前臂内侧皮神经--贵要静脉营养血管远端蒂复合皮瓣的应用解剖

目的为前臂内侧皮神经—贵要静脉营养血管远端蒂复合瓣设计提供解剖学基础。方法对30侧动脉灌注红色乳胶的成人上肢标本,解剖观测下1/3段前臂内侧皮神经-贵要静脉营养血管的来源、分支及其与尺骨膜血管的关系。结果下1/3段前臂内侧皮神经-贵要静脉营养血管来自:尺动脉皮支5～9支,外径(0.7±0.3)mm,尺动脉腕上皮支外径(0.7±0.2)mm。在尺骨茎突上(6.0～16.0)cm,骨间前动脉骨皮穿支2～3支,外径(0.7±0.2)mm;骨间后动脉骨皮穿支1～3支,外径(0.6±0.2)mm。二者分布尺骨中下段骨膜及相应区域的皮肤。上述穿支发皮支、筋膜支、骨膜支、皮神经—浅静脉营养血管,形成皮神经干血管链和贵要静脉旁营养血管链及深、浅筋膜和骨膜血管网。结论前臂内侧皮神经-贵要静脉营养血管与骨、皮营养血管同源,其远端蒂复合瓣的旋转轴点在腕关节平面,可用于转位修复手部远处组织缺损。     

隐神经-大隐静脉营养血管远端蒂复合瓣的解剖学研究

目的探讨隐神经-大隐静脉营养血管远端蒂复合瓣的解剖学结构,为临床手术提供依据。方法对30侧经动脉灌注红色乳胶的成人下肢标本进行解剖,并观察隐神经-大隐静脉营养血管的来源、分支、吻合及其与胫骨、比目鱼肌血供的关系。结果由近及远,隐神经-大隐静脉营养血管来自隐动脉3~5支,外径0.7±0.4mm;膝下内动脉皮支,外径0.7±0.2mm;胫后动脉肌间隙支2~7支,外径1.0±0.2mm,其肌支营养比目鱼肌内侧半;骨皮穿支1~2支,外径1.3±0.3mm;踝前内侧穿支,外径0.6±0.2mm;踝上穿支,外径0.8±0.3mm。各穿支穿深筋膜时,发出深筋膜支、骨膜支、皮支和神经静脉血管,构成骨膜、深筋膜和皮神经浅静脉3个层面的血管丛。结论隐神经-大隐静脉营养血管与肌、骨及皮营养血管同源,是构成隐神经-大隐静脉营养血管远端蒂复合瓣的解剖学基础。     

腓肠神经营养血管远端蒂皮瓣小隐静脉的应用解剖

目的研究腓肠神经营养血管远端蒂皮瓣小隐静脉营养血管的来源。方法30侧动脉灌注红色乳胶成人下肢标本,以外踝尖为观测指标点,在其上10cm范围内,显微解剖观测远端蒂中的小隐静脉营养血管来源、分布与皮肤血管的关系,以及小隐静脉浅深交通支。结果由远及近,远端蒂部的小隐静脉营养血管来源于跟外侧动脉穿支、外踝后动脉穿支和腓动脉肌间隔穿支。上述动脉穿支2～5支,外径0.6～1.0mm,发深筋膜支、神经静脉营养支和皮支,形成深浅筋膜血管网、腓肠神经干血管链、小隐静脉旁血管链以及静脉壁血管网。小隐静脉浅深交通支1～2支,外径1.7±0.5mm,距外踝尖上3.4±0.9cm,汇入腓静脉。结论远端蒂的腓肠神经、小隐静脉筋膜及皮肤的营养血管同源。外踝尖上3～4cm处存在小隐静脉浅深交通支,远端蒂皮瓣旋转点设计于此处,有助于改善皮瓣静脉回流。     

