维生素D代谢相关基因多态性研究进展

维生素D缺乏是佝偻病的主要病因,遗传因素在其发生发展中的作用正逐渐受到重视.与维生素D代谢相关的基因包括:维生素D受体基因(vitamin D receptor,VDR)、维生素D结合蛋白基因(vitamin D-binding protein,DBP)、细胞色素P450基因(cytchrome P450,CYP)、NADSYN1/DHCR7基因.该文就这些基因多态性与维生素D代谢关系的进展作一阐述.

Abstract：

The major cause of tickets is Vitamin D deficiency.Genetic factors contributing to the pathogenesis of rickets have been investigated with more and more attention.Genes related to vitamin D metabolism include:VDR gene,DBP gene,CYP gene and NADSYN1/DHCR7 gene.In this article,we review the current status and progress in gene polymorphisms and their association with vitamin D metabolism.     

维生素D受体基因多态性与骨关节炎关系的Meta分析

背景:维生素D受体与骨关节炎存在密切联系,而维生素D受体基因多态性被认为能够调控维生素D受体,进而影响骨关节炎的发生,但现有的研究仍存在争议。目的:确认维生素D受体基因多态性与骨关节炎的关系。方法:系统检索PubMed、Web of Science、EMbase、Cochrane Library、中国生物医学文献数据库、中国学术期刊全文数据库、万方、维普等数据库,检索时限均为建库截至2019年10月,检索所有提供了骨关节炎患者和非骨关节炎患者维生素D受体基因(ApaI、Bsm I、TaqI和Fok I)多态性数据的病例对照研究,采用Stata 14.0统计软件进行分析。结果与结论:①总共纳入21篇相关研究,共7 109例患者,其中包括骨关节炎患者3 123例,非骨关节炎患者4 006例;②Meta分析显示,欧洲人维生素D受体Bsm I多态性与骨关节炎之间存在相关性[(BB vs. bb:OR=1.677,95%CI(1.051,2.676),P=0.030;BB vs. Bb+bb:OR=1.780,95%CI(1.175,2.697),P=0.007],但只有3篇研究;亚洲人维生素D受体FokI多态性与骨关节炎之间存在相关性[(FF vs. Ff+ff:OR=0.609,95%CI(0.410,0.907),P=0.015],只有3篇研究;维生素D受体TaqI和ApaI多态性与骨关节炎无显著相关性,在排除异质性后结果也无明显相关性;③结果表明,维生素D受体ApaI、Bsm I、TaqI和FokI多态性可能与骨关节炎无明显相关性。     

广东汉族绝经后妇女维生素D受体基因的多态性

目的研究广东汉族绝经后妇女维生素D受体基因的多态性分布特点,并与其它地区人群进行比较.方法用聚合酶链式反应-限制性片段长度多态性方法对62例广东汉族健康绝经后妇女进行维生素D受体基因检测.结果广东汉族绝经后妇女维生素D受体基因频率分布为:B 37.1%,b 62.9%,基因型频率为:B/B 14.5%(n=9), B/b 45.2%(n=28), b/b 40.3%(n=25).结论广东汉族绝经后妇女维生素D受体基因多态性分布与其它地区人群的分布不同.     

重庆地区绝经妇女骨质疏松症与维生素D受体基因多态性的关系

目的：探讨在重庆市区生活10年以上的汉族绝经妇女骨质疏松症与维生素D受体基因多态性的关系。方法：用聚合酶链反应－限制性片段长度多态性技术检测了40例绝经后患骨质疏松症的妇女和21名同龄绝经后无骨质疏松症的妇女的维生素D受体基因多态性。结果：骨质疏松组维生素D受体基因型bb、Bb、BB频率分别为82．5％、17．5％及0，无骨质疏松组分别为85．71％、14．29％及0，两组差异无显著性（P＞0．05）。结论：就目前调查例数看，重庆地区汉族妇女骨质疏松与BB基因型无明显相关性。     

骨质疏松症与维生素D受体基因多态性的相关性

背景：骨质疏松是多基因调控疾病,峰值骨量变化和骨量丢失均受遗传因素影响。 目的：通过观察维生素D受体基因 ApaⅠ多态性在山东半岛汉族人群中的分布规律及与骨质疏松的关系,探讨原发性骨质疏松症的遗传易感因素。 方法：选取367名长期居住在山东半岛地区无亲缘关系的汉族人群。将受试者分为骨密度正常组227例,骨质疏松组63例,骨质疏松性骨折组77例。 结果与结论：实验人群维生素D受体基因的基因型频率分布符合Hardy-Weinberg平衡定律(χ² =1.583, P > 0.05)。基因型频率分布依次为aa型占53.1%,Aa型占10.6%,AA型占36.3%。年龄与不同部位骨密度值之间呈负相关(P< 0.01),体质量指数与骨密度值之间呈正相关(P < 0.01),在将年龄和体质量指数进行校正后发现aa基因型在腰椎(P < 0.05)、wards三角(P < 0.05)骨密度较低。运用χ2检验分析骨密度正常组各基因型与骨质疏松性骨折组之间差异无显著性意义(χ² =4.795,  P > 0.05)。结果证实,山东半岛地区汉族人群中,维生素D受体基因ApaⅠ酶切位点多态性与原发性骨质疏松症存在关联,提示维生素D受体基因ApaⅠ酶切位点多态性在决定个体骨质疏松症遗传易感性方面起重要作用。     

