丙泊酚-雷米芬太尼静脉麻醉联合罗哌卡因硬膜外神经阻滞用于胃癌手术的苏醒期观察

丙？白酚-雷米芬太尼静脉全身麻醉苏醒迅速,但易出现术后疼痛及躁动现象。硬膜外神经阻滞可提供良好的镇痛,减轻患者应激反应,减少全麻药用量。本研究观察采用丙泊酚-雷米芬太尼静脉麻醉联合低浓度罗哌卡因硬膜外神经阻滞对胃癌手术患者苏醒期的影响。     

瑞芬太尼全麻复合硬膜外麻醉用于开胸手术的临床观察

目的 观察瑞芬太尼全麻复合硬膜外麻醉在开胸手术中的应用效果和安全性. 方法 200例择期行开胸手术患者,ASA Ⅰ～Ⅱ级,按完全随机分组方法分为两组,瑞芬太尼组(R组)与芬太尼组(F组),均采用硬膜外复合气管插管全麻,R组与F组分别采用瑞芬太尼和芬太尼麻醉,观察术前(T0)、气管插管后1 min(T1)、5 min(T2)、切皮(T3)和术后5 min(T4)的血压、心率、血氧饱和度和血中皮质醇水平,记录术后拔管时间及患者的认知能力恢复情况. 结果 两组气管插管反应发生率相比较,F组(14/26,53.8%)明显高于R组(4/26,15.4%)(P<0.05).结论 瑞芬太尼较芬太尼能更好地抑制气管插管引起的应激反应,术后患者较早恢复认知能力,且瑞芬太尼静脉全麻复合胸段硬膜外阻滞能提供有效的镇痛和抑制手术刺激引起的血流动力学反应,术后苏醒快,有利于患者术后排痰,康复快.     

腹腔镜胃肠手术时复合硬膜外麻醉减少全凭静脉麻醉丙泊酚的用量

目的研究腹腔镜胃肠手术患者复合0.375%罗哌卡因硬膜外麻醉对全凭静脉麻醉丙泊酚用量及全麻苏醒的影响。方法 40例择期行快速康复外科(fast-track surgey,FTS)腹腔镜胃肠道手术的患者,年龄32~70岁,随机均分为两组:R组硬膜外注射0.375%罗哌卡因10ml,感觉阻滞平面达到T5后开始全麻诱导,之后每小时注射6ml直至手术结束。C组硬膜外穿刺置管仅用于术后镇痛。术中根据Narcotrend指数(NTI)调整丙泊酚血浆靶浓度,使NTI维持在D2(37~46);调整瑞芬太尼输注剂量,使MAP维持在基础值的80%~120%。记录丙泊酚和瑞芬太尼的用量、停止输注丙泊酚至NTI恢复至C1(70~74)的时间(Tc)和B2(80~84)的时间(Tb);记录睁眼时间(Ta),睁眼时的NTI(NTIa)以及有无术中知晓。结果 R组术中丙泊酚及瑞芬太尼用量明显少于C组(P0.05或P0.01),去甲肾上腺素用量明显多于C组(P0.01)。R组Tb和Ta明显短于C组(P0.05或P0.01),所有患者均无术中知晓发生。结论复合0.375%罗哌卡因硬膜外麻醉能够减少全凭静脉麻醉所需丙泊酚用量,缩短全麻苏醒时间。     

丙泊酚-雷米芬太尼静脉麻醉联合罗哌卡因硬膜外神经阻滞对胃肠手术患者苏醒期的影响

目的探讨丙泊酚-雷米芬太尼静脉麻醉联合低浓度罗哌卡因硬膜外神经阻滞对胃肠手术患者苏醒期的影响。方法将40例ASAⅠ～Ⅱ级择期行腹部手术患者,随机分为联合麻醉组(观察组)和单纯静脉麻醉组(对照组),每组20例。观察2种麻醉方法对患者术毕苏醒期的影响。结果观察组组术后呼吸恢复时间、拔管时间均明显短于对照组。对照组苏醒期躁动明显多于观察组。2组患者均对手术过程完全遗忘。观察组OAA/S评分明显高于对照组。结论丙泊酚-雷米芬太尼静脉麻醉联合低浓度罗哌卡因硬膜外神经阻滞用于结直肠癌手术麻醉,患者术毕呼吸恢复早、苏醒质量高、拔管时间早、术后躁动少、全麻药用量少且无术中知晓出现,值得临床推广应用。     

