战伤性腹壁缺损两种修补方法的动物实验

目的寻求战伤腹壁大块缺损的修补方法。方法36只成年杂种犬制作腹部开放伤动物模型后,随机分为两组,分别以脱细胞真皮基质（acellular dermis matrices,ADM）、聚丙烯补片（polypropylene mesh,PPM）进行修补。两组分别于术后1、3、6个月时取材行扫描电镜检查。结果全部动物无伤口裂开、无腹壁疝形成,ADM修补组脏面均未与内脏粘连,PPM修补组均与内脏粘连。电镜照片可见ADM更有利于胶原纤维增生,并且逐渐降解吸收被胶原纤维替代;PPM一直存在,周围纤维组织覆盖、粘连,逐渐增殖,生长速度较慢。结论ADM用于战伤腹壁缺损的修复,其有效性等同于PPM,优于传统修复方法,安全性优于PPM。     

腹壁疝的内镜下Sublay修补

正1 背景腹壁疝的有效修补层次包括Onlay、Sublay与腹腔内[1]。从力学角度,将补片放置在缺损后、腹腔外的Sublay层面最为可靠。但Sublay需对腹壁进行广泛分离,存在一定的难度与创伤,通过开放途径更是增加了创伤及切口并发症发生率[2]。1993年LeBlanc等描述了腹腔镜下腹壁切口疝修补术,是将防粘连补片放置于腹腔内腹膜面进行修补,即腹腔镜腹腔内网片修补术(laparoscopic intraperitoneal onlay mesh,Lap-IPOM)修补[3]。IPOM技术不对腹壁     

化学改性壳聚糖膜预防不同类型腹膜粘连的实验研究

目的对比研究化学改性壳聚糖膜对四种不同原因所致的大鼠腹膜粘连的预防作用。方法将壳聚糖行化学改性，制成厚60μm的膜消毒后备用。SD大鼠200只，随机分成假手术对照组（A组）、创伤致粘连组（B组）、滑石粉致粘连组（C组）、结扎血管致粘连组（D组）及感染致粘连组（E组）。各组分别用相应的方法来处理大鼠蚓突盲端．再将每组大鼠分成对照组和实验组．对照组大鼠直接关腹，实验组用凝胶化改性壳聚糖膜覆盖蚓突盲端浆膜面．然后关腹。处理后2周和4周后打开腹腔，以Bhatia分级法评定蚓突盲端的粘连程度，并对盲端组织行羟脯胺酸（hydroxyproline，OHP）、组织型纤溶酶原激活剂tissue—type plasminogen activatior，t—PA）和纤溶酶原激活物抑制因子（plasminogen activator inhibitor，PAI）水平测定，对腹腔液行t—PA、PAI测定。结果①粘连程度和OHP水平：术后2周和4周，B、D、E组中实验组的粘连程度、OHP水平均分别显著低于对照组（P〈0．05），而A、C组中的实验组和对照组间差异均无统计学意义（P〉0．05）；②t-PA、PAI水平：术后2周和4周，A组、C组和D组的蚓突组织和腹腔液t—PA、PAI水平．实验组和对照组间差异均无统计学意义（P〉0．05）；B组、E组中实验组t—PA水平均显著高于对照组（P〈0．05），而PAI水平则显著低于对照组（P〈0．05）。结论化学改性壳聚糖膜时创伤、缺血及感染所致的腹膜粘连有明显的预防作用，而对滑石粉所致的腹膜粘连则作用不明显；对不同原因所致的腹膜粘连．可以用来准确衡量组织粘连程度的指标也不尽相同。     

腹腔镜下切口疝补片修补术的临床应用

目的 探讨腹腔镜下腹壁切口疝修补术的手术方法、安全性等问题。方法对2004年3月至2006年5月79例行腹腔镜下补片修补术治疗腹壁切口疝病人的临床资料进行分析。结果 78例（98．7％）手术成功，1例因腹腔内广泛粘连而中转开放修补。平均手术时间为88min，平均术后住院4．6d，18例（22．8％）病人术中发现有1个以上的隐匿性缺损。术后并发症：术后短期内修补区腹壁明显疼痛58例（73．4％）。腹壁缝合点较长时间疼痛6例（7．6％），浆液肿14例（17．7％），无手术死亡，1例术后出现肠瘘，经保守治疗好转，1例腰部切口疝的病人术后复发。结论 多数病人腹壁切口疝可以经腹腔镜行粘连松解及补片修补术，并可在术中发现其他隐性缺损，手术安全性较高。对腹腔内广泛粘连而影响操作器械进入及粘连分离者，应及时中转开腹手术。     

