胶原酶二步消化法分离培养牛角膜基质成纤维细胞*

背景：获得纯度高、活性强、生物学特性更接近体内状态的角膜基质成纤维细胞是角膜损伤后修复研究的基础。 目的：探索体外培养牛角膜基质成纤维细胞的新方法。 方法：用Ⅰ型胶原酶对牛角膜基质层进行二步消化分离后制成细胞悬液转入培养瓶中培养,取生长良好的细胞进行传代培养。采用锥虫蓝染色检测消化分离后细胞即刻存活率;倒置相差显微镜动态观察细胞的生长状态;波形蛋白免疫组织化学染色鉴定角膜成纤维细胞;MTT法检测细胞增殖情况;取处于对数生长期的细胞,绘制细胞生长曲线并计算细胞群倍增时间。 结果与结论：在体外成功分离培养牛角膜基质成纤维细胞,显微镜下观察及波形蛋白免疫组织化学染色后证实所培养的细胞为角膜基质成纤维细胞。锥虫蓝染色,细胞即刻成活率达93.5%。细胞生长曲线近似“S”形,其群体倍增时间为        38.70 h。说明二步消化法细胞培养技术简便、经济、高效,为原代培养角膜基质成纤维细胞提供了有效渠道。 关键词：角膜;成纤维细胞;细胞原代培养;细胞形态;生物学特性;消化法 doi:10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2012.07.015     

小鼠肺微血管内皮细胞磁珠分选法分离和原代培养

背景:肺组织的功能依赖于肺微血管内皮细胞的活性,因此肺微血管内皮细胞是相关研究的重要细胞模型,但目前国内多采用的组织块贴壁法培养所得的肺微血管内皮细胞常有其他细胞混杂。目的:建立一种有效分离、培养、扩增小鼠肺微血管内皮细胞的方法。方法:采用酶消化、免疫磁珠二次分选法分离纯化小鼠肺微血管内皮细胞,贴壁培养法体外扩增,CCK-8法测定细胞的生长情况,相差显微镜观察培养细胞的形态,透射电子显微镜观察细胞的超微结构,流式细胞仪对其表型进行鉴定。结果与结论:培养所得小鼠肺微血管内皮细胞具有典型的铺路石样形态学特征,含有大量内皮细胞特有的杆状细胞器Weibel-Palade小体,较稳定地表达内皮细胞特异性表面标记CD105,不表达淋巴管内皮细胞特异性表面标记血管内皮生长因子受体3。说明免疫磁珠二次分选法可成功分离纯化小鼠肺微血管内皮细胞,体外培养所获细胞纯度高、自我更新能力强,并保留了包括构成、表面抗原表达等特性。     

分次胶原酶消化法分离、培养成人肺微小动脉平滑肌细胞

目的：建立一种简便、高效分离和培养成人肺微小动脉平滑肌细胞的方法并鉴定该方法培养的传代细胞生物学特性。方法：分次胶原酶消化法与传统胶原酶消化法进行细胞获得率、细胞存活率及培养成功率比较;绘制生长曲线对原代与传代细胞的生长特性进行分析;细胞形态学观察、平滑肌肌动蛋白（SMα-actin）测定及细胞免疫荧光化学法进行细胞鉴定及纯度计算;比较原代与第10代细胞形态、SMα-actin含量、染色体数量及形态。结果：分次胶原酶消化法优于传统胶原酶消化法,细胞获得率（3.10±0.29 vs 1.20±0.35）×108 cells/L、细胞存活率(69% vs 21%)及培养成功率（61.5% vs 16.7%）（P＜0.01);传代细胞长至融合时间7 d快于原代细胞21 d;细胞显典型的“峰-谷”状生长,胞浆内表达SMα-actin,细胞纯度达98%以上;原代与第10代细胞形态、SMα-actin含量、二倍体数量（78.13% vs 76.47%）及形态无明显差别（P＞0.05）。结论：分次胶原酶消化法是一种简便、可行,获得高纯度、功能良好的成人肺微小动脉平滑肌细胞的方法。经过此方法分离、培养的细胞在10代以内传代培养细胞生物学及遗传学特性稳定,可用于实验。     

