不同肝功能Child-Pugh分级对肝癌肝移植受者预后的影响

目的探讨不同Child-Pugh分级对肝细胞癌(肝癌)肝移植受者术后肝癌复发和生存的影响。方法回顾性分析125例接受肝移植的肝癌受者临床资料,用Kaplan-Meier方法计算肝癌肝移植受者术后3年的无瘤生存率(DFS)和总生存率(OS)。采用Cox比例风险回归模型分析可能影响肝癌肝移植受者术后复发及生存的独立危险因素。结果中位随访时间为25.6个月,3年总的DFS和OS分别为68.4%和65.7%。Child-Pugh A、B级肝癌患者(113例)的3年DFS和OS分别是68.6%和66.2%,Child-Pugh C级肝癌患者(12例)的3年DFS和OS分别是66.7%和65.6%,两者差异均无统计学意义(均为P0.05)。Cox回归分析结果表明,血管侵犯(P=0.001)和肿瘤数目3个(P=0.025)是影响肝癌肝移植受者复发的独立危险因素。甲胎蛋白(AFP)400μg/L(P=0.035)、血管侵犯(P=0.031)和肿瘤数目3个(P=0.008)是影响肝癌患者生存的独立危险因素。结论 Child-Pugh C级与A、B级肝癌患者肝移植术后预后无显著性差异,AFP、血管侵犯和肿瘤数目是影响肝癌患者肝移植术后预后的重要因素,肝移植可作为Child-Pugh C级肝癌患者的有效治疗手段。     

巨大肝细胞癌患者R0切除术的预后

目的 探讨巨大肝细胞癌(HCC)肝切除手术的预后及影响因素.方法 对青岛大学医学院附属医院1997年1月至2008年12月517例原发性HCC获R0切除患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析.结果 517例中巨大HCC(≥10 cm)患者69例,小HCC(＜10 cm)患者448例.二者的5和10年生存(OS)率为分别24％、18％和49％、30％,中位OS分别为23.0个月和58.0个月(P＜0.001,log rank检验),中位无瘤生存(DFS)分别为15.3个月和34.8个月(P＜0.001).巨大HCC患者的1年复发率显著高于＜10 cm HCC患者(24.3％比44.9％,P=0.022).复发患者中二组肝外复发者分别占16.0％和32.7％(P=0.004).与＜10 cm HCC组相比,巨大HCC患者较为年轻,血清AFP值＞400 μg/L者、大肝切除(≥3段)者、切缘＜0.5 cm者、区域淋巴结转移者较多,围手术期输血亦较多,巨大HCC组织学呈高分化者显著低于＜10 cm HCC组(P＜0.05).Cox回归分析显示伴有门静脉高压症和血管癌栓是影响巨大HCC患者COS和DFS的独立危险因素,术前未行肝动脉化疗栓塞(TACE)是影响DFS的独立危险因素.结论 手术切除治疗巨大HCC安全可行.伴有门静脉高压症和血管癌栓是影响此类患者预后的独立危险因素,术前TACE治疗能改善术后的无瘤生存.     

术前低血小板水平是影响Milan标准内HCC射频消融治疗预后的独立危险因素

目的探讨影响Milan标准内肝细胞癌(HCC)射频消融治疗预后的危险因素。方法本研究回顾性分析了2011年1月~2015年12月在我院初次行射频消融治疗的223例符合Milan标准HCC患者的临床资料和随访资料,采用Kaplan-Meier法(Log-rank检验)行单因素分析,Cox回归模型行多因素分析。结果随访截止至2017年8月31日或患者死亡时,中位随访时间37.9个月(7.9月~79.1月),至随访截止日期共89例(39.9%)复发,27例(12.1%)死亡。单因素分析显示肿瘤多发和术前血小板(Platelet,PLT)10~0×10~9/L是影响Milan标准内HCC患者行射频消融治疗后无瘤生存的危险因素;有酗酒史、术前PLT10~0×10~9/L是影响Milan标准内HCC患者行射频消融治疗后总体生存的危险因素。多因素分析结果示术前PLT10~0×10~9/L是影响射频消融治疗Milan标准内HCC患者无瘤生存和总体生存的独立危险因素,肿瘤多发是影响射频消融治疗后无瘤生存的独立危险因素。PLT10~0×10~9/L组(PLT降低组)与PLT≥10~0×10~9/L(非PLT降低组)相比,前者无瘤生存(P=0.006)及总体生存(P=0.001)均差于后者,两组1、2、3、5年无瘤生存率分别为85%、68.8%、56.3%、50.0%和89.5%、76.9%、69.9%、68.5%,两组1、2、3、5年OS率分别为10~0%、93.8%、86.3%、77.5%和99.3%、96.5%、94.4%、93.7%。结论术前低水平血小板计数是影响射频消融治疗Milan标准内HCC患者预后的一个简单、直观的血液学指标,对于术前低血小板水平的HCC患者,行RFA治疗后应进行更加严密的随访。     