不同浓度布比卡因胸段硬膜外阻滞对单肺通气期间动脉氧合的影响

目的观察不同浓度布比卡因胸段硬膜外阻滞对单肺通气(OLV)期间动脉氧合的影响。方法择期行经左胸食管癌根治术患者120例,年龄50~65岁,随机数字表法均分为四组:A、B、C组采用静脉全麻复合硬膜外阻滞,硬膜外分别给予0.5%、0.25%、0.125%布比卡因,D组为单纯静脉全麻,每组30例。A、B、C三组患者诱导前硬膜外注入5ml相应浓度布比卡因,术中以3~5ml/h持续硬膜外泵入。分别于OLV前(T0)、OLV 15min(T1)、OLV 30min(T2)抽取桡动脉血和混合静脉血行血气分析。结果 T1、T2时A组Qs/Qt明显高于其他三组(P0.05),PaO2明显低于其他三组(P0.05)。T0~T2时A、B组SBP、DBP均明显低于D组(P0.05)。与D组比较,A、B、C组术中阿片类药物和丙泊酚的用量均明显减少(P0.05)。结论静脉全麻复合0.125%和0.25%布比卡因胸段硬膜外阻滞在OLV期间不会增加肺内分流和降低动脉氧合。     

七氟醚复合雷米芬太尼快通道麻醉在鼻内窥镜手术中的应用

目的观察七氟醚复合雷米芬太尼快通道麻醉在鼻内窥镜手术中的应用效果。方法 60例择期行鼻内窥镜手术患者,年龄21～55岁,随机分为三组,每组20例。Ⅰ组全凭吸入七氟醚麻醉,Ⅱ组丙泊酚复合雷米芬太尼,Ⅲ组七氟醚复合雷米芬太尼。观察三组患者术中、术后血流动力学变化,记录术后拔管时间、清醒时间、术后躁动评分(RS)、意识状态评分(OAA/S)等。结果三组术中血压控制均较满意。术后Ⅱ、Ⅲ组拔管时间及清醒时间较Ⅰ组短,躁动发生率稍低(P0.05)。结论七氟醚复合雷米芬太尼静吸复合麻醉与丙泊酚复合雷米芬太尼全凭静脉麻醉均为鼻内窥镜手术提供安全、快捷、苏醒彻底的快通道麻醉方法。     

静脉低剂量氯胺酮超前镇痛对腹腔镜胆囊切除术后苏醒和疼痛的影响

目的 观察氯胺酮切皮前给药对腹腔镜胆囊切除术(LC)后苏醒和疼痛的影响.方法 全麻下行LC患者80例,随机均分为两组:对照组采用雷米芬太尼复合丙泊酚麻醉;研究组在切皮前加用小剂量氯胺酮0.3 mg/kg.采用SS和VRS评分评估对苏醒时间和苏醒期躁动情况.结果 两组呼吸恢复时间、睁眼时间、拔管时间差异无统计学意义.研究组苏醒期躁动、镇痛、镇静效果显著优于对照组(P<0.05).结论 静脉低剂量氯胺酮超前镇痛用于LC术后苏醒快,术后疼痛轻,苏醒期躁动少.     

