后纵韧带切除与漂浮在颈椎减压术中的疗效比较

目的比较后纵韧带切除与漂浮在颈椎前路减压术中的疗效。方法对81例行前路减压植骨内固定治疗的单间隙脊髓型颈椎病患者资料进行分析。伴后纵韧带明显压迫脊髓28例(A组),后纵韧带无脊髓压迫53例(B组)。根据JOA评分分别比较两组行后纵韧带切除与漂浮术后症状的改善率。结果平均随访12个月。A组中行后纵韧带切除或漂浮者平均改善率分别为75%和66%;B组分别为74%和72%。行后纵韧带切除者中术后症状一过性加重5例,瘫痪1例。结论对于伴后纵韧带明显压迫脊髓者,韧带切除术疗效优于漂浮术;而对于无脊髓压迫者,两者疗效无明显差异。     

颈前路手术后纵韧带切除的临床研究

目的 :观察颈椎后纵韧带在脊髓型颈椎病中对脊髓的压迫作用。方法 :在 8例颈前路减压患者术中 ,先纵向切除一半的后纵韧带 ,观察切除后纵韧带侧及未切除后纵韧带侧硬膜囊的形态及刮除骨赘后后纵韧带的漂浮状况 ,最后完全切除后纵韧带。结果 :后纵韧带切除侧硬膜囊向前膨出形态恢复良好。未切除后纵韧带侧 ,硬膜囊均不同程度受后纵韧带的压迫 ,刮除椎体上下缘骨赘后后纵韧带向前的漂浮有限 ,不足以很好地恢复硬膜囊的形态。完全切除后纵韧带后 ,硬膜囊形态恢复良好。结论 :颈椎退变增生的后纵韧带是脊髓型颈椎病中脊髓致压的重要因素之一 ;切骨减压后后纵韧带向前漂浮有限 ,不能使脊髓彻底减压 :颈前路手术中对退变增生的后纵韧带必须切除     

人工颈椎间盘置换术适应证及疗效探讨

目的 依据影像学评价标准及颈前路手术减压方式的选择探讨颈椎人工椎间盘置换手术的适应证.方法 回顾性分析2008年1月至2009年7月具有完整资料的175例行颈前路手术的颈椎病及颈椎间盘突出症病例,行融合手术145例,人工椎间盘置换术30例.依据术前影像学评价标准对患者进行不同手术:(1)椎间隙减压融合术;(2)游离型椎间盘突出超过相邻椎体后缘高度1/2者,先通过椎间隙摘除游离的间盘组织碎块,再通过椎体次全切除确认是否将游离的间盘组织碎块完全摘除;(3)椎体次全切减压融合术;(4)ProDisc-C人工颈椎间盘置换术.单节段病变的脊髓型颈椎病按融合术及人工椎间盘置换术分组,比较两组日本矫形外科协会(Japanese Orthopaedic Association,JOA)脊髓功能评分,评价两种手术方式疗效;统计并分析术前和术后1、3、6、12个月人工椎间盘置换节段运动范围.结果 单纯椎间盘突出、轻度椎间盘钙化、椎体后缘有较小骨赘形成的颈椎病可以通过椎间隙达到彻底减压行人工椎间盘置换术.椎体后缘有巨大骨赘形成、严重椎间盘钙化、相应椎间隙严重狭窄或融合、后纵韧带骨化、广泛的椎管狭窄需行椎体次全切除才能达到彻底减压.JOA评分平均改善率:融合术者为66.05%,人工椎间盘置换术者为67.13%,差异无统计学意义;人工椎间盘置换节段术后1、3、6、12个月运动范围与术前相比差异无统计学意义.结论 颈椎病及颈椎间盘突出症,只要能通过前路椎间隙达到彻底减压就可行人工椎间盘置换术.单节段脊髓型颈椎病行人工椎间盘置换术和前路植骨融合内固定术近期手术疗效均良好,但人工椎间盘置换术使置换节段的运动范围得到保留.     