婴幼儿增生期血管瘤内皮细胞观察：培养、鉴定及生长状况

背景：目前婴幼儿血管瘤的发病机制尚不明确,通过体外培养的血管瘤内皮细胞进行发病机制的研究为当前研究的热点。 目的：探讨血管瘤内皮细胞体外培养的方法并观察其生物学特性。 方法：采用组织块贴壁法原代培养血管瘤内皮细胞, 第Ⅷ因子相关抗原、CD31、CD34免疫组织化学SP法鉴定内皮细胞并测出内皮细胞纯度;观察血管瘤内皮细胞的生物学特性。 结果与结论：成功培养出血管瘤内皮细胞,第Ⅷ因子相关抗原、CD31、CD34均为阳性。检测纯度：CD34(+)数为(68.35±3.58)%。细胞形态为较规则的圆形、椭圆形或多角形,呈现特有“铺路石”特征,而且还具有血管瘤内皮细胞特有的“管腔形成”现象。结果表明,组织块贴壁法能成功培养较纯的婴幼儿血管瘤内皮细胞,传代后第3,4代最适于体外实验研究。 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建;骨细胞;软骨细胞;细胞培养;成纤维细胞;血管内皮细胞;骨质疏松;组织工程      

人鼻咽癌CD133+干细胞的生物学特性及意义**

背景：有研究表明肿瘤细胞株中存在肿瘤干细胞,是肿瘤复发、转移的根源,但人鼻咽癌细胞株CNE-2中肿瘤干细胞的表达及生物学特性至今少有报道。 目的：观察人鼻咽癌CD133+干细胞生物学特性及意义。 方法：采用流式细胞仪检测人鼻咽癌细胞株CNE-2中CD133的表达情况。免疫磁珠分选技术获得人鼻咽癌CD133+干细胞,分别采用无血清培养法、CCK-8法、平板克隆形成试验及裸鼠体内成瘤实验检测CD133+干细胞的体外增殖及体内成瘤能力,并将其与CD133-及未分选鼻咽癌细胞进行比较,以了解CD133+干细胞的生物学特性。 结果与结论：免疫磁珠富集的CD133+细胞在无血清培养基中呈悬浮生长,并可以形成肿瘤干细胞球。CD133+细胞与CD133-细胞比较具有较高的克隆形成能力(P < 0.01);CD133+细胞在裸鼠体内的成瘤率高于CD133-细胞(P < 0.05)。结果证实,鼻咽癌CD133+干细胞能在体外分离培养,形成干细胞球,增殖能力强,在裸鼠体内具有极强的成瘤能力。 关键词：鼻咽癌;肿瘤干细胞;增殖;生物学特性;干细胞培养 doi:10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2012.06.013     

大鼠肾小球内皮细胞分离培养和鉴定

1.材料和试剂：（1）材料：SD大鼠1-2月龄,体重50-100g,雌雄各半,由东南大学医学院实验动物中心提供。Mini MACS免疫磁珠细胞分选仪、磁性分离柱LS购自Miltenyi Biotec公司。（2）试剂：Ⅳ型胶原酶、内皮细胞生长因子、胰蛋白酶及转铁蛋白均购自Sigma公司,DMEM培养基购自Gibco公司,异硫氰酸荧光素标记的抗CD34-FITC、抗波形蛋白及抗角蛋白均购自Santa Cruz公司,抗FITC免疫磁珠购自Miltenyi Biotec公司。     

网孔过滤法分离纯化肌源性干细胞

探讨乳大鼠肌源性干细胞的体外培养及纯化分离方法。采用Ⅺ型胶原酶和胰蛋白酶消化乳大鼠骨骼肌，网孔过滤纯化肌源性千细胞后，通过体外原代和传代培养，经生长曲线、细胞融合率等指标研究肌源性干细胞的增殖和分化能力，免疫细胞化学染色法进行鉴定。结果表明：通过上述方法分离得到小圆形或短梭形的细胞，免疫细胞化学染色desmin及CD34为阳性。说明网孔过滤法可提高肌源性干细胞的纯度。     

