冀、京、吉犬群犬腺病毒中和抗体调查

目的为表达狂犬病病毒糖蛋白的犬2型腺病毒（CAV-2）重组狂犬病口服疫苗的投放工作提供流行病学依据。方法通过病毒中和试验对随机采自河北省,北京市,吉林省等地的387份犬血清进行犬腺病毒中和抗体检测,以确定犬群腺病毒感染率。结果河北、吉林农村流浪犬或家养犬腺病毒中和抗体阳性率较低,阳性率为16％（30／192）,而北京市犬腺病毒中和抗体阳性率高达69％（135／195）,说明城乡犬只犬腺病毒中和抗体存在明显差异。结论农村流浪犬或家养犬腺病毒中和抗体阳性率较低,适用于CAV-2及其重组疫苗首次免疫、尤其是口服免疫。     

遵义地区犬狂犬病毒血清抗体流行病学调查与大学生对该病的认知情况分析

目的 调查遵义地区犬RV血清抗体流行病学情况和大学生对狂犬病的认知情况。方法 采用RV生物素双抗原夹心ELISA试剂盒对遵义地区422份犬血清样品进行RV血清抗体检测,采用网络问卷对遵义地区大学生开展狂犬病认知情况调查。结果 共采集422份犬血清样本,其中宠物犬297例,192例免疫过狂犬疫苗,65例未免疫,40例免疫信息不详,125例流浪犬狂犬疫苗免疫信息不详。422份犬血清样品RV抗体总阳性率为43.36%(183/422),其中,宠物犬、流浪犬、雄性犬、雌性犬的RV抗体阳性率分别为56.57%(168/297)、12%(15/125)、41.63%(102/245)、45.76%(81/177),犬性别与RV抗体阳性率差异无统计学意义(χ²=0.714,P>0.05),宠物犬与流浪犬RV的抗体阳性差异存在统计学意义(χ²=71.143,P<0.05)。问卷调查显示大学生群体对狂犬病具有较高的认知水平。结论 遵义地区流浪犬RV抗体阳性率远低于宠物犬,应加强流浪犬管理,遵义地区大学生群体对狂犬病具有较高的认知水平,这对于本地区狂犬病的预防与控制具有积极意义。     

广州市国产冻干无佐剂狂犬病疫苗使用人群狂犬病毒抗体检测情况

目的了锯注射国产冻干无佐剂狂犬病疫苗使用后的免疫效果并与非冻干狂犬病疫苗比较。方法一部分冻干国产无佐剂狂犬病疫苗受免者与非冻干疫苗受免者一样在5针全程免疫后第14天抽血并采用免疫酶联吸附法检查狂犬病毒抗体阳转情况，另一部分则在注射完第4针后即进行检查，之后比较检查结果。结果使用国产冻干无佐剂狂犬病疫苗受免者抗体阳转率为96．13％（794／826），而使用非冻干狂犬病疫苗受免者狂犬病毒抗体阳转率为89．84％（115／128），经X^2检验，两者差异有非常显著性（P〈0．01）。此外使用冻干狂犬病疫苗受免者在5针全程免疫后过15天进行检查其狂犬病毒抗体阳转率为98．90％（179／181），与在注射完第4针后即进行检查的抗体阳转率79．14％（645／815）相比较，经X^2检验其差异也有显著性（P〈0．05）。结论本文资料说明国产冻干无佐剂狂犬病疫苗较之非冻干疫苗更有效，其5针全程免疫后过15天检查狂犬病毒抗体阳转率可达98％～100％，而且符合卫生部的要求不含AL（OH）辅助剂。     

70例狂犬疫苗接种者的免疫效果分析

目前国内使用地鼠肾细胞培养狂犬病佐剂疫苗,对预防狂犬病的发生,减少发生起到了重要的作用。为了进一步探讨狂犬疫苗免疫学效果及如何合理的使用,给狂犬病的预防工作提供可靠依据,特对疫苗接种者进行效果检测,现将结果报告如下：材料及方法1检测对象：被可疑疯动物咬伤或抓伤人群,按常规免疫程序（0、3、7、14、30,2．SIU／针）,注射成都生物制品研究所产的在有效期内的狂犬疫苗,于最后一针注射后的15d采血,分离血清,进行抗体检测,抗体MI：16的部分人,再进行加强;＜1：8者的加强2针（即常规免疫第1针后的52、66d各1针）,…     

2011-2020年上海地区犬只狂犬病本底状况回顾性分析

目的 为掌握上海市犬只狂犬病免疫状况、抗体水平和流行情况,评估犬只狂犬病流行风险.方法 利用统计学方法对上海市2011-2020年犬只狂犬病血清学和病原学检测数据进行回顾性分析.结果 上海市注册犬只狂犬病免疫抗体平均合格率为83.8％ (95％CI:83.3％～84.3％),流浪犬抗体平均合格率为17.7％ (95％C...     