后纵韧带切除及潜行减压在脊髓型颈椎病前路手术中的价值

目的评价退变增厚的后纵韧带切除及潜行切除椎体后缘骨赘减压对脊髓型颈椎病（CSM）前路手术疗效的影响。方法同时伴有椎体后缘骨赘增生和后纵韧带退变增厚的脊髓型颈椎病40例，予前路切除退变后纵韧带、潜行骨赘减压，并植骨融合内固定。随访6～36个月，平均14．5月。据JOA评分系统对脊髓功能恢复进行评定比较。结果术前JOA评分：3～13分，平均10．3分。术后6月：11.5～17分，平均15．7分，RIS：32％～100％（76％±20％）。术前与术后6月比较有显著性差异（P〈0．01）。结论切除退变增厚的后纵韧带及潜行切除椎体后缘骨赘减乐可使受压脊髓得到最大限度的减压，可显著提高CSM前路手术的疗效。     

颈椎病发病机制的研究

目的 研究颈椎病的发病机制。方法 通过比较脊髓型颈椎病患者的临床表现、影像学资料和颈前路手术切除的颈椎减压标本的组织学表现,分析与颈椎病相关的因素和机制。结果 48例脊髓型颈椎病患者前路减压术后优良率占83％（40例）;18个患者的20例减压完整标本中,以颈椎盘突出为颈椎病主要发病原因者14个占70％,以椎体后缘骨赘压迫为颈椎病主要发病原因的5个占25％。颈椎间盘后缘有炎细胞浸润的占55％,1例退变的非突出的的颈椎间盘也有明显的炎细胞浸润。有炎细胞浸润的患者,其脊髓神经功能损害程度比无炎细胞浸润者重（神经功能评分,P＜0．01）。结论 除了突出的颈椎间盘和椎体后缘形成的骨赘压迫,退变突出的颈椎间盘产生的炎症反应在颈椎病的发病中同样起重要作用。     

3节段脊髓型颈椎病前路选择性减压植骨内固定疗效分析

目的探讨采用前路单个椎体次全切除联合单个间隙减压（选择性减压）治疗3节段脊髓型颈椎病的临床疗效。方法采用颈椎前路选择性减压植骨内固定治疗31例3节段脊髓型颈椎病。对于影像学上压迫较重的节段选择单椎体次全切除及上下椎间盘切除,压迫较轻的节段行单间隙减压。结果31例患者术后JOA评分均明显提高,改善率有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。根据Odom临床效果分级,优良率85％。结论选择性节段减压治疗3节段脊髓型颈椎病减压彻底,术后患者手术节段均获得了融合,手术节段高度无明显丢失,恢复的颈椎生理曲度无丢失,恢复了颈椎稳定性,患者术后症状改善满意．此手术是目前治疗3节段脊髓型颈椎病的较好方法,值得临床上推广应用。     

后纵韧带切除在脊髓型颈椎病前路手术中的应用

目的：探讨脊髓型颈椎病前路手术中行后纵韧带切除的指征。方法和注意事项。方法：回顾性分析了自2001年1月-2002年6月在颈椎前路手术中行后纵韧带切除的38例脊髓型颈椎病患者的临床资料和随访结果。结果：30例获得随访。平均改善率为72.6%，优10例，占33.3%；良12例，占40%；中6例，占20%；差2例，占6.7%，结论：对合并后纵韧带肥厚压迫颈髓或合并颈椎间盘脱出至硬膜外腔的脊髓型颈椎病患者行前路手术中，需切除后纵韧带。彻底减压，疗效满意。     

颈椎前路椎体次全切与后纵韧带切除治疗脊髓型颈椎病

目的观察颈椎前路椎体次全切与后纵韧带切除,同时植骨钛板内固定治疗脊髓型颈椎病的疗效。方法治疗脊髓型颈椎病78例,其中相邻两节段者46例,相邻三节段者32例。行单椎体次全切与后纵韧带切除,同时植髂骨或钛网植骨钛板固定46例;两椎体次全切与后纵韧带切除同时植髂骨或钛网植骨钛板固定32例。结果随访6~48个月,根据JOA评分标准,改善率为73%,优良率为85%,有效率为95%。结论椎体次全切与后纵韧带切除,同时植骨内固定术治疗脊髓型颈椎病术中减压安全有效,减压彻底,术后对椎间隙高度的维持可靠。     

扩大式开槽减压治疗脊髓神经根型颈椎病

脊髓神经根型颈椎病需同时切除突出的椎间盘、椎体后缘及钩椎关节增生骨赘、增生肥厚的后纵韧带等压迫物,才能使脊髓和神经根得到有效减压,达到治疗目的。2003年3月至2008年5月,我们采用颈椎前路扩大式开槽减压加自体植骨、钢板内固定治疗脊髓神经根型颈椎病30例,效果良好。     