前臂外侧皮神经的血供特点与皮神经营养血管皮瓣的设计

目的：为临床设计带外侧皮神经营养血管筋膜皮瓣提供依据。方法：用显微解剖测量法、标本透明法研究前臂外侧皮神经外科解剖与头静脉的关系以及其神经血管皮肤穿支的位置、长度、对皮神经的营养形式等。结果：前臂外侧皮神经共有４支神经血管皮肤穿支,其全程由神经旁血管和主要动脉共同营养。前臂外侧皮神经前支与头静脉紧密伴行。结论：顺沿头静脉,可切取带外侧皮神经营养血管筋膜蒂或血管神经蒂岛状皮瓣,用于修复肘部、前臂远端１／３段和腕部等部位软组织缺损。     

吻合小隐静脉的腓肠神经营养血管逆行皮瓣的应用

腓肠神经营养血管蒂逆行岛状皮瓣已成功用于修复足踝部创面,但蒂部过长或面积过大时皮瓣远端常发生静脉危象。为此,我们将皮瓣的小隐静脉与受区皮下静脉作吻合,临床应用9例,效果满意。应用解剖腓肠内侧皮神经自胫神经发出沿腓肠肌内、外侧头间下行至小腿中段穿出深筋膜与发自腓总神经的腓肠外侧皮神经合成腓肠神经。窝中间皮动脉起自动脉,发出浅支供养小腿上部皮肤,深支与腓肠神经伴行下降至踝部,少数在小腿下段　　作者单位:570311　海南省海口市,海南省人民医院显微外科延续成动脉网,行程中与神经内血管及腓肠肌皮穿支广泛吻合并不断…     

前臂外侧皮神经的血供特点与皮神经营养血管皮瓣的设计

目的：为临床设计带外侧皮神经营养血管筋膜皮瓣提供依据。方法：用显微解剖测量法、标本透明法研究前臂外侧皮神经外科解剖与头静脉的关系及其神经血管皮肤穿支的位置、长度、对皮神经的营养形式等。结果：前臂外侧皮神经共有４支神经血管皮肤穿点，其全程由神经旁血管和主要动脉共同营养。前臂外侧皮神经前支与头静脉紧密伴行。结论：顺沿头静脉，可切聚带外侧皮神经营养血管筋蒂或血管神经蒂岛状皮瓣，用于修复肘部、前臂远端１／     

腓动脉穿支远端蒂腓肠神经岛状筋膜肌皮瓣修复足踝骨髓炎创面

目的探讨以腓动脉穿支为蒂的腓肠神经岛状筋膜肌皮瓣逆向修复足踝骨髓炎创面的临床疗效。方法解剖10条小腿灌注标本，观察腓肠神经血管轴与腓肠肌内、外侧头肌支和肌皮穿支之间的交通吻合。临床应用远端蒂腓肠神经岛状筋膜肌皮瓣修复足踝骨髓炎创面5例。结果腓肠神经在穿出深筋膜前，其血管轴与两侧的腓肠肌肌支间各有2-4个吻合（筋膜下段）；在穿出深筋膜后，其血管轴与两侧的腓肠肌肌皮穿支间各有2-3个吻合（筋膜上段）。在腓肠肌腱腹交界的近侧2-4cm内，恒定有1-3支肌皮穿支血管与腓肠神经血管轴相交通。据此，临床设计切取以腓动脉最远端肌间隔穿支血管（外踝上5cm）供血的腓肠神经岛状筋膜肌皮瓣，逆向修复5例伴有死腔和骨髓炎感染的小腿下段和足踝创面。5例筋膜皮瓣面积12cm×6cm-17cm×9cm，携带的深层腓肠肌肉面积5cm×4cm-9cm×7cm。随访6个月～1年，皮瓣完全成活。结论腓动脉穿支远端蒂腓肠神经岛状筋膜肌皮瓣。血供可靠，转移方便，是修复小腿下段1／3和足踝部骨髓炎创面的好方法。     