阿片类药物对老年患者经尿道激光碎石术苏醒质量的影响

目的 观察阿片类药物对老年患者经尿道激光碎石术苏醒质量的影响. 方法 择期经尿道激光碎石手术患者134例,年龄65～79岁,ASA分级Ⅰ、Ⅱ级,采用随机数字表法分为3组:瑞芬太尼组(R组)46例、瑞芬太尼+芬太尼组(RF组)44例、芬太尼组(F组)44例.R组,采用丙泊酚和瑞芬太尼靶控输注(target-controlled infusion,TCI)进行麻醉诱导和麻醉维持;RF组,丙泊酚TCI麻醉诱导,静脉注射芬太尼2μg/kg,丙泊酚+瑞芬太尼TCI麻醉维持;F组,丙泊酚TCI麻醉诱导,芬太尼4 μg/kg,丙泊酚TCI麻醉维持.手术结束后送入PACU,记录患者被转入PACU时(T1)、拔除喉罩前2 min (T2)、拔除喉罩即刻(T3)和拔除喉罩后5 min(Td)4个时间点的MAP、HR,记录拔除喉罩后VAS评分和苏醒期芬太尼用量,记录患者睁眼时间、拔除喉罩时间和PACU驻留时间. 结果 麻醉苏醒期间R组在T1～T3时点MAP[(110±18)、(122±13)、(121±14) mmHg(1 mmHg=0A33 kPa)]和HR[(79±15)、(97±17)、(99±18)次/min]高于RF组(P＜0.05);R组VAS[(1.8±1.4)分]高于RF组[(0.9±0.9)分]和F组[(0.9±0.9)分](P＜0.05);R组需芬太尼镇痛患者比例高于其他两组(P＜0.05);F组的睁眼时间、拔喉罩时间以及PACU驻留时间比RF组和R组长(P＜0.05). 结论 老年患者经尿道激光碎石术应用丙泊酚复合瑞芬太尼+芬太尼全凭静脉麻醉比丙泊酚单纯复合瑞芬太尼或芬太尼苏醒期间血流动力学平稳、苏醒迅速、术后镇痛效果好.     

颈浅丛阻滞复合静脉麻醉在甲状腺腔镜手术的临床研究

目的 总结颈浅丛阻滞复合静脉麻醉在腔镜甲状腺瘤切除术的临床效果.方法 60例经颈部腔镜甲状腺瘤切除术患者随机分成两组,每组30例.A组行双侧颈浅丛阻滞,15 min后复合静脉全麻;B组采用全凭静脉麻醉.麻醉维持用雷米芬太尼0.2μg·kg-1·min-1和丙泊酚泵注,维持听觉诱发电位指数(AAI)20～30.记录围麻醉期MAP、HR、AAI值及丙泊酚给药速率和均值、睁眼时间、气管拔管时间及回答问题切题的时间.术后观察镇痛情况和记录恶心、呕吐、寒战、体动等不良反应.结果 与B组相比,A组术中各时点的丙泊酚输注速率明显减慢(P<0.01).B组睁眼和拔管时间明显比A组长(P<0.05).A组术后镇痛效果明显优于B组(P<0.05).结论 颈浅丛阻滞复合静脉全麻是腔镜甲状腺切除术的良好麻醉选择.     

硬膜外阻滞复合全身麻醉应用于腹部大手术效果分析

目的:观察硬膜外阻滞复合全身麻醉应用于腹部大手术患者的可行性。方法:全麻诱导用咪唑安定0.1mg/kg,芬太尼3μg/kg,丙泊酚2mg/kg,维库溴铵0.1mg/kg。复合组于诱导前在T_(8～9)或L_(3～4)间隙行硬膜外穿刺置管,注入2％利多卡因5ml,平面确定后进行全麻诱导。全麻维持用丙泊酚2mg.kg~(-1),h~(-1)持续泵入,间断静注芬太尼和维库溴铵,并吸入安氟醚。用多功能监测仪监测心血管功能,记录术后躁动及药物用量。结果:复合组插管、切皮、拔管时的平均动脉压,心率上升幅度较对照组少。术后躁动率、药物用量显著低于对照组。结论:硬膜外阻滞复合全身麻醉应用于腹部大手术,术中血流动力学稳定、应激反应小,全麻药用量和手术后躁动减小。硬膜外术后镇痛有利于患者创口愈合、早日康复。     

