靶向端粒酶催化亚单位基因hEST2反义寡核苷酸对人肝癌细胞生长的抑制作用

目的观察靶向端粒酶催化亚单位基因hEST2反义寡核苷酸对人肝癌细胞生长的抑制作用。方法从Genebank中钓取人端粒酶催化亚单位基因hEST2的mRNA序列，通过计算机模建二级结构辅助设计并合成硫化修饰反义寡核苷酸（癌泰得）。采用人肝癌裸小鼠原位移植模型（HCM—Y89）。实验分为生理盐水组，5-Fu10mg／kg组，癌泰得50mg／kg组、75mg／kg组，癌泰得75mg／kg联合5-Fu10mg／kg组、50mg／kg联合5-Fu10mg／kg组。尾静脉给药，每天1次，连续20d。观察移植瘤质量和抑瘤率、移植瘤体积、AFP浓度和移植瘤组织学。结果（1）5-Fu10mg／kg组的抑瘤率为27．85％，其他各治疗组的抑瘤率均在42．14％～74．29％之间；（2）各治疗组瘤质量、瘤体积和AFP浓度均低于生理盐水组且差异有统计学意义；（3）瘤体积和AFP浓度之间呈直线关系，为显著正相关（r=0．9977）；（4）癌泰得和5-FU治疗人肝细胞癌后，肝癌细胞出现不同程度的凋亡、坏死，同时伴有纤维组织增生。结论癌泰得对肝癌细胞生长具有抑制作用，疗效优于5-FU；与5-FU合用具有协同抗肿瘤效应。     

兔肝肿瘤介入栓塞后血清VEGF早期改变的实验研究

目的：探讨对兔VX2肝肿瘤模型进行胃十二指肠动脉介入栓塞术,早期血清VEGF的改变及意义。方法：将40只接种VX2肿瘤组织2周的荷瘤兔随机分为两组：碘油组（n=20）和对照组（n=20）,通过超选择插管胃十二指肠动脉分别给予超液化碘油（0．3mL／只）、生理盐水（1mL／只）。1周后,应用酶联免疫吸附法（ELISA）测定兔血清VEGF的变化,免疫组织化学法（ABC）检测残余肿瘤组织的蛋白表达,定量PCR检测VEGFmRNA的表达改变。结果：介入栓塞后,碘油组血清VEGF1．42±0．29ng／mL,对照组1．12±0．21ng／mL,二者相比差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。碘油组残余肿瘤细胞VEGF的表达明显高于对照组（P〈0．01）,VEGFmRNA表达也高于对照组（P〈0.05）。结论：应用碘油介入栓塞兔VX2肝肿瘤术后,残余肿瘤组织表达VEGF明显升高,可作为预测残余肿瘤细胞转移复发的有效指标之一。     

胃癌凋亡相关蛋白Survivin、B淋巴细胞/白血病-2、bax表达与肿瘤细胞体外化疗药敏性的关系

目的 探讨胃癌凋亡相关蛋白表达与体外化疗药敏性的关系. 方法 对64例胃癌标本进行Survivin、R淋巴细胞/白血病-2(bcl-2)、bax免疫组织化学染色,并以噻唑蓝(MTT)比色法检测体外化疗药物敏感性.结果 肿瘤Survivin、bcl-2、bax阳性表达率分别为90.6％、75.0％、68.8％;Survivin与bax、bcl-2与bax 间表达强度均呈负相关(r=-0.45044、-0.414 03,P＜0.01).在耐药因子表达程度与药物对肿瘤细胞抑制率的关系中,Survivin强表达时,表阿霉素(eADM)、顺铂(DDP)对肿瘤细胞的抑制率明显降低(P＜0.05),但奥沙利铂(L-OHP)对肿瘤细胞的抑制率明显增加(P＜0.05);bcl-2强表达时,5-氟尿嘧啶(5-Fu)、紫杉醇(PTX)、eADM对肿瘤细胞的抑制率明显低于弱表达组(P＜0.05);bax强表达组中,5-Fu、eADM、L-OHP和甲氨喋呤(MTX)对肿瘤细胞的抑制率明显高于弱表达组(P＜0.05).结论 胃癌凋亡相关蛋白表达与部分化疗药物敏感性有关.     