血清HBeAg状态对肝细胞癌患者术后生存的影响

目的研究肝癌患者血清HBeAg状态对肝癌切除术后复发及生存的影响。方法收集1999~2005年在我科行根治性切除的223例肿瘤直径≤3cm的肝癌患者的资料。根据患者术前血清HBeAg状态,分为HBeAg阳性组(n=73)和HBeAg阴性组(n=150),比较2组患者无瘤生存率(DFS)和总体生存率(OS),并分析影响DFS和OS的危险因素。结果HBeAg阳性和HBeAg阴性患者的1、3、5年的OS分别为91.5%、76.8%、60.1%和95.2%、85.3%、73.2%(P=0.053);1、3、5年DFS分别为73.3%、53.7%、40.3%和86.6%、65.5%、54.5%(P=0.002)。与HBeAg阴性组比较,HBeAg阳性组患者年龄较轻(P=0.004),肝硬变较重(P=0.008),而在肿瘤因素及手术相关因素方面2组间的差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。对DFS和OS的多因素分析显示,年龄>50岁、HBeAg阳性和大结节肝硬变是影响OS的独立危险因素,而HBeAg阳性和多发肿瘤是影响DFS的独立危险因素。结论小肝癌患者术后HBeAg阳性患者较HBeAg阴性者更易早期复发,而且总体生存较差。     

乙型肝炎相关性肝癌肝移植术后远期生存风险因素的分析

目的探讨原发性肝癌(HCC)伴乙型肝炎(乙肝)后肝硬化患者肝移植术后的生存影响因素。方法采用回顾性分析方法,选择对北京武警医院2005年至2010年309例HCC伴乙肝后肝硬化实施肝移植术后预防性抗乙肝治疗患者,分析影响其预后的因素。结果单因素和多因素分析显示肝移植后无瘤生存率的独立预测风险因素为:1肿瘤大小7.5 cm(P=0.011);2肿瘤数量4(P=0.006);3肝移植术前甲胎蛋白(AFP)≥2 000μg/L(P=0.024);4出现血管侵犯(P=0.048);5肝移植术前天冬氨酸转氨酶(AST)水平≥3倍正常值(P=0.043);6肝移植术前碱性磷酸酶(ALP)水平≥2倍正常值(P=0.005)。肝移植术前进行抗肿瘤治疗患者较未治疗者的生存率差异有统计学意义(P=0.021)。肝移植术前甲胎蛋白(AFP)5 000μg/L是预测较差生存的风险因素(P=0.000)。结论肝移植术前肿瘤特征、AFP、血清AST及ALP水平是乙肝相关性肝癌肝移植术后远期生存风险的预测因素。肝移植术前进行抗肿瘤及抗乙肝病毒治疗可能有助于提高乙肝相关性肝癌患者肝移植术后的生存率。     

微波消融辅助肝切除联合术后TACE治疗BCLC-B期肝细胞癌临床疗效分析

背景与目的:研究显示,术后行经肝动脉化疗栓塞(TACE)治疗可以给肝细胞癌(HCC)患者尤其是存在复发高危因素的HCC患者带来生存获益,但在获益患者群体的确定上仍存在较大争议。因此,本研究探讨微波消融辅助肝切除联合术后TACE治疗BCLC-B期HCC的临床疗效。方法:收集空军军医大学第二附属医院2010年1月—2014年12月收治的经微波消融辅助肝切除治疗的BCLC-B期2～3个肿瘤、最大直径3cm且微血管侵犯(MVI)阳性HCC患者的临床资料,根据是否行术后辅助TACE治疗分为观察组与对照组,采用Kaplan-Meier曲线进行生存分析,Log-rank检验两组生存差异,并采用Cox回归模型分析影响患者预后的危险因素。结果:共纳入344例患者,其中173例患者接受术后TACE治疗(观察组),171例患者未行术后TACE治疗(对照组)。两组患者基线资料具有可比性。观察组和对照组的1、3、5年总生存率(OS)分别为82.7%、47.4%、28.8%和69.0%、22.3%、15.9%;观察组和对照组的0.5、1、3年无瘤生存率(DFS)分别为86.7%、75.0%、29.6%和73.8%、60.4%、10.6%,观察组的OS与DFS均明显优于对照组(均P0.001)。单因素与多因素分析结果显示,治疗方式、肿瘤直径、白蛋白、总胆红素、HBs Ag阳性均为影响OS与DFS的独立危险因素(均P0.05)。结论:微波消融辅助肝切除联合术后TACE可以给2～3个肿瘤,最大直径3cm且MVI阳性的BCLC-B期HCC患者带来明显的生存获益,但此结论仍需多中心、大样本、高质量研究加以验证。     