腓肠外侧动脉穿支与腓肠外侧皮神经营养血管联合蒂肌皮瓣的临床应用

目的 观察腓肠外侧动脉穿支与腓肠外侧皮神经营养血管的解剖位置关系,并设计二者联合蒂肌皮瓣,通过临床应用探讨其临床效果.方法 在5具(10侧)成人下肢新鲜标本上,观测记录腓肠外侧动脉穿支与腓肠外侧皮神经营养血管的解剖位置关系;并据此设计二者联合近端蒂肌皮瓣,临床应用5例,皮瓣大小6cm ×9 cm～9cm×12cm.结果 腓肠外侧动脉入肌后沿途发出3～5支外径为0.2～1.8 mm的肌皮穿支,营养腓肠肌外侧头及周围皮肤,并与腓肠外侧皮神经营养血管参与形成浅、深筋膜血管网.自2009年2月至2011年11月,临床应用5例腓肠外侧动脉与腓肠外侧皮神经营养血管轴联合蒂肌皮瓣修复膝前及胫骨上端皮肤缺损,4例一期愈合,1例远端部分浅表坏死,经换药逐渐愈合.结论 设计的联合蒂肌皮瓣有两套血供,血运丰富,扩大了皮瓣切取面积;同时皮瓣内带有感觉神经,保证了皮瓣感觉,可以修复膝关节周围较复杂皮肤软组织缺损.皮瓣蒂部不臃肿,转移方便,不损伤主要血管,创伤小,易于临床推广应用.     

前臂外侧皮神经营养血管皮瓣在虎口缺损中的临床应用

最近有关皮神经营养血管皮瓣的文章较多。本期有二篇采用前臂外侧皮神经营养血管皮瓣修复手部创面的文章。 皮神经营养血管皮瓣是筋膜皮瓣的特殊类型。由于皮神经是沿肢体纵轴走行，故若筋膜皮瓣带有皮神经，则必然带有皮神经营养血管。使皮神经营养血管皮瓣在纵轴方向切取范围大于一般筋膜皮瓣。但皮神经营养血管切取时。其蒂部应包含穿支血管，故有些文章又将此类皮瓣称为穿支皮瓣。穿支皮瓣是指动脉穿过深筋膜后其口径仍足以进行显微外科吻合的皮瓣。其穿支血管可以是肌间隔穿支或肌肉皮肤穿支。带蒂转移穿支皮瓣多属于肌间隔穿支皮瓣，临床应用最多的是以四肢主干动脉发出的最远侧肌间隔穿支（均在腕、踝关节上5cm左右）为血供的远端蒂皮瓣。因此，临床上在设计和切取此类皮瓣时．应同时注意皮神经营养血管和穿支血管对皮瓣的血供作用。[编者按]     

内踝前动脉穿支为蒂隐神经-大隐静脉营养血管远端蒂皮瓣的应用解剖

目的为内踝前动脉穿支隐神经-大隐静脉营养血管皮瓣设计提供解剖学依据.方法30侧经动脉内灌注红色乳胶成人下肢标本,解剖观察踝前内侧区的动脉来源、分支分布及其邻近动脉吻合.结果踝前内侧区动脉,前侧来自内踝前动脉和胫前动脉踝上支穿支,外径平均0.6～0.8mm;后侧来自胫后动脉肌间隙支和骨皮穿支,其中胫后动脉的肌间隙支2～3支,平均外径(0.9±1.2)(0.5～2.5)mm,骨皮穿支1～2支,外径(1.3±0.3)(0.7～2.0)mm.动脉穿支均发出骨膜支、深筋膜支、皮支、皮神经及浅静脉营养支,构成隐神经大隐静脉营养血管,以及深、浅筋膜血管网.结论踝前内侧区的隐神经、大隐静脉、筋膜及皮肤营养血管同源,呈明显的纵向性分布.设计以内踝前动脉筋膜穿支为蒂的隐神经-大隐静脉营养血管皮瓣,远端蒂的旋转点在内踝尖平面,可用于转位修复前足的软组织缺损.     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.