人循环内皮细胞的分离和鉴定

目的建立从外周血中获取循环内皮细胞(CECs)的免疫磁珠分离技术。方法取1 mL全血按1∶2稀释,加入20μL抗CD146磁珠抗体,4℃孵育,再加入等体积缓冲液,置于磁架上,吸弃液体,用100μL缓冲液重悬磁珠。用吖啶橙或G iem sa染色在荧光倒置相差显微镜下计数与磁珠结合的细胞,并用抗-vWF及CD31进行免疫细胞化学鉴定。结果经抗-vWF及CD31鉴定所分选的CECs是内皮细胞。正常健康体检者的CECs数量为10.5(6~16.5)个/mL。使用此法对正常人脐静脉内皮细胞(HUVECs)混合于正常人全血中的最高回收率为91%。结论用CD146免疫磁珠技术分离CECs,具有客观、准确、省时、特异性强及回收率高、取血量少和对内皮细胞损伤小的特点,本方法可用于不同疾病患者血液中CECs的定量检测及其功能状态分析。     

原代人脐静脉内皮细胞分离和培养方法的改进

目的建立一套高效、方便、可靠的脐静脉内皮细胞的体外分离和培养方法。方法取剖腹产新生婴儿脐带,加入Ⅰ型胶原酶消化分离人脐静脉内皮细胞,内皮专用培养基EGM-2培养传代。应用相差显微镜观察细胞形态。DiL-Ac-LDL染色证实细胞具有内皮功能。免疫荧光染色证明新分离细胞表达FⅧ相关抗原。流式细胞仪检测细胞表面表达CD31。结果原代培养细胞培养10～15d左右长成单层,细胞呈多角形,铺路石样排列。DiL-Ac-LDL染色阳性,证实细胞具内皮吞噬功能。免疫荧光检测证明细胞特异性表达FⅧ相关抗原。流式细胞仪检测证明细胞表面高表达CD31。结论通过酶灌注法消化脐静脉血管获得细胞,操作简便、高效,EGM-2培养基可保证内皮细胞具有较高纯度,细胞形态学观察和细胞生物学鉴定证明获得人脐静脉血管内皮细胞。     

兔阴茎海绵体内皮细胞的培养和鉴定

本研究旨在探讨兔阴茎海绵体内皮细胞体外培养技术,为构建组织工程化阴茎海绵体提供种子细胞.无菌获取兔阴茎海绵体组织后,分别采用IV型胶原酶消化法和弹性蛋白酶消化结合机械挤压法分离内皮细胞,比较两种分离方法所获内皮细胞的纯度;进一步在添加生长因子的内皮细胞生长液中培养扩增,观察细胞形态及增殖情况,并对传代细胞进行免疫组化染色鉴定.结果显示采用弹性蛋白酶消化结合机械挤压组织法能有效分离内皮细胞且保留基质的完整性,避免基质细胞混杂,明显优于IV型胶原酶消化法;培养的内皮细胞呈典型的鹅卵石形态,内皮细胞特异性标志CD31、第Ⅷ因子相关抗原(von Willebrand factor,vWF)表达阳性.结果提示采用弹性蛋白酶消化结合机械挤压组织法能快速有效地分离纯度较高的内皮细胞,进一步在内皮细胞生长液中培养能稳定传代扩增,可为阴茎海绵体组织工程提供种子细胞.     

High efficiency and long-term foreign gene expression in cultured liver sinusoidal endothelial cells by retroviral transduction.

The liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) constitute a very specialized endothelium. Due to their multiple functions and privileged location in the liver, these cells constitute an excellent target for gene therapy. In this work, the authors investigate the efficiency of retroviral gene transduction as a method for in vitro gene delivery into murine LSECs. Gene transduction into murine LSECs was performed using the PCMMP-eGFP/pIK-MLVgp retrovirus pseudotyped with the vesicular stomatitis virus G glycoprotein (VSV-g), containing eGFP as a reporter gene. Retroviral transduction resulted in a high efficiency of gene transfer (99%) and stable expression of eGFP in LSECs. The retroviral transduction protocol did not affect the morphology or expression of endothelial cell markers or the biological functions of LSECs. The authors have developed conditions for high-efficiency and stable retroviral gene transduction of LSECs. These results raise the possibility of liver gene therapy using LSECs as vehicle for the delivery of therapeutic proteins by means of retroviral vectors.     