蒙古族人群维生素D受体基因FokⅠ多态性

目的了解维生素D受体基因FokⅠ多态性在蒙古族人群中的分布。方法应用聚合酶链反应-限制性片段长度多态性技术,分析506名内蒙古地区蒙古族人的维生素D受体FokⅠ基因座的基因型和等位基因的分布频率。结果维生素D受体基因型FF、Ff、ff在本研究人群的分布频率分别为31%、52%和17%。等位基因F占57%,f占43%。基因型频率分布符合Hardy-Weinberg平衡定律。结论中国蒙古族人群维生素D受体基因FokⅠ多态性分布频率有其自身的特点。     

维生素D受体基因多态性与乳腺癌的相关性

目的：研究维生素D受体基因的多态性与乳腺癌的关系。方法：收集86例乳腺癌患者及134名对照,用聚合酶链反应－限制性片段长度多态性方法,在维生素D受体基因的3’端分析了两个限制性酶切位点（ApaI及TaqI）的多态分布。结果：发现TaqI位点等位基因在两个群体间分布的差异有显著性（P＝0．0004）。进一步对基因型进行分析发现,Tt、tt基因型与乳腺癌相关。而ApaI位点两等位基因未发现在两群体中存在差异。对ApaI及TaqI两座位的单体型进行分析,发现tA间存在连锁不平衡。在两群体中分析单体型的分布发现tA在病例中的比例明显高于对照人群,提示tA单体型与乳腺癌相关。两个位点等位基因及单体型与临床指标的分析均未发现阳性结果。结论：维生素D受体基因的多态怀与乳腺癌有关,提示维生素D受体基因与乳腺癌有关。     

阿昌族与汉族维生素D受体基因Fok多态性

目的　了解维生素 D受体基因多态性在中国不同民族中的分布。方法　应用聚合酶链反应 -限制性片段长度多态性分析、基因测序等技术检测 6 8名阿昌族人和 92名汉族人的维生素 D受体基因Fok 多态性 ,比较两组维生素 D受体基因型和等位基因的分布频率。结果　在 6 8名阿昌族人中 FF基因型占 18%、Ff基因型占 35 %、ff基因型占 4 7% ,而在 92名汉族人中 FF基因型占 2 2 %、Ff基因型占 5 2 %、ff基因型占 2 6 %。两组维生素 D受体基因型的分布频率差异有显著性 (χ2 =7.716 ,P=0 .0 2 1)。结论　阿昌族与汉族维生素 D受体基因 Fok 多态性分布频率差异有显著性。     

毛囊干细胞在皮肤伤口修复中的促进作用

背景：毛囊干细胞来源于皮肤、毛发,数量极其可观,取材后无严重的并发症和免疫原性,可供自体移植,是最容易获取的干细胞来源之一。目的：综述毛囊干细胞促进皮肤伤口修复的作用因素,以期为该领域研究提供有效的实验依据。方法：应用计算机以“毛囊干细胞、皮肤修复、再生医学、组织工程”或“hair follicle stem cell,skin repairing,regenerative medicine,tissue engineering”为检索词检索CNKI 和 PubMed 数据库1999年1月至2014年12月发表的关于毛囊干细胞促进皮肤伤口修复的文章,最终选择45篇文章进行综述。结果与结论：毛囊干细胞作为一种容易获得、数量可观、使用较为安全以及具有分化潜能的成体干细胞,可以通过皮肤早期血管化、表皮及附属器官的再生、信号通路作用及转录因子调节等方面的影响,促进皮肤伤口的修复,能为再生医学及组织工程研究提供良好的种子细胞。中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：干细胞;骨髓干细胞;造血干细胞;脂肪干细胞;肿瘤干细胞;胚胎干细胞;脐带脐血干细胞;干细胞诱导;干细胞分化;组织工程全文链接：     