应用Zero-p颈椎融合器cage治疗颈椎外伤合并脊髓型颈椎病

脊髓型颈椎病(CSM)指颈椎间盘向后突出、椎体后缘骨赘、甚至黄韧带钙化压迫脊髓而产生的一系列神经症状。笔者自2009年12月~2010年12月应用AO公司Zero-p颈椎cage手术治疗颈椎外伤伴脊髓型颈椎病20例,术后神经功能均恢复良好,临床效果满意。     

脊髓型颈椎病患者椎间隙狭窄程度与颈椎不稳的关系

目的探讨脊髓型颈椎病(cervicalspondyloticmyelopathy,CSM)患者椎间隙狭窄程度与颈椎不稳和脊髓压迫部位的关系及其对术式选择的意义。方法回顾性分析35例伴有椎间隙明显狭窄的CSM患者的动态X线和MRI表现,观察颈椎不稳和脊髓压迫部位与狭窄椎间隙的关系,并与同期75例椎间隙接近正常的CSM患者比较。结果伴有椎间隙明显狭窄的CSM患者组中,25例狭窄椎间隙上方的邻近椎体出现不稳(71.4%),21例上方邻近椎间盘明显退变(60%)。椎间隙接近正常的CSM患者组,17例存在节段性颈椎不稳(22.7%)。结论CSM患者明显狭窄椎间隙的上方邻近椎体有失稳倾向,上方邻近椎间盘有加速退变的趋势。手术时应注意对邻近节段的处理。     

Cervical ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament: factors affecting the effect of posterior decompression

Objective: Decompression procedures for cervical myelopathy of ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament (OPLL) are anterior decompression with fusion, laminoplasty, and posterior decompression with fusion. Preoperative and postoperative stress analyses were performed for compression from hill-shaped cervical OPLL using 3-dimensional finite element method (FEM) spinal cord models.

Methods: Three FEM models of vertebral arch, OPLL, and spinal cord were used to develop preoperative compression models of the spinal cord to which 10%, 20%, and 30% compression was applied; a posterior compression with fusion model of the posteriorly shifted vertebral arch; an advanced kyphosis model following posterior decompression with the spinal cord stretched in the kyphotic direction; and a combined model of advanced kyphosis following posterior decompression and intervertebral mobility. The combined model had discontinuity in the middle of OPLL, assuming the presence of residual intervertebral mobility at the level of maximum cord compression, and the spinal cord was mobile according to flexion of vertebral bodies by 5°, 10°, and 15°.

Results: In the preoperative compression model, intraspinal stress increased as compression increased. In the posterior decompression with fusion model, intraspinal stress decreased, but partially persisted under 30% compression. In the advanced kyphosis model, intraspinal stress increased again. As anterior compression was higher, the stress increased more. In the advanced kyphosis +?intervertebral mobility model, intraspinal stress increased more than in the only advanced kyphosis model following decompression. Intraspinal stress increased more as intervertebral mobility increased.

Conclusion: In high residual compression or instability after posterior decompression, anterior decompression with fusion or posterior decompression with instrumented fusion should be considered.     

颈脊髓压迫症脊髓受压程度与术后效果的关系

目的　探讨在相同手术技术条件下脊髓受压程度与术后效果的关系。　方法　１１４ 例因颈椎疾患入院手术患者,分别为后纵韧带骨化组（ＯＰＬＬ）４１ 例、颈椎病组３２ 例、颈椎间盘突出组４１例。用计算机测量脊髓造影ＣＴ（ＣＴＭ）片中脊髓受压最重部位的脊髓面积和受压比率,根据日本ＪＯＡ评分记录术前、术后评分,分析脊髓形态改变与术后效果的相关性。　结果　三组患者脊髓受压比率、脊髓面积均与病程长短无关;ＯＰＬＬ、颈椎病组患者的术前脊髓面积大小与术后恢复率呈正相关（相关系数分别为０－７４８６ 和０－７４９２）;颈椎间盘突出症组与临床资料无相关。　结论　在相同手术技术条件下,ＯＰＬＬ、颈椎病患者术前脊髓面积大小与术后恢复关系密切;而颈椎间盘突出症患者术前脊髓形态变化不能作为判断术后的恢复指标     