上腹部手术中胸段硬膜外麻醉联合全身麻醉对血流动力学的影响

目的 观察胸段硬膜外麻醉联合全身麻醉(TEA+GA)与全凭静脉麻醉(TIVA)这两种麻醉方法在上腹部手术时血流动力学参数的改变.方法 自2007年12月至2008年5月选择44例拟行择期上腹部手术的美国麻醉医师协会(ASA)Ⅱ～Ⅲ级患者,麻醉诱导前行胸段硬膜外穿刺置管.麻醉诱导及气管内插管完成后,持续静脉输注丙泊酚和雷米芬太尼维持静脉麻醉.然后患者被随机双盲分入TEA+GA组(n=22)或TIVA组(n=22).TEA+GA组患者在单次硬膜外腔注入0.25%布比卡因0.2 ml/kg后继以0.2 ml·kg-1·h-1的剂量持续输注;而TIVA组则单次硬膜外腔注入生理盐水后继之持续输注之,其容积和速率与上组相同.监测指标为:心电图、动脉收缩压(SAP)、舒张压(DAP)、平均动脉压(MAP)、心率(HR)、中心静脉压、心指数(CI)、全身血管阻力(SVR)、脉搏氧饱和度和呼气末CO2水平,间断进行血气分析.两组的观测时间均为90 min.结果 在硬膜外腔应用布比卡因或生理盐水后的观察时点,TEA+GA组SAP、DAP、MAP、HR和SVR呈显著性降低;与TIVA组相比,TEA+GA组SAP、DAP、MAP和SVR的降低均具有统计学意义(P≤0.05).但TEA+GA组CI、SV改变不大,与TIVA组相比差异无统计学意义.结论 TEA+GA麻醉中尽管血压呈一定程度下降,但可能与体循环阻力降低有关,而其心功能并未受到明显抑制.提示TEA+GA麻醉方法具有较好的心血管系统稳定性.     

Thoracic epidural anesthesia combined with general anesthesia: the preferred anesthetic technique for thoracic surgery

Thoracic epidural anesthesia (TEA) combined with general anesthesia (GA) as well as total-IV anesthesia (TIVA) are both established anesthetic managements for thoracic surgery. We compared them with respect to hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction, shunt fraction and oxygenation during one-lung ventilation. Fifty patients, ASA physical status II-III undergoing pulmonary resection were randomly allocated to two groups. In the TIVA group, anesthesia was maintained with propofol and fentanyl. In the TEA group, anesthesia was maintained with TEA (bupivacaine 0.5%) combined with low-dose concentration 0.3-0.5 vol% of isoflurane (end-tidal). Changing from two-lung ventilation to one-lung ventilation caused a significant increase in cardiac output (CO) in the TIVA group, whereas no change was observed in the TEA group. One-lung ventilation caused significant increases in shunt fraction in both groups which was associated per definition with a significant decrease in PaO(2) in both groups but PaO(2) remained significantly increased in the TEA group (P < 0.05). We conclude that both anesthetic regimens are safe intraoperatively. However, TEA in combination with GA did not impair arterial oxygenation to the same extent as TIVA, which might be a result of the changes in CO. Therefore, patients with preexisting cardiopulmonary disease and impaired oxygenation before one-lung ventilation might benefit from TEA combined with GA. IMPLICATIONS: Fifty patients underwent lung surgery through the opened chest wall requiring ventilation of only one lung. Patients were randomly assigned to receive either general anesthesia alone or in combination with regional anesthesia via a catheter in the back. Oxygen content in the blood and blood pressure was better maintained in the group receiving the combination of general with regional anesthesia.     