148名医务人员接种甲型H_1N_1流行性感冒病毒裂解灭活疫苗后的免疫原性和安全性分析

目的:通过分析疫苗接种后的不良反应和检测疫苗接种前后血清抗体滴度,评估甲型H1N1流行性感冒(流感)病毒裂解灭活疫苗的安全性和免疫原性。方法:研究纳入148名医务人员,描述性分析疫苗接种后21 d内发生的不良反应并评估其严重程度;通过血凝抑制试验检测疫苗接种后血清抗体滴度。结果:该疫苗接种后绝大多数不良反应为轻、中度,未见严重不良反应事件。局部不良反应和全身不良反应发生率分别为19.1%和22.1%,接种部位疼痛和乏力是最常见的局部和全身不良反应。接种疫苗后21 d,血清抗体平均效价达1∶95.27[95%可信区间(CI):74.94～121.12)],101名接种者(82.1%,101/123)血清抗体滴度达到1∶40或高于1∶40,74.0%在疫苗接种后21 d血清抗体转阳。结论:对于成人甲型H1N1流感病毒裂解灭活疫苗可安全接种;绝大多数在接种后21 d血清抗体可转阳。     

基因1型狂犬病病毒一步法荧光定量RT-PCR检测方法的建立

目的在我国狂犬病均由基因1型狂犬病病毒（rabies virus,RV）引起。本研究针对RV N基因保守序列设计并合成了一套简并引物和Taqman探针,在优化反应条件的基础上,建立了检测RV核酸的一步法荧光定量RT-PCR（qRT-PCR）检测方法。方法与结果该方法能特异检测基因1型,不能检测基因2-7型和犬瘟热病毒（CDV）、犬细小病毒（CPV）、犬腺病病毒（CAV）、水泡性口炎病毒（VSV）、日本乙型脑炎病毒（JEV）等5种非狂犬病病原体,其检测灵敏度可达到4.68个TCID50的病毒含量。用该方法对29份新鲜和5份腐败的临床犬脑组织样品进行检测,并与国际金标准确诊方法狂犬病荧光抗体染色法（FAT）和乳鼠脑内接种试验（MIT）及本实验室建立的套式RT-PCR方法进行比较。结果表明所建立的qRT-PCR与套式RT-PCR的符合率为100%,二者均检测出12份阳性的新鲜样品和5份阳性的腐败样品,而FAT只检测出12份阳性的新鲜样品和1份阳性的腐败样品,MIT只检测出12份阳性,未检测出阳性腐败样品。检测中FAT和MIT确诊的所有阳性样品在qRT-PCR检测均是阳性,而在FAT检测为阴性的4份腐败样品在qRT-PCR为阳性,说明所建立的qRT-PCR方法准确性达到了FAT和MIT的水平,而且灵敏度更高,更适合于腐败样品的检测。结论研究结果表明该qRT-PCR方法特异性好、灵敏度高、污染率低、操作简单,在我国动物狂犬病临床诊断上具有巨大的应用价值。     

狂犬病口服疫苗对消除人间狂犬病的重要作用北大核心CSCD

狂犬病严重威胁人类生命,控制狂犬病需要从病毒的源头着手。在狂犬病毒的多种宿主中,犬科动物所占比例最大。因此,消除狂犬病的关键是对犬的免疫覆盖率达到70%以上。事实证明,通过注射灭活疫苗对犬只形成免疫屏障是一件困难的事情。采用口服疫苗策略控制野生动物狂犬病的成功案例给大家提供了新的思路,因此世界卫生组织建议采用狂犬病口服疫苗对犬进行免疫,用以提高犬只的免疫覆盖率,从而达到2030年消除和控制狂犬病的目的。     