The pathophysiology and biological mechanisms of cervical spondylotic myelopathy

Cervical spondylotic myelopathy (CSM) is a common degenerative disease of the spine that is the direct result of spinal cord compression. With age, the spine undergoes natural degenerative changes that can affect its basic anatomy and lead to stenosis of the spinal canal. Various pathologies involving the vertebrae, intervertebral discs, facet joints, and ligaments of the vertebral column can all contribute to the manifestation of this disease and can be categorized into either static or dynamic mechanisms. Of the static mechanisms, degeneration of the intervertebral discs is one of the most characteristic processes associated with CSM. The formation of osteophytes, ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament (OPLL), ossification of the ligamentum flavum (OLF), and a genetic predisposition to have a tightened spinal canal are also static pathologies that can contribute to the presentation of myelopathic symptoms in patients. Dynamic mechanisms primarily involve excessive motion of the cervical spine due to traumatic injuries, such as motor vehicle collisions. On a macroscopic level, damage to blood vessels and soft tissue can occur due to the previously described mechanisms; however, on a microscopic level, the pressure from constant spinal cord compression can result in ischemia, an underlying mechanism of CSM and the primary molecular cause of the disease. When the neurons of the spinal cord are deprived of oxygen and essential nutrients due to compression, they initiate an irreversible apoptotic cascade in the affected tissue. This molecular sequence of events is believed to target oligodendrocytes and cause the demyelination of adjacent neurons. As oligodendrocytes die, chronic demyelination of the neurons in the spinal cord occurs, causing residual or even permanent nerve damage after surgical decompression. The exact molecular pathway that results in the debilitating symptoms associated with this disease is not yet fully understood. A better understanding of both the biologic and mechanical mechanisms that cause CSM will significantly improve physicians׳ ability to treat patients diagnosed with this disease and decrease the prevalence of patients suffering from spinal cord impairment.     

颈椎病致脊髓前动脉综合征

目的 报告一组因颈椎病引起的脊髓前动脉综合征,分析其临床表现,并探讨其机制和影像学表现特点和治疗.方法 共25例,男16例,女9例;平均年龄53.2岁.在典型的脊髓型颈椎病基础上无外伤等明显诱因,短期内症状急剧加重19例,逐渐加重6例.除脊髓型颈椎病的体征外,均出现浅感觉丧失或减退,而深感觉存在的"感觉分离"现象.下肢痉挛性瘫痪.其中12例伴有不同程度的肛门、膀胱功能失控.X线片和CT显示颈椎不同程度的退变.其中伴有颈椎管狭窄10例、颈椎不稳12例、颈椎后纵韧带骨化6例.MR检查发现均为椎间盘中央型突出,脊髓前中央受压迫.脊髓多有不同程度地萎缩.大部分病例在脊髓前2/3 T1WI信号稍低或无明显变化,T2WI高信号或稍高信号,但有6例T1WI和T2WI信号均无改变.在缓慢起病的患者中,有3例脊髓前2/3囊性变.前路减雎24例,后路减压1例,采用JOA评分评估疗效.结果 平均随访16个月,术后疗效优(脊髓功能恢复率≥75%)11例,良(50%～74%)7例,一般(25%～49%)6例,差(≤24%)1例.结论 在无明显诱因下颈椎病椎间盘中央型突出可引起脊髓前动脉综合征."感觉分离"是诊断此疾病的基础,同时结合病史、临床症状和其他体征以及影像学检查给予确诊.及时减压可取得较佳的疗效.     

Limitations of minimally invasive posterior cervical foraminotomy—a decompression method of posteriorly shifting the nerve root—in cases of large anterior osteophytes in cervical radiculopathy: A retrospective multicenter cohort study

