The radiological findings in chronic expanding hematoma

Objective. To identify the characteristic MRI findings of chronic expanding hematoma correlated with the pathology. Design and patients. Three patients who had a chronic expanding hematoma involving the musculoskeletal system were reviewed retrospectively. Results and conclusion. Huge soft tissue masses suggestive of malignancy with destruction of the bony structure were revealed on radiography and computed tomography. MRI showed the masses to exhibit heterogeneous signal intensity on both T1- and T2-weighted images with a peripheral rim of low signal intensity, reflecting the central zones of fluid collection due to fresh and altered blood with a wall of collagenous fibrous tissue. These MRI findings were seen in all three patients and are considered to be characteristic; they assist in differentiation from neoplasm in consideration of the history of trauma or surgery. Received: 11 December 1998 Revision requested: 19 April 1999 Revision received: 21 May 1999 Accepted: 27 May 1999     

MR features of a case of chronic expanding hematoma

We describe a patient with chronic expanding hematoma that was pathologically confirmed by examination of the resected specimen. It has increased gradually in the right lower lung field during a period of 10 years without symptoms. The MR T2-weighted image was useful to establish a diagnosis of chronic expanding hematoma, because of the mosaic of various signal intensities we named the "mosaic sign".     

Chronic encapsulated intracerebral hematoma

Radiological-morphologic features of chronic intracerebral hematomas are observed by computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance (MR), and in angiographic examination are particularly characterized by the absence of pathologic vascularization. The patient, aged 61, with confirmed diagnosis of encapsulated intracerebral hematoma, treated at the Clinic of Neurology and Clinic of Neurosurgery of the Military Medical Academy was presented. The patient was released after recovery, and was consequently followed up in an outpatient department by a neurosurgeon. Six-month follow-up demonstrated the regression of the clinical signs of the disease, as well as the alterations in CT and MR images in the same sense.     

Embolotherapy for expanding duodenal hematoma

Nonoperative management is currently the recommended initial treatment of duodenal hematomas resulting from blunt abdominal trauma, except in those patients who have persistent hemorrhage which leads to transfusion requirement or hemodynamic instability. This case report describes the use of transcatheter embolization to manage a patient with persistent hemorrhage. This procedure may expand the indications for conservative management.     

FDG-PET imaging for chronic expanding hematoma in pelvis with massive bone destruction

Chronic expanding hematoma is a rare presentation of a hematoma characterized by a persistent increase in size for more than a month after the initial hemorrhage. We present a 65-year-old man with a chronic expanding hematoma in his ilium who was receiving anticoagulant treatment. The patient had a delayed manifestation of a femoral neuropathy with massive bone destruction. 2-Deoxy-[¹⁸F]fluoro-d-glucose (FDG) positron emission tomography (PET) imaging revealed an increased uptake in the rim of the mass in images acquired 1 h after FDG injection. FDG-PET scans were performed using a dedicated PET scanner (HeadtomeV/SET2400 W, Shimadzu, Kyoto, Japan), and the PET data for the most metabolically active region of interest (ROI) were analyzed. The maximum standardized uptake value (SUVmax) was set to a cut-off point of 3.0 to distinguish between benign and malignant lesions. The SUVmax of the patient’s lesion was 3.10, suggesting a malignant lesion. The characteristics of FDG-PET images of chronic expanding hematomas, including the uptake of FDG in the peripheral rim of the mass as a result of inflammation, should be recognized as a potential interpretive pitfall in mimicking a sarcoma.     

Moyamoya disease and intracerebral hematoma

Summary This report concerns a hypertensive woman who suffered a stroke at the age of 51 and recovered from left hemiparesis after 3 to 4 months. During the subsequent 24 years she had four seizures which involved the left arm and face and became generalized, ending with left hemiparesis, from which she recovered after 4 to 5 days. Carotid angiography was performed in 1967, 1973 and 1974 and the characteristic picture of moyamoya disease was demonstrated. She died at the age of 77 with extensive vascular disease. The literature concerning 215 cases of moyamoya disease, in which there were 14 intracerebral hematomas, is reviewed and discussed.     

Case report: chronic expanding hematoma in the adrenal gland with pathologic correlations

We report a case of chronic expanding hematoma in the adrenal gland. Mixed signal intensity in a mosaic pattern was seen on T2-weighted images. A focal area suggesting a subacute hematoma was also noted. The dynamic CT scan showed heterogeneous contrast enhancement in the arterial phase and heterogeneous spread of the enhanced area within the tumor. Awareness of this finding may prevent the misdiagnosis of a tumor as a neoplastic intratumoral hemorrhage.     

外伤后迟发性脑内血肿的临床分析

目的 探讨外伤后迟发性脑内血肿的诊断、治疗要点。方法 对２８例典型外伤后迟发性脑内血肿进行回顾性分析,总结其诊断依据、影像学特点和治疗方法。结果 随着ＣＴ、ＭＲＩ的临床应用,迟发性脑内血肿诊断较易,关键在于提高警惕。治疗上除手术清除血肿外,应注意改善缺氧、缺血,改善微循环。结论 外伤后脑内血肿是脑外伤后常见的并发症,如果早期诊断,及时合理治疗,预后较好。     

小儿外伤性迟发性脑内血肿

目的 探讨小儿外伤性迟发性脑内血肿的临床特点，诊断和治疗。方法 回顾性分析我院1987年1月-1998年12月收治的27例小儿外伤性迟发性脑内血肿。结果 27例小儿外伤性迟发性脑内血肿中，行血肿清除术13例，颅骨钻孔血肿内置管 增强尿激酶外引流术6例，非手术治疗8例，26例治愈，1例死亡，死亡率3.70%。结论 进行性意识障碍，头痛，呕吐，贫血加重和生命体征不稳定是小儿迟发性脑内血肿的基本临床特征，高度警惕本病的发生，及时再次CF扫描有利于早期诊断，掌握好手术和非手术治疗的指征，是治愈本病的关键。     

Evaluation of intracerebral hematoma by computed tomography.