肾综合征出血热I型疫苗中期流行病学效果研究

目的：观察肾综合征出血热I型灭活疫苗在浙江省肾综合征出血热高发疫区大面积人群接种后的安全性,考核流行病学防病效果。方法 采用IFAT法测特异性IgG抗体,用MCPENT法测中和抗体滴度。结果 共接种10460人,全程接种者占97.30%,对照16159人。全程接种后2周荧光抗体阳转率为100.00%(67/67),中和抗体阳转率为44.44%,几何平均滴度分别为72.14%和4.63。加强免疫后血清抗体迅速回升,1年后又逐渐下降。预防接种后全身反应和局部反应轻微。接种组无发病,对照组发病24例,死亡3例。疫苗中期（基础免疫后4年）流行病学防病效果良好,人群保护率达100%（95%可信区间为96.3%～100%）。结论 HFRS疫苗安全性良好,中期流行病学防病效果明显,取得了良好的经济和社会效益。     

查菲埃立克体P28蛋白抗原免疫印迹调查犬单核细胞埃立克体病

目的　以查菲埃立克体P2 8蛋白抗原免疫印迹法对犬单核细胞埃立克体病作流行病学调查 ,为该病的防治提供依据。方法　收集广东犬埃立克体病发生地的犬血清 ,用基因工程制备的查菲埃立克体P2 8融合蛋白抗原与犬血清作免疫印迹 ,检测犬血清中的抗P2 8抗体。结果　 2 12份犬血清行免疫印迹 ,89份 (42 % )阳性 ;这些阳性反应的血清绝大部分来自广州市和深圳市的野外工作犬 ,而南海市观赏犬的血清均为阴性。广西省南宁市的野外工作犬的 36份标本仅 3份为弱阳性。高水平的P2 8抗体出现在 4～ 10月 ,与当地蜱的活动期平行。结论　犬单核细胞埃立克体病在我国为局部流行 ,蜱可能是该病的传播媒介     

Rabies mass vaccination campaigns in Tunisia: are vaccinated dogs correctly immunized?

Among the 301 dogs vaccinated against rabies in a suburban area of Tunis, 165 were sero-surveyed for 13 months. One month after vaccination, 65% of the dogs less than 1 year of age and 76-84% of the older dogs had significant antibody titers. One month after annual revaccination, these percentages ranged between 92% and 100%. Puppies (less than 3 months old) responded to vaccination with no significant interference by passive maternal immunity. Based on these percentages, a 93% rate of protection may be expected for vaccinated dogs. This study confirms that all dogs (even those less than 3 months of age) must be vaccinated during mass campaigns. The expected protection conferred by locally produced potent vaccines reaches 79-99% based on the age of the dogs. The alleged relative inability of local dogs to respond to vaccination cannot explain the partial success of rabies control in Tunisia.     

Vero细胞口服狂犬病疫苗的研究

本试验采用ＣＴＮ－１株经Ｖｅｒｏ细胞传１５代，病毒滴度均在７．０～８．０ｌｏｇＬＤ５０／ｍｌ之间。给８只犬分别口服８．１ｌｏｇＬＤ５０的疫苗３０天的中和抗体几何平均效价为１：１１０，中和抗体的平均国际单位为２．５９ＩＵ／ｍｌ，阳转率为１００％；给４只犬分别口服７．４３ｌｏｇＬＤ５０的疫苗，阳转率为５０％，中和抗体的平均国际单位为２．４８ＩＵ／ｍｌ。选用３５－６０日龄的乳犬１６只口服１０个剂量的疫苗，并在口服后５、１０、２０天、３个月各杀３只犬取脑及唾液腺分别在ＢＨＫ２１细胞上盲传２代，同时在昆明种小白鼠乳鼠脑内盲传２代，进行病毒分离，均为阴性，余下犬观察１２个月均正常。总之该口服狂犬病疫苗对犬具有较好的安全性及口服免疫原性。     

A study on the seroconversion in dogs vaccinated with cell culture rabies vaccine

Seroconversion studies were conducted in dogs vaccinated with rabies vaccine, of different age group, sex and breed, with a single and booster doses of cell culture Rabies vaccine. The results of the present study revealed that (i) Maternal antibodies were detected in 40% to 80% of 60 selected pet dogs. However 20% to 60% of the pet dogs did not have protective levels of antibody (<0.5IU). (ii) A single dose of vaccine resulted in appreciable levels of protective antibody in 100% of pet dogs both in seronegetive and in dogs with low levels of antibody. (iii) When a booster dose was administered at twelve months period, considerable levels of antibody persisted upto twenty-four months. It can be concluded from the present study that a single dose of potent tissue culture vaccine resulted protective levels of antibody in the seronegetive dogs (<0.5IU). In an Rabies endemic country like INDIA, annual booster dose of vaccine would enhance the immune response and help in the persistence of protective levels of antibody in the immunized dogs.     