Arterial oxygenation during one-lung ventilation: combined versus general anesthesia

The optimal anesthetic management of patients undergoing thoracotomy for pulmonary resection has not been definitely determined. We evaluated whether general i.v. anesthesia (propofol-fentanyl) provides superior PaO2 during one-lung ventilation (OLV) compared with thoracic epidural anesthesia (TEA) with supplemental local and general anesthetics. We studied 60 patients who had prolonged periods of OLV for elective thoracic surgery for lung cancer and who were prospectively randomized into two groups. In 30 patients (GA group), fentanyl/propofol/rocuronium anesthesia was used. Another 30 patients (TEA group) were anesthetized with propofol/rocuronium/epidural thoracic bupivacaine 0.5%. A double-lumen endotracheal tube was inserted, and mechanical ventilation with 100% oxygen was used during the entire study. Arterial and venous blood gases were recorded before surgery in a lateral position with two-lung ventilation, 15 and 30 min after OLV (OLV + 15 and OLV + 30, respectively) in all patients. We measured PaO2, venous central oxygen tension, arterial and central venous oxygen saturation, venous admixture percentage (Qs/Qt%), and arterial and central venous oxygen content. The mean values for PaO2 during OLV in the GA group after 15 min (175 mm Hg) and 30 min (182 mm Hg) were significantly (P < 0.05) higher compared with the TEA group (120 and 118 mm Hg, respectively). Furthermore, Qs/Qt% was significantly (P < 0.05) increased in the TEA group during OLV. There were no other significant differences. We conclude that using the TEA regimen is associated with a lower PaO2 and a larger intrapulmonary shunt during OLV than with total i.v. anesthesia alone. IMPLICATIONS: Sixty patients undergoing elective lung surgery during a prolonged period of intraoperative one-lung ventilation were studied and randomized to receive general i.v. anesthesia or general i.v. anesthesia combined with thoracic epidural anesthesia. The arterial oxygenation in the first group was better than that in the second group during one-lung ventilation.     

Aortofemoral bifurcation bypass--effect of anesthesia procedure (NLA, thoracic continuous catheter peridural anesthesia) on circulation, respiration and metabolism. Hemodynamic changes caused by peridural anesthesia and anesthesia induction

In 50 patients scheduled for infrarenal aortic bypass surgery the cardiovascular effects of two anaesthetic regimes were investigated prior to surgery. A Swan-Ganz-catheter was used for haemodynamic measurements. These patients, having been randomized into two groups, were optimally volume loaded (PCWP 10 mmHg) before anaesthesia. In 24 patients a thoracic epidural was induced with 12-15 ml 0.25% plain bupivacaine. When segmental anaesthesia had extended from T4/5 to L1/2 general anaesthesia was additionally applied (flunitrazepam 1.5-2 mg, pancuronium bromide 0.1 mg/kg). In 26 patients neuroleptanaesthesia was induced (droperidol 0.1-0.2 mg/kg, fentanyl 0.01 mg/kg, pancuronium bromide 0.1 mg/kg, and thiopentone 100-150 mg. Haemodynamic measurements were made before injection into the epidural catheter, after complete spread of anaesthesia, before commencing general anaesthesia and 10-15 min thereafter. Results: Neither of the two procedures were associated with severe haemodynamic alterations. In the epidural group HR fell slightly during latency of complete spread and increased to the same extend following general anaesthesia. The epidural caused MAP (104 to 88 mmHg), mean PAP (20 to 14 mmHg), PCWP (10 to 7.5 mmHg), and RAP (4.5 to 2.5 mmHg) to decrease moderately but no further changes were effected by the subsequent general anaesthesia. SVR and PVR were not influenced by either epidural or by general anaesthesia. CI (3.6 to 3.41 . min-1 . m-2), LVSWI (67 to 52 p . m-1), and cardiac minute work index (55 to 40 J . min-1 . m-2) decreased during latency of complete spread but were no further influenced by general anaesthesia. The haemodynamic changes of neuroleptanaesthesia were almost identical to those of the combined epidural-general anaesthesia. For the operation which followed, a continuous infusion of 0.125 per cent plain bupivacaine (0.25 ml/kg X h) via epidural catheter (in combination with N2O/O2-anaesthesia) was sufficient for complete analgesia in the epidural group. These findings lead to the conclusion that a small bolus volume and a low concentration of bupivacaine result in good anaesthesia while avoiding serious haemodynamic alterations.     