The CT scan appearances of acute intracerebral hematoma are usually diagnostic, and can be differentiated from hemorrhagic tumor and infarction. Some prognostic evaluations can be made, depending on the site and size of the hemorrhage. Sequential studies indicate resolution of the density of the hematoma over a period of approximately six weeks. This however does not appear to correlate with pathological resolution, but does reflect the hemoglobin concentration in the hematoma. Angiography is indicated when an underlying AVM or aneurysm is suspected, whereas contrast infusion studies are not of great value in detecting these lesions.     

外伤性脑内血肿扩大与血肿形态不规则度的研究

目的　研究脑外伤后血肿扩大的发生率和时程及血肿形态不规则度(irregularrate,IR)与血肿扩大的关系。　方法　对164例外伤性幕上脑内血肿患者于发病72, 120h内分别行颅脑CT扫描,比较两次血肿体积(V1 和V2 )变化情况,并分析血肿形态不规则度与血肿扩大(V2-V1 )的关系。　结果　脑外伤后有70例( 42. 7% )确认有血肿扩大,根据受试者工作特征曲线(receiveroperatingcharacteristiccurves, ROC)分析得出外伤性脑内血肿扩大的CT扫描标准是血肿增大≥1. 45倍。经相关分析,血肿形态的不规则度与血肿扩大量(V2 -V1 )显著正相关(r=0. 857,P<0. 01)。　结论　脑外伤后血肿扩大的发生率较高,可根据血肿形态不规则度判断血肿扩大的可能性,以便及时复查CT,并采取积极的治疗措施。     

CT监控下立体定向颅内血肿抽吸术的临床应用

目的 探讨在CT监控下立体定向脑内血肿清除术的临床应用价值。方法 将定向仪安装在CT床头侧并与CT坐标中心校验为同步，病人在手术室或直接在CT室钻孔，手术全过程在CT床上进行，至少行术前、术中和术毕3次监控扫描，并根据需要随时扫描观察动态效果或调整靶点。本组共860例，包括基底节血肿408例、丘脑－内囊后肢血肿136例、外囊血肿105例、脑叶血肿156例、脑干血肿40例、小脑血肿5例及脑室出血10例；抽吸术距发病时间自3h至14d。结果 血肿可随意抽出者586例，血肿较馥稠但可清除率大于50％者202例，可清除率在50％以下者68例，完全无法抽出4例；手术时间25－120min，平均45min；存活693例，死亡167例，对生存者进行日常生活能力测评（active day life,ADL),ADL 1-2级者378例，ADL3级者166例，ADL4级者107例，ADL5级者28例，失访14例。结论 CT监控下立体定向脑内血肿抽吸术，是1种值得推广的安全、精确和简捷的脑内血肿治疗方法。     

Assessment of cerebral blood flow in intracerebral hematoma using IMP-SPECT

To evaluate cerebral blood flow in intracerebral hemorrhage, we performed single photon emission computed tomography using N-isopropyl [I-123] p-iodoamphetamine (IMP-SPECT) in 20 patients. IMP-SPECT was carried out using rotating gamma camera at 30 min, and 4 hrs after injection. The results were compared with those by computed tomography (CT). In all cases, the extent of hematoma by IMP-SPECT was larger than that of CT. All cases were divided into 3 groups according to the extent of peripheral area zone of hematoma by IMP-SPECT. There were 10 cases with initial hypoperfusion and complete redistribution (Group I), 6 with initial perfusion defect and complete redistribution (Group II), 4 with initial perfusion defect and incomplete redistribution (Group III). Group III had extensive hematoma compared to Group I. The extent of peripheral area zone of hematoma could be considered as the decreased blood flow area by increased intracerebral pressure and the amplitude of redistribution may be correlated with celler damage. In conclusion, IMP-SPECT was useful to asses the viability of peripheral zone of hematoma.     

Chronic expanding hematoma in the retroperitoneal space: a case report

A case of retroperitoneal chronic expanding hematoma complicated with hydronephrosis, which was difficult to diagnose preoperatively, is reported. The patient was a 70-year-old man. An 18 cm mass was detected in the right retroperitoneal space on abdominal CT screening. There were small calcifications in the periphery of the mass that were strongly enhanced in the delayed phase of dynamic CT. The mass involved the right ureter and iliopsoas muscle, resulting in severe hydronephrosis. The histological diagnosis was chronic expanding hematoma.     

Chronic expanding hematoma of the thigh simulating neoplasm on gadolinium-enhanced MRI

Patients who present with slowly growing extremity masses are often imaged with MRI to be examined for possible tumors. In addition to cysts and neoplasms, chronic expanding hematomas should be considered in the differential diagnosis if the patient has a history of remote trauma. The presence or absence of internal contrast enhancement is often used to distinguish between hematomas and hemorrhagic neoplasms on MRI and CT. We present the unusual case of a patient who had a chronic expanding hematoma of the calf that demonstrated nodular internal enhancement on gadolinium-enhanced MRI, simulating a neoplasm.