遵义汉族人群维生素D受体基因Tru9酶切长度多态性与强直性脊柱炎

收集119例遵义地区汉族人群静脉血标本,其中强直性脊柱炎(ankylosing spondylitis,AS)患者组50例,正常对照组69例,用聚合酶链反应-限制性片段长度多态性(PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism,PCR-RFLP)法测定两组标本的维生素D受体(vitamin D recepter,VDR)基因第八内含子Tru9酶切长度多态性,分析AS患者组和正常对照组中基因型频率和基因频率分布规律,分析其与遵义汉族人群AS的关系。结果显示,AS患者组中Tru9 I的等位基因频率为T92.0%、t 8.0%;正常对照组中分布为T 76.8%、t 23.2%;两组中基因型分布差异有统计学意义,P=0.002;说明VDR基因Tru9 I酶切位点多态性和遵义汉族人群的AS发病有关联。     

An investigation of vitamin D status in alopecia areata

Alopecia areata (AA) is a type of non-scarring, recurrent patchy loss of hair in hair-bearing areas and is mostly of autoimmune origin. Previous studies have suggested that some autoimmune diseases were found to be associated with vitamin D deficiency. The current study was designed to assess the levels of serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D and C-reactive protein in AA, as compared with controls and to further identify the association between vitamin D levels and disease severity in patients with AA. This cross-sectional study included 45 patients with AA and 45 healthy volunteers. Clinical and anthropometric parameters were recorded, according to a pre-designed proforma. Serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein were estimated using ELISA kits. The severity of AA was determined using Severity of Alopecia Tool (SALT) score. We observed a significant rise in systemic inflammation as seen by elevated high-sensitive C-reactive protein levels and lowered 25-hydroxy vitamin D levels in patients with alopecia areata, compared to controls (p?=?0.001). The levels of 25-hydroxy vitamin D showed a significant negative correlation with disease severity, while hs-CRP levels showed a significant positive correlation with disease severity (ρ?=???0.714, p?=?0.001 and ρ?=?0.818, p?=?0.001). Our results suggest significant systemic inflammation and vitamin D deficiency in alopecia areata, more so with increasing disease severity. This gains particular importance in the treatment of alopecia areata in future, as supplementing vitamin D to AA patients would result in reducing the disease severity and inducing remission.     

Expression of vitamin D receptor decreases during progression of pigmented skin lesions

1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 affects proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis and protects DNA against oxidative damage with a net tumorostatic and anticarcinogenic effect. It acts through a specific nuclear receptor that is widely distributed through the body. Although a beneficial role of vitamin D in melanoma patients has been suggested, there is lack of information on the changes in the expression pattern of vitamin D receptor during progression of pigmented lesions. Using immunohistochemistry, we analyzed the expression of vitamin D receptor in 140 samples obtained form 82 patients, including 25 benign nevi, 70 primary cutaneous melanomas, 35 metastases, 5 re-excisions, and 5 normal skin biopsies. The strongest expression was observed in normal skin that significantly decreased in melanocytic proliferations with the following order of expression: normal skin > melanocytic nevi > melanomas = metastases. The vitamin D receptor expression in skin surrounding nevi and melanoma was also significantly reduced as compared to normal skin. Tumor-infiltrating and lymph node lymphocytes retained high levels of vitamin D receptor. There was negative correlation between tumor progression and vitamin D receptor expression with a remarkable decrease of the immunoreactivity in nuclei of melanoma cells at vertical versus radial growth phases and with metastatic melanomas showing the lowest cytoplasmic receptor staining. Furthermore, lack of the receptor expression in primary melanomas and metastases was related to shorter overall patients' survival. In addition, the receptor expression decreased in melanized melanoma cells in comparison to amelanotic or poorly pigmented cells. Therefore, we propose that reduction or absence of vitamin D receptor is linked to progression of melanocytic lesions, that its lack affects survival of melanoma patients, and that melanogenesis can attenuate receptor expression. In conclusion, changes in vitamin D receptor expression pattern can serve as important variables for diagnosis, predicting clinical outcome of the disease, and/or as a guidance for novel therapy of melanomas based on use of vitamin D or its derivatives.     

Asthma, allergy and respiratory infections: the vitamin D hypothesis

The recent discovery that every tissue in the human body has vitamin D receptors and that vitamin D has pleiotropic effects has prompted an increased interest in this hormone. Vitamin D deficiency is widespread and on the increase. There is no consensus on the serum vitamin D levels to consider appropriate for global health, the cutoffs for its deficiency, or the doses to use for its supplementation. Vitamin D seems to correlate closely with host reactions against various respiratory infections. Epidemiological studies have shown that low serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels are associated with a higher risk of upper and lower respiratory infections in children and a shortage of vitamin D may contribute to asthmatic patients' symptoms and morbidity rates. There are studies highlighting associations between childhood asthma, fetal lung and/or immune development, and maternal vitamin D intake. An insufficiency of this vitamin also seems to be implicated in the onset of childhood atopy and food allergies. The hypothesis is that vitamin D could have a central role in these pathological situations and that it may represent a novel preventive and/or therapeutic strategy. This article reviews and discusses published data on the relationship between vitamin D and asthma and allergy, emphasizing the need for controlled, prospective studies on vitamin D supplementation to clarify whether it has a role in the prevention of and treatment for asthma and allergic conditions.     