孕晚期宫内修补胎羊腹壁缺损的初步实验研究

目的探讨孕晚期行宫内手术修补胎羊腹壁缺损的可行性。方法取8只孕110～115 d的健康山羊,体重14～22 kg,随机分为两组,分别为可吸收缝线组(A组,3只)及生物型补片组(B组,5只)。两组首先切除胎羊全层腹壁分别制备大小约5 cm×1 cm及5 cm×2 cm的腹壁缺损模型后,分别采用可吸收缝线缝合及两层生物型补片修补腹壁缺损。观察术后母羊及出生后小羊一般情况;于出生后第10天处死小羊观察腹腔内粘连情况,并取切口瘢痕组织行生物力学测定和组织学观察。结果术后共3只母羊流产,其中A组1只,B组2只;其余母羊均顺利娩出小羊。A组小羊腹壁切口愈合好,瘢痕呈线形,腹腔内粘连轻;瘢痕厚度为4～5 mm。B组小羊腹壁切口均未完全愈合,腹腔内粘连轻;瘢痕厚度为3～4 mm。生物力学测定A组瘢痕组织皮条断裂力为16、20 N,B组为10、14、18 N。组织学观察示,A组瘢痕组织范围小;B组见皮肤溃疡面和其下的纤维结缔组织,伴炎性细胞浸润。结论 孕晚期行宫内手术修补胎羊腹壁缺损可行;对于腹壁缺损较小者可直接缝合修补,缺损较大者可采用生物型补片修补。     

大网膜联合网片修补巨大切口疝

采用大网膜联合聚丙烯网片修补巨大切口疝17例。将大网膜展开铺盖在腹壁缺损处脏器表面，用3-0可吸收线或1号丝线将大网膜缝到缺损边缘，然后行肌后置网法修补腹壁缺损。术后平均随访25个月，无肠梗阻表现，无疝复发。提示大网膜是一种符合解剖生理的保护结构，在巨大疝修补中可做为网片的腹腔脏器间隔离层，防止网片与脏器接触。     

两种补片修补TRAM皮瓣切取后腹壁缺损的临床效果比较

目的:比较聚丙烯网片与膨体聚四氟乙烯补片修补TRAM皮瓣切取后腹壁缺损的有效性及安全性。方法:回顾性分析85例游离TRAM皮瓣切取术后腹壁缺损的修补,比较两组患者术后并发症的发生率。结果:两组患者均无腹壁疝发生;聚丙烯网片组患者腹壁膨出率为6.3%,膨体聚四氟乙烯补片组为5.7%,无显著性差异;膨体聚四氟乙烯补片组术后感染率及积血积液率略高于聚丙烯网片组,无显著性差异;聚丙烯网片组患者术后疼痛不适及异物感发生率为34.4%,高于膨体聚四氟乙烯组的3.8%,差异具有统计学意义。结论:两种补片对于修复TRAM皮瓣切取后腹壁缺损都是有效的,膨体聚四氟乙烯补片更佳。     