三维超声观察5-Fu治疗前后兔乳腺VX2移植瘤的血流和体积改变

目的应用三维超声探讨5-Fu局部治疗前后兔乳腺VX2移植瘤的血流、体积变化。方法16只新西兰大白兔,每侧乳腺均种植一个VX2移植瘤共建立32个乳腺VX2移植瘤模型,分别于肿瘤移植后第2、3、4周经皮注射5-Fu至右侧移植瘤的瘤内及瘤周。应用三维超声监测肿瘤生长情况,于第1次治疗前及治疗后瞬间、第4周治疗结束后分析左右侧肿瘤血供的分级,利用VOCALⅡ功能量化分析肿瘤内部及周边的血供,并测量容积指数（VI）;同时测量肿瘤的体积,并进行自身左右侧对照。4周后处死瘤兔,用免疫组化法检测Bcl-2蛋白的表达,了解肿瘤凋亡情况,评价三维超声相关检测指标的价值。结果治疗前兔两侧乳腺VX2移植瘤的血供及VI值基本一致,治疗后瞬间及第4周治疗结束后右侧（治疗侧）血供及VI值明显减小（P〈0.05）;治疗前左右侧乳腺VX2移植瘤的体积差异无统计学意义,治疗后右侧肿瘤体积增长减慢（P〈0.05）;免疫组化显示：治疗侧乳腺肿瘤组织凋亡明显（P〈0.05）。结论三维超声能够更客观地反映5-Fu治疗前后兔乳腺移植瘤的血流和体积变化,5-Fu局部治疗兔乳腺VX2移植瘤有效。     

超声引导下瘤块注射建立兔VX2肝肿瘤模型

目的研究超声引导下微创建立兔VX2肝肿瘤动物模型的方法，分析兔VX2肝肿瘤超声、CT及血管造影的影像学特征。方法切除植于兔后腿肌肉内的VX2肿瘤组织并剪成0．5mm见方的块状瘤块，在超声引导下，将瘤块直接注射接种于60只新西兰白兔肝左叶，2周后测定兔肝肿瘤接种成功率，观察研究其超声、CT和血管造影的影像学特征。结果兔VX2肝肿瘤接种成功率为95％（57／60）；荷瘤兔平均自然生存时间为（45±8）d。肝肿瘤的超声表现为圆形或类圆形低回声结节，其周边及内部可见较丰富的血流信号；多排螺旋CT平扫肝肿瘤表现为低密度结节影；肝动脉造影显示VX2肝肿瘤富含血管且血管网杂乱，肿瘤显影以周边为主。结论超声引导下穿刺接种制作兔VX2肝肿瘤动物模型操作简便，成功率高，其影像学特征与人原发性肝癌相似。     

载5-氟尿嘧啶聚乳酸纳米微粒瘤内注射治疗胃癌

目的观察生物可降解5-氟尿嘧啶聚乳酸纳米微粒（5-Fu-NPs）注射缓释剂用于肿瘤内局部给药的抗肿瘤活性。方法36只（SCID）小鼠随机分为6组，分别瘤内注射生理盐水的对照组、瘤内注射5．Fu．NPs（包括5-Fu20mg／kg体重和5-Fu30mg／kg体重）、无载药NPs、5-Fu注射液及腹腔注射5-Fu注射液，每3d瘤内给药1次共3次。观察荷瘤鼠肿瘤生长、荷瘤鼠给药前、后血象及给药后肿瘤组织凋亡指数。结果瘤内注射5-Fu-NPs缓释剂组小鼠肿瘤生长缓慢，瘤体明显小于5-Fu（含5-Fu20mg／kg体重）腹腔注射给药组，相应的抑瘤率分别为2．93％、22．87％、27．57％、41．64％和50．43％，其中以瘤内注射5-Fu-NPs对小鼠胃癌有较高抑瘤率，呈现良好的量效关系，且对骨髓的副作用为最小。结论瘤内应用5-Fu-NPs缓释剂的抗肿瘤效果优于局部和全身单纯5-Fu给药。     

绿脓杆菌菌毛株对肝癌细胞Hep-2生长的抑制作用

目的 观察绿脓杆菌菌毛株菌苗(PA-MSHA)对人肝细胞癌细胞株HepG-2的抑制作用及机制.方法 噻唑蓝(MTT)法检测细胞生长抑制情况.原位末端标记(TUNEL)法检测细胞凋亡情况;透射电镜观察细胞超微结构.Western blot法检测bcl-2、bax、Caspase-3蛋白表达;裸鼠移植瘤内及瘤周药物注射观察不同药物浓度及作用时间的体内抑瘤作用.结果 肿瘤细胞的抑制率与药物浓度和作用时间成正比;高、低浓度实验组和对照组凋亡率差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01);电镜观察可见经PA-MSHA作用后的HepG2细胞呈现典型的凋亡表现;PA-MSHA作用后可引起bax、Caspase-3蛋白表达上调,bcl-2蛋白表达下调;高浓度PA-MSHA可明显抑制裸鼠移植瘤的生长,17 d抑瘤率为60%.结论 PA-MSHA可明显抑制HepG-2细胞的生长,诱导凋亡是其另外一个作用机制.     