Endotheliopathy of liver sinusoidal endothelial cells in liver disease

Liver is the largest solid organ in the abdominal cavity, with sinusoid occupying about half of its volume. Under liver disease, hemodynamics in the liver tissue dynamically change, resulting in injury to liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs). We discuss the injury of LSECs in liver diseases in this article. Generally, in noninflamed tissues, vascular endothelial cells maintain quiescence of circulating leukocytes, and unnecessary blood clotting is inhibited by multiple antithrombotic factors produced by the endothelial cells. In the setting of inflammation, injured endothelial cells lose these functions, defined as inflammatory endotheliopathy. In chronic hepatitis C, inflammatory endotheliopathy in LSECs contributes to platelet accumulation in the liver tissue, and the improvement of thrombocytopenia by splenectomy is attenuated in cases with severe hepatic inflammation. In COVID-19, LSEC endotheliopathy induced by interleukin (IL)-6 trans-signaling promotes neutrophil accumulation and platelet microthrombosis in the liver sinusoids, resulting in liver injury. IL-6 trans-signaling promotes the expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1, chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand (CXCL1), and CXCL2, which are the neutrophil chemotactic mediators, and P-selectin, E-selectin, and von Willebrand factor, which are involved in platelet adhesion to endothelial cells, in LSECs. Restoring LSECs function is important for ameliorating liver injury. Prevention of endotheliopathy is a potential therapeutic strategy in liver disease.     

The impact of poloxamer 407 on the ultrastructure of the liver and evidence for clearance by extensive endothelial and kupffer cell endocytosis

Poloxamer 407 (P407) is a non-ionic detergent that is used widely in pharmaceutical formulations and personal care products. In animals, P407 causes hyperlipidaemia. P407 is taken up by the liver and causes loss of fenestrations in liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSEC), which contributes to the pathogenesis of hyperlipidaemia. Here the short-term (1-15 days) effects of P407 on all liver cells were investigated in mice using electron and light microscopy. As expected, P407 was associated with hyperlipidaemia. Kupffer cells became massively engorged with vacuoles and took on a marked honeycomb morphology. LSECs also became engorged with vacuoles and endocytosis was activated. The diameter of lipoproteins in the space of Disse was less than those in the lumen, consistent with a filtering effect of fenestrations. Defenestration of the LSEC was noted. Hepatocyte endocytosis of lipoproteins and P407 particles was also noted; however, hepatocyte steatosis was not evident. Hepatic stellate cells did not appear to be abnormal. In conclusion, P407 is taken up by the liver mostly through endocytosis by LSECs and Kupffer cells.     

Liver sinusoidal endothelial cells induce immunosuppressive IL‐10‐producing Th1 cells via the Notch pathway

Under homeostasis, liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) shift intrahepatic T‐cell responses towards tolerance. However, the role of LSECs in the regulation of T‐cell‐induced liver inflammation is less clear. Here, we studied the capacity of LSECs to modulate pro‐inflammatory Th1‐cell differentiation in mice. Using in vitro co‐culture systems and subsequent cytokine analysis, we showed that LSECs induced high amounts of the anti‐inflammatory cytokine IL‐10 in developing Th1 cells. These LSEC‐stimulated Th1 cells had no pro‐inflammatory capacity in vivo but instead actively suppressed an inflammatory Th1‐cell‐induced delayed‐type hypersensitivity reaction. Blockage of IL‐10 signaling in vivo inhibited immunosuppressive activity of LSEC‐stimulated Th1 cells. We identified the Notch pathway as a mechanism how LSECs trigger IL‐10 expression in Th1 cells. LSECs expressed high levels of the Delta‐like and Jagged family of Notch ligands and induced expression of the Notch target genes hes‐1 and deltex‐1 in Th1 cells. Blockade of Notch signaling selectively inhibited IL‐10 induction in Th1 cells by LSECs. Our findings suggest that LSEC‐induced IL‐10 expression in Th1 cells via the Notch pathway may contribute to the control of hepatic inflammatory immune responses by induction of a self‐regulatory mechanism in pro‐inflammatory Th1 cells.     