BackgroundPosterior cervical foraminotomy against anterior osteophyte is an indirect decompression procedure but less invasive compared to anterior cervical discectomy and fusion. Residual compression to the nerve root may lead to poor surgical outcomes. Although clinical results of posterior cervical foraminotomy for osteophytes are not considered better than those of disk herniation, osteophyte size and the association of the decompression area with poor surgical outcomes remain unclear. This study aimed to identify the limitations of minimally invasive posterior cervical foraminotomy for cervical radiculopathy and discuss the methods to improve surgical outcomes.MethodsWe analyzed 55 consecutive patients with degenerative cervical radiculopathy who underwent minimally invasive posterior cervical foraminotomy. Minimum postoperative follow-up duration was 1 year. We divided the patients into nonimproved and improved groups. The cutoff value between preoperative and postoperative Neck Disability Index scores was 30% improvement. Preoperative imaging data comprised disk height, local kyphosis, spinal cord compression, anterior osteophytes in the foramen, and anterior osteophytes of >50% of the intervertebral foramen diameter. Postoperative imaging data comprised craniocaudal length and lateral width of decompressed lamina, preserved superior facet width, and area of decompressed lamina.ResultsFifty-five patients were divided into two groups: nonimproved (n = 19) and improved (n = 36). The presence of osteophytes itself was not significant; however, the presence of osteophytes of >50% of the foramen diameter increased in the nonimproved group (P = 0.004). Mean lateral width and mean area of decompressed lamina after surgery significantly increased in the improved group (P = 0.001, P = 0.03).ConclusionThe presence of anterior osteophytes >50% of the diameter of the foramen led to poor improvement of clinical outcomes in minimally invasive posterior cervical foraminotomy. However, the larger the lateral width and area of the decompressed lamina, the better the surgical outcome.     

脊髓型颈椎病后纵韧带切除减压的疗效观察

目的 观察脊髓型颈椎病前路减压手术中后纵韧带切除的疗效.方法 按治疗方法将41例行颈椎前路减压患者分为2组：后纵韧带切除者20例（切除组）,未切除者21例（保留组）,同时行前路钢板内固定融合,比较两种方式的疗效.结果 41例均获随访,时间13～32（18.0±1.6）个月.两组术前JOA评分、失血量、手术时间比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）;JOA评分恢复率切除组76.2%±21.6%,保留组63.7%±21.3%,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）.结论 颈椎前路减压后行增生后纵韧带切除使病变节段减压更加彻底,有利于患者的神经功能恢复.     

Thoracic disk herniation with paraparesis treated with transthoracic microdiskectomy in a 14-year-old girl

Herniated thoracic intervertebral disk causing spinal cord compression with paraparesis is uncommon in adults and rare in children. This article describes a case of pediatric thoracic disk herniation with paraparesis treated surgically.A 14-year-old girl presented with a 4-month history of diffuse back pain and sudden onset paraparesis. Motor strength was 4/5 in both legs, and she had lost the ability to ambulate. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed spinal cord compression due to a herniated intervertebral disk at T5-T6. Computed tomography scan after myelogram demonstrated anterior dural sac compression at T5-T6 but no intervertebral disk calcification. She underwent transthoracic microdiskectomy. The herniated disk was removed, and the thoracic spinal cord was decompressed. No fusion was performed after microdiskectomy. The postoperative course was uncomplicated, and neurologic deficit resolved within 2 weeks postoperatively. The patient was pain free with no neurologic deficit at 24-month follow-up, and computed tomography scan showed remodeling of the T5 and T6 vertebral bodies.Most cases of thoracic disk herniation are asymptomatic. If no compression of the spinal cord exists, the natural history of the disease justifies conservative management. Although the treatment of choice is conservative, surgery is required in patients who develop progressive neurologic deficit or severe radicular pain. Transthoracic microdiskectomy without fusion is considered a treatment in similar cases.     

Anterior floating method for cervical myelopathy caused by ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament

Ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament lessens the sagittal diameter of the cervical canal and compresses the spinal cord anteriorly, and may produce severe disabling myelopathy. The anterior floating method is one of the anterior decompression and reconstructions used in the treatment of cervical myelopathy caused by ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament. This procedure consists of subtotal resection of vertebral bodies and discs, with slight thinning and release of the ossified ligament using air instrumentation. This is followed by reconstruction of the cervical spine using autogenous strut bone graft accompanied by postoperative application of a halo vest. This method is indicated for patients who present with moderate or severe myelopathies, and especially in those where the canal narrowing ratio exceeds 60%. This radical procedure causes decompression of the spinal cord and restores its function by enlarging the neural canal with anterior migration of the ossified ligament. The procedure minimizes the extent of surgical invasions and avoids damage to the neural tissue, because it does not require the removal of the ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament. It also stops postoperative regrowth of the ossification. The operative results with long term followup indicate a 71% average recovery rate based on the criteria established by the Japan Orthopedic Association.