小肠黏膜下层与聚丙烯修复大鼠腹壁缺损的对比研究

目的比较小肠黏膜下层(smallintestinalsubmucosa,SIS)和聚丙烯补片(polypropylenemesh,PPM)修复大鼠腹壁缺损的效果,探讨SIS用于腹壁缺损修复的可行性。方法SD大鼠100只,雌雄各半,体重200～250g。手术造成2cm×2cm全层腹壁缺损,随机分为两组(n=50),分别采用相同面积的SIS和PPM修补。术后1、2、4、8和12周分批取材(每时间点10只),行动物一般情况观察、腹壁抗张强度测定、腹腔内粘连情况评价及组织学观察。结果术后动物成活95只,均健康。两种材料未导致动物不良反应,无疝瘘发生,缺损得到完整修复。术后1周,SIS组的腹壁抗张强度值为204.30±5.13mmHg(1mmHg=0.133kPa),PPM组为240.0±10.0mmHg,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);术后2、4周两组差异无统计学意义;8、12周两组在300mmHg的腹腔压力下均未发生破裂。术后各期SIS组的腹腔粘连程度及强度明显低于同时间点的PPM组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。组织学观察两组均未见明显免疫排斥反应,最终均为纤维结缔组织修复。结论SIS和PPM均能有效修复大鼠2cm×2cm腹壁全层缺损。SIS在生物相容性和抗腹腔粘连方面优于PPM,值得进一步研究。     

纳米仿生防粘连复合补片修复大鼠腹壁缺损中胶原合成功能的研究

目的评估纳米仿生、防粘连复合型疝补片修复腹壁疝的胶原蛋白合成功能的优劣,为临床提供实验依据。 方法选择成年SD雄性大鼠90只,随机分为3组：纳米仿生、防粘连复合型疝补片（nano-bionic and anti-adhesive compound hernia patch,NT）组,聚丙烯补片（polypropylene patch,PP）组及聚酯补片（polyester patch,PE）组,构建腹壁疝模型。根据分组将大小约3 cm× 2 cm的3组补片缝合于腹壁缺损处。术后观察大鼠一般情况,分别于术后4、6、8周处死大鼠各10只,大体观察腹腹壁手术区域胶原组织形成情况;剪取补片及其周围组织进行组织学观察,分析胶原蛋白表达情况,并进行Western bolt分析各组腹壁修复区域Ⅰ型胶原蛋白及Ⅲ型胶原蛋白表达量。 结果各组大鼠术后一般情况均良好,未出现死亡等不良事件;腹壁手术区域,NT组触感柔软,异物感较少,未见明显腹腔脏器突出,纤维组织生长情况良好;PP组触感较僵硬,皮下可见大量新生血管长入,异物感较重,纤维组织生长情况一般;PE组大鼠腹壁修复区触感僵硬,皮下可见较多新生血管长入,纤维组织生长较好。组织学观察：术后各个时间点,NT组修补效果优于PP、PE组,NT组Ⅰ型胶原表达更多,Ⅲ胶原表达更少,比例更加合理,纤维结构更加成熟稳定。组织蛋白含量：随着时间推移,术后各组Ⅰ型胶原蛋白随着时间进展逐步增加,而且NT组在各个时间点明显高于PP组及PE组,差异有统计学意义;术后6周及术后8周NT组的Ⅰ/Ⅲ型胶原蛋白比例基本保持在4∶1左右,较术后4周明显增加,而且在各个时间点上NT组均高于PP、PE组,差异有统计学意义。 结论在常规腹壁缺损无张力修补术过程中,NT补片在组织重构过程中比PP及PE补片更早形成成熟稳定的纤维结构,提供更加稳固的修复效果,适用于目前常规的腹壁疝修补,尤其是巨大腹壁缺损引起的腹壁疝。     

感染和污染腹壁缺损的治疗体会(附36例报告)

目的 探讨感染和污染腹壁缺损的治疗方法.方法 回顾分析我院2005年6月至2011年3月入院手术治疗的伴有感染和污染腹壁缺损36例患者资料.采用可吸收补片修补1例,采用大网孔聚丙烯补片修补3例,采用组织生物补片修补32例.结果 Ⅰ期愈合33例,Ⅱ期愈合3例,术后无严重并发症.随访3～30个月,采用组织生物补片修补者术后...     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Immunomodulation in Transplantation with Photopheresis

Abstract: Photopheresis is a technique in which peripheral blood mononuclear cells, in the presence of a photoacti-vatable compound, are exposed extracorporeally to ultraviolet A light and reinfused, inducing a host autoregula-tory immune response. Experimental work and ongoing clinical studies are helping to define the role of this novel, safe, and non-toxic immunomodulating technology in the field of transplantation.