结缔组织生长因子在血吸虫病肝纤维化鼠肝窦内皮细胞中的表达及意义

目的:动态观察结缔组织生长因子(CTGF)蛋白在血吸虫病肝纤维化鼠肝窦内皮细胞表达水平的时相变化,探讨其与肝窦内皮细胞下基底膜形成的关系。方法:采用腹部敷贴法建立血吸虫病肝纤维化模型,HE、Masson染色和透射电镜观察其病理变化;免疫组化技术检测CTGF、Ⅳ型胶原(ColⅣ)和层粘连蛋白(LN)在小鼠肝脏组织中的表达和分布;并应用彩色图像分析仪进行定量分析。结果:与正常对照组比较,模型组鼠肝窦内皮细胞表达CTGF蛋白阳性或强阳性,肝窦壁LN、ColⅣ表达水平增高,且随着肝纤维化的发展,CTGF和LN、ColⅣ表达逐渐增强,肝窦内皮下基底膜逐渐增厚。图像定量分析两组平均吸光度值、平均灰度值和阳性面积比具有统计学差异;CTGF蛋白与LN、ColⅣ水平呈正相关。结论:血吸虫病肝纤维化时小鼠肝窦内皮细胞通过CTGF蛋白表达上调,调控细胞外基质产生,导致ColⅣ、LN分泌增加,参与肝窦内皮下基底膜形成,从而引起肝内微循环障碍。     

四氯化碳诱导肝纤维化早期大鼠肝窦内皮细胞及基底膜形态改变的动态研究

 目的：探讨四氯化碳诱导肝纤维化早期大鼠肝窦毛细血管化的形成过程。方法：清洁级雄性SD大鼠采用随机数字表法随机分为2组：正常对照组（N组,6只）和肝纤维化模型组（M组,32只）。M组大鼠腹腔注射50%四氯化碳蓖麻油混合液, N组大鼠腹腔注射生理盐水,剂量为2 mL/kg,每周2次,共4周。分别于造模第3天、1周、2周和4周处死大鼠,HE染色和Masson染色观察肝脏组织炎症及纤维化的改变,透射电镜观察肝窦内皮细胞（LSECs）窗孔与基底膜（BM）的改变,免疫组织化学检测LSECs表面标志物CD31及基底膜成分IV型胶原（Col IV）和层黏连蛋白（LN）的改变。结果：HE及Masson染色显示四氯化碳造模4周早期肝纤维化已形成。肝组织透射电镜显示四氯化碳造模第3天后开始出现LSECs窗孔直径变小及数目减少,随着造模时间的延长,LSECs失窗孔现象逐步严重,至第4周时局部内皮下可见连续的基底膜。免疫组化染色显示LSECs表面标志物CD31表达随着LSECs窗孔数目的减少而逐渐增强;基底膜成分Col IV于造模第2周时表达开始显著增强并随着造模时间延长表达逐渐增强,LN于造模第4周时表达开始显著增强。结论：肝纤维化早期大鼠局部肝组织可见典型的肝窦毛细血管化形成;肝窦壁内LN沉积是肝窦毛细血管化时形成连续基底膜的关键因素。     

New insights into the dynamics of sinusoidal endothelial fenestrae in liver sinusoidal endothelial cells

Ultrastructural studies have shown that liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) contain a cytoskeletal framework of filamentous actin, and that the presence of actin in the form of a calmodulin—actomyosin complex is responsible for regulation of the diameter of sinusoidal endothelial fenestrae (SEF). Rho has emerged as an important regulator of the actin cytoskeleton and consequently of cell morphology. We investigated actin filaments in relation to SEF in LSEC using heavy meromyosin decorated reaction and elucidated the roles of Rho and actin cytoskeleton in morphological and functional alterations of SEF. Second, according to intracytoplasmic Ca²⁺ concentration, plasma membrane Ca²⁺Mg²⁺-ATPase activities were clearly demonstrated on the outer surface of the labyrinth-like SEF in the isolated LSECs. Furthermore, by investigating intracytoplasmic Ca²⁺ concentration, we have demonstrated plasma membrane Ca²⁺-Mg²⁺-ATPase activities on the outer surface of the labyrinth-like SEF in the isolated LSECs. Currently, the majority of fenestral studies are focused on finding ways to increase the liver sieve’s porosity, which is reduced through pathological mechanisms. Dr. Hiroaki Yokomori, of the Department of Internal Medicine, Kitasato Medical Center Hospital, Saitama, Japan, is the winner of the Japanese Society for Clinical Molecular Morphology Award for Promoting Young Researchers in 2007. Dr. Yokomori was recognized for his great contribution in elucidating the role of sinusoidal endothelial fenestrae in the physiology and pathology of the liver.     