Intravenous patient controlled analgesia combined with continuous thoracic epidural analgesia for post-thoracotomy pain

We compared the efficacy of intravenous patient controlled analgesia of buprenorphine plus continuous thoracic epidural infusion of bupivacaine (IV-PCA group) with the efficacy of continuous thoracic epidural infusion of bupivacaine and buprenorphine (the TEA group). No patient in IV-PCA group required supplemental analgesics, while 90% of TEA group required supplemental intramuscular buprenorphine to relieve post-thoracotomy pain. In TEA group, 94% of the supplemental drugs were administered during night shifts. These results indicate that IV-PCA of buprenorphine combined with continuous thoracic epidural infusion of bupivacaine is more effective analgesic management than continuous TEA with buprenorphine and bupivacaine.     

Effects of thoracic epidural anaesthesia on pulmonary venous admixture and oxygenation during one-lung ventilation

BACKGROUND: In this clinical randomized study, the effects of four anaesthesia techniques during one-lung ventilation [total intravenous anesthesia (TIVA) with or without thoracic epidural anaesthesia (TEA) (G-TIVA-TEA and G-TIVA), isoflurane anaesthesia with or without TEA (G-ISO-TEA and G-ISO)] on pulmonary venous admixture (Qs/Qt) and oxygenation (OLV) were investigated. METHODS: In 100 patients (four groups, 25 patients in each) undergoing thoracotomy, a thoracic epidural catheter was inserted pre-operatively. In G-TIVA-TEA and G-ISO-TEA, bupivacaine 0.1% + 0.1 mg/ml morphine was administered intra-operatively (10 ml of first bolus + 7 ml/h infusion). Propofol infusion or isoflurane concentration was adjusted to keep a bispectral index (BIS) of between 40 and 50 in all groups. FiO(2) was 0.8 during OLV and 0.5 before and after OLV. Partial arterial and central venous oxygen pressures (PaO(2) and PvO(2)), arterial and venous oxygen saturations and Qs/Qt values were recorded before, during and after OLV. RESULTS: During OLV, PaO(2) was significantly higher and Qs/QT significantly lower in G-TIVA-TEA and G-TIVA compared with G-ISO-TEA and G-ISO (PaO2: 188 +/- 36; 201 +/- 39; 159 +/- 33; 173 +/- 42 mmHg, respectively; Qs/Qt: 31.2 +/- 7.4; 28.2 +/- 7; 36.7 +/- 7.1; 33.7 +/- 7.7%, respectively). No statistical changes were observed in patients with TEA compared with without TEA in any measurement. CONCLUSION: During OLV, TEA does not significantly affect the oxygenation and Qs/Qt and can be used safely regardless of whether TIVA or inhalation techniques are used.     

Epidural anesthesia for coronary artery bypass surgery compared with general anesthesia alone does not reduce biochemical markers of myocardial damage

High thoracic epidural anesthesia/analgesia (HTEA) for coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) surgery may have myocardial protective effects. In this prospective randomized controlled study, we investigated the effect of HTEA for elective CABG surgery on the release of troponin I, time to tracheal extubation, and analgesia. One-hundred-twenty patients were randomized to a general anesthesia (GA) group or a GA plus HTEA group. The GA group received fentanyl (7-15 microg/kg) and a morphine infusion. The HTEA group received fentanyl (5-7 microg/kg) and an epidural infusion of ropivacaine 0.2% and fentanyl 2 microg/mL until postoperative Day 3. There were no differences in troponin I levels between study groups. The time to tracheal extubation [median (interquartile range)] in the HTEA group was 15 min (10-320 min), compared with 430 min (284-590 min) in the GA group (P < 0.0001). Analgesia was improved in the HTEA group compared with the GA group. Mean arterial blood pressure poststernotomy and systemic vascular resistance in the intensive care unit were lower in the HTEA group. We conclude that HTEA for CABG surgery had no effect on troponin release but improved postoperative analgesia and was associated with a reduced time to extubation.     