表皮生长因子联合氟尿嘧啶对结直肠癌裸鼠皮下移植瘤的作用

目的观察联合应用表皮生长因子（EGF）和氟尿嘧啶（5-FU）治疗结直肠癌裸鼠皮下移植瘤的疗效,并分析可能的机制。方法建立结直肠癌（Caco-2细胞系）裸鼠移植瘤模型,观察应用EGF和5-Fu治疗后的肿瘤生长曲线并计算抑瘤率．同时观察肿瘤细胞生长情况及EGF对其他器官正常细胞的影响。结果单用5-Fu组裸鼠的抑瘤率为40．97％：EGF和5-Fu联合治疗组（联合治疗组）明显高于前者达57．05％。苏木精-伊红染色见联合治疗组肿瘤细胞形态模糊,细胞数明显减少．其他脏器组织切片未见异常。EGF组和联合治疗组PCNA指数分别达到（51．60±10．97）％和（48．00±11．66）％,与对照组比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）：联合治疗组处于增殖周期的肿瘤细胞增多。结论联合应用EGF可以提高结直肠癌对5-Fu的敏感性,同时对其他器官无不良反应。其机制可能与EGF诱导静止期细胞增殖有关。     

肝门胆管癌中bcl-2的表达及临床意义

目的 探讨bcl-2表达在肝门胆管癌发生、发展中的作用，评价其在肝门胆管癌预后判断中的价值。方法 免疫组织化学法检测36例肝门胆管癌和10例正常胆管石蜡切片标本中bel-2表达，分析其与肝门胆管癌临床病理参数和术后生存率的关系，生存率计算采用Kaplan-Meier法，Log-rank检验比较生存曲线。结果 肝门胆管癌中bcl-2阳性表达率为55．6％（20／36），正常胆管bcl-2阳性率10．0％（1／10），两者差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）；bcl-2阴性组术后1、3、5年存活率分别为82％，55％和25％，阳性组分别为33％和9％，无5年生存者，两组差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论 肝门胆管癌中bcl-2有较高阳性表达率，bcl-2表达在肝门胆管癌发生、发展中可能起促进作用；bcl-2表达可能是肝门胆管癌预后因素之一，阳性表达多提示预后不良。     

CT引导下经皮注射高温平阳霉素超液化碘油对兔VX2肿瘤的抑瘤效果

目的评价CT引导下经皮注射高温平阳霉素超液化碘油对兔VX2肿瘤的抑瘤效果。方法将新西兰大白兔肝左叶种植VX2肿瘤,种植后2周对实验兔进行CT扫描,随机分组,分别注人不同温度的平阳霉素超液化碘油,术后两周观察疗效。结果与对照组比较,注入高温平阳霉素超液化碘油组VX2肿瘤体积随温度的升高明显缩小、肿瘤坏死率随温度的升高明显增加（P〈0．05）;肿瘤组织MVD值与VEGF的表达强度与对照组比较明显减低（P〈0．05）。结论CT引导下经皮注射高温平阳霉素超液化碘油对VX2肿瘤生长和肿瘤血管的形成具有明显抑制作用,且温度越高疗效越好。     

The addition of O2 to the CO2 does not prevent the systemic effects of the CO2 pneumoperitoneum in a rabbit model

CO2 pneumoperitoneum used in endoscopic surgery induces systemic effects by CO2 absorption. It was claimed that a reduction in CO2 pneumoperitoneum-induced metabolic hypoxemia was achieved by the addition of small amounts of O2 to the CO2 in a rabbit ventilated model. We reevaluated the effects of the addition of O2 to the CO2 pneumoperitoneum upon CO2 absorption in a rabbit model. The effects of a pneumoperitoneum using 100% CO2, 90% CO2 + 10% O2, 95% CO2 + 5% O2, or 100% O2 on arterial blood gases, acid base and O2 homeostasis were evaluated in nonintubated rabbits. A pneumoperitoneum pressure of 10 cm H2O (approximately 7.35 mm Hg) was used. CO2 pneumoperitoneum of 120 minutes affected blood gases and acid base homeostasis. Whereas partial pressure of CO2 and HCO3 increased (P < 0.001) during pneumoperitoneum, pH and partial pressure of O2 decreased (P < 0.001). Similar results were obtained in O2-CO2 pneumoperitoneum (P > 0.05). CO2 pneumoperitoneum profoundly affected blood gases and acid base homeostasis, resulting in metabolic hypoxemia. The addition of O2 to the CO2 did not prevent the systemic effects of CO2 pneumoperitoneum in nonintubated animals.     