Liver sinusoidal endothelial cells and acute non‐oxidative hepatic injury induced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa pyocyanin

The liver sinusoidal endothelial cell (LSEC) is damaged by many toxins, including oxidants and bacterial toxins. Any effect on LSECs of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa virulence factor, pyocyanin, may be relevant for systemic pseudomonal infections and liver transplantation. In this study, the effects of pyocyanin on in vivo rat livers and isolated LSECs were assessed using electron microscopy, immunohistochemistry and biochemistry. In particular, the effect on fenestrations, a crucial morphological aspect of LSECs was assessed. Pyocyanin treatment induced a dose‐dependent reduction in fenestrations in isolated LSECs. In the intact liver, intraportal injection of pyocyanin (11.9 μM in blood) was associated with a reduction in endothelial porosity from 3.4 ± 0.2% (n = 5) to 1.3 ± 0.1% (n = 7) within 30 min. There were decreases in both diameter and frequency of fenestrations in the intact endothelium. There was also a decrease in endothelial thickness from 175.8 ± 5.8 to 156.5 ± 4.0 nm, an endothelial pathology finding previously unreported. Hepatocyte ultrastructure, liver function tests and immunohistochemical markers of oxidative stress (3‐nitrotyrosine and malondialdehyde) were not affected. Pyocyanin induces significant ultrastructural changes in the LSEC in the absence of immunohistochemical evidence of oxidative stress or hepatocyte injury pointing to a novel mechanism for pyocyanin pathogenesis.     

Aberrant expressions of aquaporin-1 in association with capillarized sinusoidal endothelial cells in cirrhotic rat liver

Aquaporins (AQPs) are key regulators of water channels across the cell cytoplasm. Little is known about AQP localization and changes in the hepatic microvascular system. This study aimed to clarify the localization of AQP-1 in the microvessels in normal and cirrhotic rat liver. To establish a rat cirrhosis model, thioacetamide (TAA) was injected for 24 weeks. AQP-1 in liver specimens was examined by immunohistochemistry (IHC), Western blotting, and immunoelectron microscopy (IEM). IHC revealed that AQP-1 was localized in hepatic sinusoids, especially on the liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs), predominantly in zone 1 in control rats, whereas AQP-1 immunoreactivity was increased on LSECs in central portions of regenerative nodules in cirrhotic rats, and was expressed especially strongly on the outer side of the duplicated liver cell cords. IEM demonstrated that, in control livers, AQP-1 was mainly expressed on the plasma membrane of LSECs in zone 1. In cirrhotic livers, many immunogold particles showing the presence of AQP-1 were seen on the LSECs in central portions of regenerative nodules, and the number was significantly greater than that in zone 3 of control liver. Protein levels of AQP-1 examined by Western blot were almost the same in the cirrhotic liver and control liver. AQP-1 immunoreactivities were aberrantly expressed on LSECs in central portions of regenerative nodule (CPRN) of cirrhotic liver, which may be associated with capillarization of LSECs and remodeling in this region.     

Neighborhood politics: the immunoregulatory function of organ-resident liver endothelial cells

The liver is known for its ability to induce antigen (Ag)-specific immune tolerance. Among the different cell populations involved in the induction of hepatic tolerance, the liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) are particularly important because they are highly efficient at presenting soluble Ags to CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells. The crosspresentation of soluble Ags to CD8(+) T cells was believed previously to be restricted to professional Ag-presenting cells (APCs) such as dendritic cells (DCs). However, in contrast to DCs, crosspresentation by LSECs can induce Ag-specific immune tolerance. It is proposed that these organ-resident APCs act as sessile hepatic APCs that control the immune responses to soluble blood-borne Ags, in concert with APCs in lymphatic tissue.