可能成为肝癌的重要生物学标志和生物治疗靶点。     

环氧合酶-2和p27kip1蛋白在幽门螺旋杆菌感染胃癌变过程中的表达及其机制

目的 探讨幽门螺旋杆菌（Hp）感染胃癌变过程中不同病理组织类型的环氧合酶-2（COX．2）和p27^kip1蛋白表达及其分子生物学机制。方法 经胃镜和病理诊断明确的Hp感染患者的不同胃黏膜组织标本共200例。包括慢性浅表性胃炎（CSG）、肠上皮化生（IM）、不典型增生（AH）、胃癌（GCA）各50例，分别以ABC法和SP法测定COX-2和p27^kip1。蛋白表达情况。结果 COX-2随癌变过程中阳性率和表达强度不断提高，分别为12％、42％、52％、74％，GCA组与其他组相比，差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。而p27^kip1。随癌变过程，表达率逐步下降，分别为86％、46％、34％、26％。与其他组比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。COX-2和p27^kip1表达呈显著负相关（r=-0．87，P〈0．01）。结论 COX-2是Hp感染胃癌变过程的早期事件，并参与了胃癌变的全过程。COX-2抑制了p27^kip1的蛋白表达，两者负性相关。     

促血管生成素家族在大肠腺癌中的表达及与微血管密度和临床病理特征的关系

目的 探讨促血管生成素-1（Ang-1）、促血管生成素-2（Ang-2）、促血管生成素受体（Tie-2）及血管内皮生长因子（VEGF）在大肠腺癌及癌旁正常组织中的表达，及与微血管密度（MVD）和临床病理特征的关系。方法 采用免疫组织化学方法检测Ang-1、Ang-2、Tie-2及VEGF在45例大肠腺癌及10例癌旁正常组织中的表达。结果 大肠腺癌组织中的Ang-2蛋白及VEGF蛋白明显高于癌旁正常组织（P〈0．01），腺癌的分化程度越低，Ang-2及VEGF蛋白的表达率越高（P〈0．05），Ang-2与VEGF蛋白的表达存在明显正相关性（r=0．997，P〈0．01）；大肠腺癌组织中的Ang-1蛋白明显低于癌旁正常组织（P〈0．01），腺癌的分化程度越高，Ang-1蛋白的表达率越高（P〈0．05）；Tie-2蛋白在大肠腺癌和癌旁正常组织中的表达差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。大肠腺癌的分化程度越低，MVD越高（P〈0．05），腺癌组织中Ang-1蛋白阳性表达组MVD明显低于阴性表达组（P〈0．01），Ang-2蛋白阳性表达组MVD明显高于阴性表达组（P〈0．01）。≥5cm及有淋巴结转移的大肠腺癌组织中，Ang-2蛋白的表达明显增加（x^2=8．889，P〈0．01；x^2=10．020，P〈0．01）。结论 在大肠腺癌组织中，相对Ang-1占优势的Ang-2的过度表达，可能在肿瘤的血管生成和进展过程中起着重要作用。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.