Evaluation of the association of IGF2BP2 variants with type 2 diabetes in French Caucasians

OBJECTIVE—We performed a comprehensive genetic association study of common variation spanning the IGF2BP2 locus in order to replicate the association of the “confirmed” type 2 diabetes susceptibility variants rs4402960 and rs1470579 in the French Caucasian population and to further characterize the susceptibility variants at this novel locus.RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—We genotyped a total of 21 tagging single nucleotide polymorphisms spanning the IGF2BP2 locus in our type 2 diabetes case-control cohort comprising 3,093 French Caucasian subjects.RESULTS—IGF2BP2 variants rs4402960 and rs1470579 were not associated with type 2 diabetes in the present study (P = 0.632 and P = 0.896, respectively). Meta-analysis of genotype data from over 34,000 subjects demonstrated that our inability to replicate rs4402960/rs1470579 was consistent with the findings from several previous genome-wide association study (GWAS) datasets that were underpowered to detect this modest association signal (odds ratio [OR] 1.14). We obtained novel evidence that rs9826022, a borderline rare variant (5% minor allele frequency) in the 3′ downstream region, was associated with type 2 diabetes (P = 0.0002; OR 1.53 [95% CI 1.22–1.91]). This result was corroborated by the meta-analysis of 10,542 genotypes from the current study and GWAS datasets using both fixed (P = 9.47 × 10⁻⁶; 1.30 [1.16–1.46]) and random effects (P = 0.001; 1.30 [1.11–1.52)] calculations.CONCLUSIONS—We were unable to replicate the confirmed rs4402960/rs1470579 susceptibility variants but found novel evidence for a rare variant in the 3′ downstream region of IGF2BP2. Further genetic and functional studies are required to identify the etiological IGF2BP2 variants.The insulin-like growth factor 2 mRNA binding protein 2 (IGF2BP2) gene on chromosome 3q27 is a paralog of IGF2BP1, a known regulator of IGF2 gene expression. Genome-wide association studies (GWASs) carried out by the Finland-U.S. Investigation of NIDDM Genetics (FUSION) (1), the Wellcome Trust Case Control Consortium (WTCCC) (2), and the Diabetes Genetics Initiative (DGI) (3) groups each found modest evidence that single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the IGF2BP2 region are associated with type 2 diabetes. The subsequent meta-analysis of primary and replication datasets from these GWASs corroborated these findings and identified two strongly correlated IGF2BP2 variants, rs1470579 and rs4402960, as “confirmed” type 2 diabetes susceptibility variants (1–3). By contrast, the French/Canadian GWAS (4) typed 10 SNPs across the IGF2BP2 locus, including rs1470579, in 1,363 subjects, but found no nominal (P < 0.05) association signals at IGF2BP2. In an attempt to replicate the IGF2BP2 association findings in the French Caucasian population in a larger study and to further characterize the susceptibility variants at this novel locus, we performed an association study of HapMap Phase II tag SNPs spanning the IGF2BP2 locus in 3,093 French Caucasian subjects.     

Cellular and subcellular distribution of polycystin-2, the protein product of the PKD2 gene

Mutations in the PKD1 and PKD2 genes account for 85 and 15% of cases of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease, respectively. Polycystin-2, the product of the PKD2 gene, is predicted to be an integral membrane protein with homology to a family of voltage-activated Ca(2+) channels. In vitro studies suggest that it may interact with polycystin-1, the PKD1 gene product, via coiled-coil domains present in their C-terminal domains. In this study, the cellular and subcellular distribution of polycystin-2 is defined and compared with polycystin-1. A panel of rabbit polyclonal antisera was raised against polycystin-2 and shown to recognize a single band consistent with polycystin-2 in multiple tissues and cell lines by immunoprecipitation and Western blotting. Immunostaining of human and murine renal tissues demonstrated widespread and developmentally regulated expression of polycytin-2, with highest levels in the kidney in the thick ascending limbs of the loop of Henle and the distal convoluted tubule. In contrast, polycystin-1 expression, while localizing to the same tubular segments, was highest in the collecting ducts. Immunohistochemical staining and immunofluorescence microscopy localized polycystin-2 to the basolateral plasma membrane of kidney tubular epithelial cells compared with the junctional localization of polycystin-1. Differences in the developmental, cellular, and subcellular expression of polycystin-1 and polycystin-2 suggest that they may be able to function independently of each other in addition to a potential in vivo interaction via their C-termini.     

CO2 arthroscopy of the knee

During the past ten years, approximately 3000 cases of knee arthroscopy have been performed in a CO2 medium. The setup for the use of CO2 is quite simple and is explained here on a step-by-step basis. Advantages are a better visual field and no motion of tissue in the arthroscopic field. The disadvantages are minimal. For these reasons, it is believed that CO2 arthroscopy is a significant adjunct to arthroscopy in a fluid medium.