BCLC-B 期肝癌患者经皮射频消融生存期相关单因素分析

目的：分析巴塞罗那分期B期（BCLC-B）肝癌患者采用经皮射频消融（RFA）治疗后其生存期有关因素。 方法：收集2009年12月—2013年11月RFA治疗肝癌患者158例临床资料,其中BCLC-B肝癌患者46例,2例患者术后失访,对44例患者进行定期随访,采用增强CT、MRI或超声造影联合甲胎蛋白（AFP）评价疗效,对其临床资料及随访资料进行单因素相关统计学分析。 结果：术后随访1~37个月, 44例B期肝癌患者1、2、3年生存率分别为80.8%、67.7%、47.4%,中位生存时间32.7个月。单因素分析显示：首次完全消融、Child-Pugh A级、术前AFP阴性、术前HBV-DNA阴性患者3年生存率更高（P<0.05）;而患者性别、年龄、是否联合治疗与3年生存率无关（P>0.05）。 结论：对于巴塞罗那分期B期患者经射频消融术是安全可行的,术后生存率与首次完全消融、术前Child-Pugh分级、AFP、HBV-DNA高度相关。

     

术前甲胎蛋白水平在热消融治疗肝细胞癌中的预后价值

目的探索术前甲胎蛋白(AFP)水平在热消融治疗肝细胞癌(HCC)病人中的预后价值。方法回顾性分析临床诊断为HCC病人305例,均为单发直径3 cm肿瘤,109例接受射频治疗,196例接受微波治疗,比较两组病人的远期疗效并统计分析病人的预后影响因素。结果 AFP≥400μg/L组和AFP400μg/L组病人1、3、5累积生存率分别为83.6%、66.9%、49.8%和96.2%、90.0%、74.7%(P=0.001),1、3、5累积复发率分别为36.3%、61.2%、75.2%和17.6%、38.9%、59.0%(P=0.003)。COX多因素分析中,AFP≥400μg/L是影响术后生存和复发的独立危险因素。射频组和微波组1、3、5年累积生存率分别为91.7%、79.5%、65.8%和94.8%、82.4%、69.4%(P=0.211)。1、3、5年复发率分别为24.1%、50.6%、61.1%和21.4%、40.1%、59.7%(P=0.424)。结论 AFP≥400μg与肝癌预后的生存和复发密切相关,可作为早期肝癌病人术后预后的指标。早期肝癌射频和微波消融远期疗效无明显差异。     

经皮热消融治疗极早期肝癌的疗效及预后因素分析

目的：探讨超声引导下经皮热消融治疗极早期肝癌的临床疗效及预后相关因素。方法：回顾性分析2007年1月—2010年1月139例极早期肝癌行超声引导下经皮热消融治疗患者资料,计算肿瘤完全消融率、总体生存率、无瘤生存率并分析预后相关影响因素。结果：全组肿瘤完全消融率97.84%;平均生存时间（70.10±28.87）个月,1、3、5年总体生存率分别为94.90%、87.70%、73.10%;平均无瘤生存时间（44.70±24.21）个月,1、3、5年无瘤生存率分别为90.60%、61.90%、43.20%。单因素分析和多因素分析显示,年龄≥60岁、治疗后无瘤生存时间<2年和肝外转移是影响总体生存时间的独立危险因素（均P<0.05）;患有丙型肝炎和术前高AFP水平是无瘤生存时间的不良影响因素（均P<0.05）。结论：超声引导下经皮热消融治疗是极早期肝癌安全、有效的治疗方式,但高龄、术后早期复发、肝外转移、丙型肝炎和术前高AFP患者预后不良。

     

CT引导下微波消融治疗肝癌术后复发的疗效分析

目的分析CT引导下微波消融治疗肝癌术后复发的应用价值。方法回顾性分析53例接受肝癌切除术后肝内结节型复发患者,共151个复发病灶;采用CT超引导下行经皮肝穿刺微波消融治疗,术后1个月复查肝功能、甲胎蛋白(AFP)、增强CT或MR,采用改良实体瘤治疗疗效评价标准评价肿瘤治疗疗效,观察患者术后并发症情况,随访患者疾病进展时间及生存时间。结果共完成93例次消融治疗,平均1.7次/例,其中完全有效33例(33/53,62.26%)、部分有效13例(13/53,24.53%),总有效率86.79%(46/53)。1例患者出现热损伤,2例术中出现胆心反射,1例伤口感染,1例术后腹腔出血。53例患者6个月、1年、2年生存率分别为88.68%(47/53)、56.60%(30/53)、20.75%(11/53),中位生存时间11.8个月,总的生存时间17.7个月。结论 CT引导下微波消融治疗肝癌术后结节型复发微创、安全、有效。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.