Feasibility and Effectiveness Studies with Oral Vaccination of Free-Roaming Dogs against Rabies in Thailand

(1) Background: Thailand has made significant progress in reducing the number of human and animal rabies cases. However, control and elimination of the last remaining pockets of dog-mediated rabies have shown to be burdensome, predominantly as a result of the large numbers of free-roaming dogs without an owner that cannot be restrained without special efforts and therefore remain unvaccinated. To reach these dogs, the feasibility, and benefits of oral rabies vaccination (ORV) as a complementary tool has been examined under field conditions. (2) Methods: ORV of dogs was tested in five study areas of four provinces in Thailand. In these areas, sites with free-roaming dogs were identified with the support of local municipal workers and dog caretakers. ORV teams visited each of five study areas and distributed rabies vaccine (SPBN GASGAS) in three bait formats that were offered to the dogs using a hand-out and retrieval model. The three bait types tested included: egg-flavored baits, egg-flavored baits pasted with commercially available cat liquid snack, and boiled-intestine baits. A dog offered a vaccine bait was considered vaccinated when the discarded sachet was perforated or if a dog chewed vaccine bait at least 5 times before it swallowed the bait, including the sachet. (3) Results: A total of 2444 free-roaming dogs considered inaccessible for parenteral vaccination were identified at 338 sites. As not all dogs were approachable, 79.0% were offered a bait; of these dogs, 91.6% accepted the bait and subsequently 83.0% were considered successfully vaccinated. (4) Conclusion: Overall, 65.6% of the free-roaming dogs at these sites were successfully vaccinated by the oral route. Such a significant increase of the vaccination coverage of the free-roaming dog population could interrupt the rabies transmission cycle and offers a unique opportunity to reach the goal to eliminate dog-mediated human rabies in Thailand by 2030.     

“5aG”毒株犬用抗狂犬病活疫苗的效果观察

1979年应用弱毒“5aG”毒株自制犬用抗狂犬病活疫苗。疫苗制备基本按长春生物制品研究所人用狂犬疫苗制备常规进行。免疫后6个月的血清抗体几何平均值为49.056;免疫后12个月为10.912。对6个公社的20,273只家犬进行免疫注射和一个对照公社观察结果:前者和后者的保护率分别为91.3％和89.4％,说明疫苗在一年内可使免疫注射的家犬产生抗狂犬病的能力。     

Dog ecology and demography information to support the planning of rabies control in Machakos District, Kenya

A study of 150 dog-owning households from six randomly selected sublocations was conducted in Machakos District, Kenya. Initially, all households were visited to collect information on dog ecology and demography based on WHO guidelines and to collect serum for rabies antibody detection. A second visit was made 1 year later, to obtain follow-up data on births, deaths, dog movements and other events since the first visit. Dog ownership was common, with a range of 53--81% (mean=63%) of households owning dogs in the six sublocations. Dog density for the five more rural sublocations ranged from 6 to 21 dogs km(-2) and for the peri-urban sublocation was 110 dogs km(-2). The dog population was estimated to be growing at 9% p.a. (95% C.I. 4--14%). This growth was a function of very high fecundity (1.3 females per female per year) more than compensating for high mortality, particularly among females. Life expectancy from birth was 3.5 years for males and 2.4 years for females. Half the dogs at any one time were less than 1 year of age. All dogs, by design of the study, were owned. Of these, 69% were never restricted and roamed freely to forage for food and mix with other dogs. Only a small proportion of dogs (5%) were fed commercial dog food. Most households reported observing dogs scavenging their garbage, including: their own dogs (81%), their neighbours' dogs (75%) and unknown dogs (45%). Only 29% of dogs at least 3 months of age were reported to be vaccinated against rabies. The proportion vaccinated varied widely between sublocations (5--68%); 48% of dogs reportedly vaccinated had detectable antibodies, 31% at or above levels considered to indicate seroconversion. The proportion of dogs with detectable antibodies declined according to the time since last vaccination (55% if vaccinated < or = 1 year, 47% < or = 2 years and 36% > 2 years); 20% of dogs reported not to have been vaccinated had detectable rabies antibody. Compared to other dog populations in rural eastern and southern Africa, Machakos District has a high density of dogs. The Machakos dog population is growing, highly dynamic, poorly supervised and inadequately vaccinated against rabies. The main implication for rabies control is that adequate vaccination coverage is unlikely to be achieved, even under optimal delivery, using the current strategy of annual vaccination of dogs older than 3 months.     