不同局部麻醉药硬膜外阻滞麻醉行隆乳术的效果

目的观察隆乳手术中不同局部麻醉药混合液行硬膜外阻滞的麻醉效果及并发症.方法 120例行乳房假体置入术患者分为4组,以T4～T5棘突间隙为硬膜外穿刺点,分别注入含1 %利多卡因及0.375 %罗哌卡因、0.25 %罗哌卡因、0.25 %布比卡因的混合液及单纯1.3 %利多卡因溶液,初量13 ml,观察麻醉效果及对血流动力学的影响和并发症.结果切皮均无疼痛,脉搏氧饱和度无明显变化,血压及心率轻度降低.1 %利多卡因加0.375 %罗哌卡因、0.25 %罗哌卡因或0.25 %布比卡因混合液组的阻滞麻醉效果较好,单纯1.3 %利多卡因组效果较差.65例(54 %)患者出现鼻塞,39例(33 %)麻醉后发生心动过缓,无组间差异.结论高位硬膜外阻滞麻醉可安全、有效地应用于隆乳房手术麻醉,1 %利多卡因与0.25 %罗哌卡因或布比卡因混合液不仅阻滞麻醉效果较好,对生理功能影响也较小.     

Ultra-fast-track anesthesia in off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting: a prospective audit comparing opioid-based anesthesia vs thoracic epiduralbased anesthesia

PURPOSE: To examine the feasibility of immediate extubation after off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting (OPCAB) using opioid based analgesia or high thoracic epidural analgesia (TEA) and compare postoperative analgesia with continuous TEA vs patient-controlled analgesia (PCA). METHODS: One hundred consecutive patients undergoing OPCAB were included in this prospective audit. After induction of anesthesia using fentanyl 2 to 5 microg.kg(-1), propofol 1 to 2 mg.kg(-1) and endotracheal intubation facilitated by rocuronium, anesthesia was maintained using sevoflurane titrated according to bispectral index monitoring. Perioperative analgesia was provided by TEA (n = 63) at the T3/T4 interspace or T4/T5 interspace using bupivacaine 0.125% 8 to 14 mL.hr(-1) and repetitive boluses of bupivacaine 0.25% during surgery. In patients who were fully anticoagulated or refused TEA, perioperative analgesia was achieved by i.v. fentanyl boluses (up to 15 microg.kg(-1)) and remifentanil 0.1 to 0.2 microg.kg(-1).min(-1), followed by morphine PCA after surgery (n = 37). Maintenance of body temperature was achieved by a heated operating room and forced-air warming blankets. RESULTS: Ninety-five patients were extubated within 25 min after surgery (PCA, n = 33; TEA, n = 62). Five patients were not extubated immediately because their core temperature was lower than 35 degrees C. One patient was re-intubated because of agitation (TEA group); one was re-intubated because of severe pain and morphine-induced respiratory depression (PCA group). Pain scores were low after surgery, with pain scores in the TEA group being significantly lower immediately, at six hours, 24 hr and 48 hr after surgery (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Immediate extubation is possible after OPCAB using either opioid-based analgesia or TEA. TEA provides significantly lower pain scores after surgery in comparison to morphine PCA.     

胸段硬膜外阻滞对老年胸科手术患者苏醒期躁动的影响

目的 观察胸段硬膜外阻滞对老年患者行胸科手术时全麻苏醒期躁动(emergence agitation,EA)的影响.方法 择期行胸科手术的老年患者40例,ASA Ⅱ～Ⅲ级.其中男23例,女17例,年龄65岁～78岁,均为食道癌和肺癌患者.将40例患者用完全随机法分为两组(每组20例),分别给予全麻复合硬膜外麻醉(A组)...