A review of vitamin D and Parkinson's disease

The role of vitamin D in bone health has been known for over a century. More recent research has suggested that vitamin D may play a role in the muscular, immune, endocrine, and central nervous systems. Animal research suggests that vitamin D may have some protective effects against toxic insults that are known to damage dopamine cells, the primary cells to degenerate in PD. Persons with PD tend to have lower vitamin D levels than persons of similar ages without PD. Vitamin D levels are generally associated with bone mineral density (BMD) in persons with PD, but simply giving vitamin D does not appear to improve BMD. Results of genetic studies examining polymorphism of the vitamin D receptor and PD risk, severity, or age at onset have shown variable results, with FokI CC seeming to possibly carry some increased risk of PD. Amount of sun exposure and vitamin D levels in earlier life may influence the risk of developing PD. Cross-sectional research suggests a relationship between vitamin D levels and severity of PD symptoms. A single intervention study did show some improvement in PD with vitamin D supplementation. Vitamin D may have effects on PD symptoms and perhaps even on the risk of disease development or disease progression. More well designed intervention studies are needed to confirm the effect of vitamin D on PD symptoms. Human neuroprotection studies are needed, but probably not feasible until better biomarkers are established.     

Association of vitamin D receptor gene polymorphism and Parkinson's disease in Koreans

1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3), which is the biologically active form of vitamin D, has anti-inflammatory effects and can prevent experimental Parkinson's disease (PD). 1,25(OH)2D3 exerts most of its actions only after it binds to its specific nuclear receptors. Eighty-five Korean patients with PD and 231 unrelated healthy individuals were evaluated to determine if vitamin D receptor gene (VDRG) BsmI polymorphisms were markers for the susceptibility to PD in Korean patients. Each polymorphism was detected using polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based restriction analysis. In addition, the relationship between the BsmI polymorphisms and the clinical manifestations of PD was evaluated. Overexpression of the b allele (91.2 vs. 85.7%; p=0.069) and homozygote bb (84.7 vs. 72.7%; p=0.043) was found in the PD patients compared with the controls. These results show for the first time an association between PD and a VDRG polymorphism, which might be involved in the pathogenesis of PD, or in the linkage disequilibrium of the VDRG to another pathogenic gene locus.     

Heparanase: another renal player controlled by vitamin D

Vitamin D deficiency is inevitable in chronic kidney diseases. Clinical and experimental therapies with vitamin D supplements or analogues have demonstrated nephroprotective effects, which vitamin D exerts partly by controlling the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system, but also by modulating other signalling pathways. In recent work published in the Journal of Pathology, Garsen and colleagues identified heparanase as a novel target of vitamin D and its antiproteinuric activity. Heparanase is an endoglycosidase with a role in remodelling the extracellular matrix through its ability to degrade heparan sulphate, and is involved in the pathogenesis of several proteinuric and fibrotic renal diseases. The new evidence that vitamin D inhibits heparanase expression sets the stage for a better understanding of the vitamin's kidney‐protecting effects and its possible application to proteinuric and non‐proteinuric chronic kidney diseases. Copyright © 2015 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Genetic variants in vitamin D pathway in Egyptian asthmatic children: A pilot study

Objectives: Asthma is a genetically heterogeneous disease. Genetic variants in vitamin D pathway have been reported to be involved with asthma risk. The study aimed to test whether vitamin D binding protein (VDBP or GC-group component) and vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene polymorphisms were associated with asthma characteristics as well as vitamin D level in Egyptian children.     

Association analysis of vitamin D receptor gene polymorphisms in North England population with Type 2 diabetes mellitus

BackgroundNumerous diabetes susceptibility loci, include a region consisting vitamin D receptor gene found in chromosome 12q, have been known using genome wide screens.AimThe aim of present study is to probe the relationship between polymorphism of vitamin D receptor gene (single nucleotide polymorphisms) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Five hundred T2DM patients and 200 healthy subjects with normal HbA1c (≤ 5.0 %), fasting blood sugar (≤ 120 mg/dL) and random blood sugar (≤ 140 mg/dL) were enrolled.MetholodgyThe genotypes were found by polymerase chain reaction restriction fragment length polymorphism and DNA sequencing.Resultsrevealed that no considerable differences in frequencies of genotype and allele of the Bsm I and Fok I polymorphisms between healthy and patients in the North England (For Fok I: OR = 1.11, 95% CI: 0.72–1.12; for Bsm I: OR = 1.35, 95% CI: 0.79–1.98).ConclusionIt is recommended that both following polymorphisms of vitamin D receptor gene may not considerably add to the progression of T2DM in the North England.