中山市狂犬病105例回顾性分析

目的收集105例狂犬病完整的流行病学个案资料,分析流行特征,为本市狂犬病的预防控制提供参考。方法病例个案资料录入Epidata数据库,并用spss11.0统计软件包进行分析。结果发病季节以7-12月份为高峰;男性明显多于女性,其发病比例为2.28∶1;职业以农民为主,占55.24%;本市人狂犬病病例传染源以家犬为主,占93.33%;暴露后伤口未作任何处理和接种疫苗的占63.81%,自行处理或不规范处理伤口和无及时接种疫苗的占20.00%,及时处理伤口并注射狂犬疫苗但发病的仅占病例数的7.62%。暴露后潜伏期最短13d,最长1153d,平均潜伏期78.56d。结论建议进一步加强犬类的"管、免、灭";加强宣传和健康教育,使人们在被带狂犬病毒的犬类咬伤后及时获得狂犬病暴露后的免疫预防;尽可能地对高危人群和高发地区开展暴露前免疫,降低狂犬病发病率。     

日本血吸虫31kDa组织蛋白酶B DNA疫苗保护性免疫效果观察

目的观察日本血吸虫31kDa组织蛋白酶BDNA疫苗(Sj31B1N)在小鼠体内的保护性免疫效果.方法用Sj31B1N和Sj31B1N+pUCDNA疫苗肌注免疫BALB/C小鼠,用空白质粒载体VR1012做对照,在0、4、8周共免疫3次,每次免疫前及末次免疫后4周从尾静脉采血收集血清,经ELISA法检测小鼠血清抗体升高时,用日本血吸虫尾蚴攻击感染小鼠.结果Sj31B1N和Sj31B1N+pUC减虫率分别为24.2%和22.0%;肝卵减少率分别为34.9%和39.5%,每雌肝卵减少率分别为30.4%和35.3%.结论小鼠接种Sj31B1N后对日本血吸虫感染有减虫、减卵作用及抗雌虫生殖的作用.加质粒佐剂pUC未见有增强免疫效果的作用.     

Antibody responses against influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus after sequential vaccination with pandemic and seasonal influenza vaccines in Finnish healthcare professionals

Background Influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus has been circulating in human population for three epidemic seasons. During this time, monovalent pandemic and trivalent seasonal influenza vaccination against this virus have been offered to Finnish healthcare professionals. It is, however, unclear how well vaccine‐induced antibodies recognize different strains of influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 circulating in the population and whether the booster vaccination with seasonal influenza vaccine would broaden the antibody cross‐reactivity. Objectives Influenza vaccine‐induced humoral immunity against several isolates of influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus was analyzed in healthcare professionals. Age‐dependent responses were also analyzed. Methods Influenza viruses were selected to represent viruses that circulated in Finland during two consecutive influenza epidemic seasons 2009–2010 and 2010–2011. Serum samples from vaccinated volunteers, age 20–64 years, were collected before and after vaccination with AS03‐adjuvanted pandemic and non‐adjuvanted trivalent seasonal influenza vaccine that was given 1 year later. Results Single dose of pandemic vaccine induced a good albeit variable antibody response. On day 21 after vaccination, depending on the virus strain, 14–75% of vaccinated had reached antibody titers (≥1:40) considered seroprotective. The booster vaccination 1 year later with a seasonal vaccine elevated the seroprotection rate to 57–98%. After primary immunization, younger individuals (20–48 years) had significantly higher antibody titers against all tested viruses than older persons (49–64 years) but this difference disappeared after the seasonal booster vaccination. Conclusions Even a few amino acid changes in influenza A HA may compromise the vaccine‐induced antibody recognition. Older adults (49 years and older) may benefit more from repeated influenza vaccinations.