地高辛-PLGA抗肿瘤纳米粒子的制备及其抗肿瘤活性的初步研究

目的 制备载地高辛的聚乳酸-羟基乙酸共聚物(PLGA)纳米粒子,提高地高辛的生物利用度,降低其毒副作用.方法 建立测定地高辛-PLGA纳米粒子载药量和包封率的高效液相色谱法;采用乳化溶剂挥发法制备地高辛-PLGA纳米粒子,并通过单因素实验优化制备条件;采用噻唑蓝法评价地高辛和地高辛-PLGA纳米粒子的抗肿瘤能力.结果 以粒径为筛选条件的单因素实验结果表明,制备地高辛-PLGA纳米粒子的最佳条件为PLGA 30 mg,地高辛2 mg,二氯甲烷3 ml,聚乙烯醇质量分数0.5％,超声功率200 W.此制备条件下得到的地高辛-PLGA纳米粒子的粒径约231 nm,包封率为74.61％,载药量为5.37％,且其抗肿瘤活性优于地高辛,差异具有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 以PLGA为载体材料制备地高辛-PLGA纳米粒子可增强地高辛的抗肿瘤作用.     

载羟基喜树碱聚乳酸-羟基乙酸微球的制备及相关性能研究

目的制备一种载羟基喜树碱的聚乳酸-羟基乙酸(PLGA)缓释微球,并考察其相关性能。方法采用乳化-溶剂挥发法制备羟基喜树碱PLGA微球,用扫描电子显微镜观察载药微球表面形态,测定平均粒径及跨距,高效液相色谱检测包封率、载药率及体外释放情况,改良寇氏法计算小鼠半数致死量。结果制备的载药PLGA微球呈圆球形,表面光滑,无粘连,平均粒径30.8μm,跨距0.9,包封率为85.5%、载药率4.28%,在体外28 d累积释放药物81.4%。羟基喜树碱小鼠静脉注射的半数致死量为18.4 mg/kg,肌内注射半数致死量为71.3 mg/kg,而羟基喜树碱PLGA微球肌内注射的半数致死量为138.5 mg/kg。结论乳化-溶剂挥发法制备的羟基喜树碱PLGA微球粒径适宜,包封率、载药率高,缓释效果好,毒性低,具有潜在的临床应用价值。     

左氧氟沙星聚乳酸-羟基乙酸共聚物纳米微球的制备及性能分析北大核心

背景:普通剂型的左氧氟沙星在体内代谢快,半衰期短,纳米微球为解决这一问题提供了新的途径。目的:制备一种能够减少给药次数,维持平稳有效的血药浓度且能复合在组织工程支架材料上的左氧氟沙星聚乳酸-羟基乙酸共聚物[poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid),PLGA]纳米微球。方法:采用乳化溶剂挥发法制备不同条件下的左氧氟沙星纳米微球。(1)取24只新西兰大白兔随机分为3组研究左氧氟沙星纳米微球的体内药代动力学特性,普通剂型组通过耳缘静脉注射普通剂型的左氧氟沙星注射液20 mg/kg,未载药纳米微球组接受等剂量的未载药纳米微球,载药纳米微球组接受等剂量的左氧氟沙星纳米微球,每组8只。于定点时间测定静脉血中左氧氟沙星含量;(2)取45只新西兰大白兔建立尿路感染模型,随机分为3组,空白对照组每日经耳缘静脉注入生理盐水;传统剂型组注入普通剂型的左氧氟沙星(20 mg/kg);纳米微球组注入相应等剂量的左氧氟沙星纳米微球。于不同时间点行尿细菌培养,检测尿白细胞、血白细胞和中性粒细胞数;9 d后行膀胱组织学检测评估左氧氟沙星纳米微球抗菌能力。结果与结论:(1)体内药代动力学特性:与传统剂型相比,最优条件下的左氧氟沙星PLGA纳米微球可以明显减少血药浓度的波动和给药频率;(2)抗菌性能评估:在每日用药的传统剂型组和仅一次给药的纳米微球组,兔感染症状逐步得到控制,在第9天时已基本治愈;此外,在相同时间点纳米微球组兔治愈数量基本高于传统剂型组,虽然只有在用药后的第5天两组之间差异有显著性意义;(3)结果表明:左氧氟沙星PLGA纳米微球抗感染能力强,缓释性能佳,能明显减少给药频次及延长作用时间,在治疗泌尿系统感染方面具有良好的临床和组织工程尿道应用前景。     

提高PLGA微球载蛋白多肽类药物稳定性添加剂的研究进展

聚乳酸-羟基乙酸共聚物(PLGA)包裹药物制成微球制剂是近年来药物输送体系的研究热点,但是PLGA包囊药物尤其是蛋白多肽类变性失活问题是研究的难点.改进生产工艺特别是使用添加剂可提高微球中包载药物的稳定性.综述了PLGA微球制备及释放过程中不同添加剂的作用特别是稳定蛋白药物的作用.     

BSA-PLGA微球的制备条件优化及不同添加剂对包封率的影响

目的探讨不同优化条件及添加剂对BSA-PLGA微球包封率的影响。方法采用水/油/水(W1/O/W2)的双乳化技术制备了BSA-PLGA微球,对影响其包封率的工艺进行了研究并考察了蔗糖、聚乙二醇和甘油对包封率的影响。结果采用优化条件制备的微球包封率为89.1%;BSA溶液中加入添加剂后,包封率可以提高到97.5%。结论采用水/油/水(W1/O/W2)的双乳化制备的BSA-PLGA微球可用于运载生物大分子药物,同时,提高内水相的粘度能够提高蛋白的包封率。     

两性霉素B缓释微球的制备及缓释性能研究

为了更好地研究药物载体材料对药物微球缓释性能的影响,本研究将可完全生物降解的共聚物作为壁材以相分离法制备含抗真菌药物两性霉素B的微球,研究了不同溶剂/非溶剂、不同分子量共聚物、不同配比共聚物、不同表面活性剂及其不同用量等因素对微球的粒径大小、分布、药物包封率和药物体外释放等性能的影响。使用透射电镜（TEM）和原子力显微镜（AFM）观察微球的表面形貌,使用激光粒度分析仪测试微球的粒径大小及分布,使用紫外分光光度计测定药物的包封率。研究发现,聚合物特性粘度和分子量越大,聚合物中LA：PEG的配比越大,微球粒径越大,分布越宽;微球粒径越大,包封率也较大;AmB/PLA-PEG微球具有缓释性能,且含药微球的释放性能与微球的粒径,包封率等因素有关。     

异硫氰酸荧光素标记的神经生长因子缓释微球的制备及评价

目的 探讨异硫氰酸荧光素(FITC)标记的神经生长因子缓释微球的制备,并对其进行体内外评价.方法 采用水-油-水的双乳化技术制备FITC标记的神经生长因子缓释微球.利用扫描电镜和荧光显微镜对其形态特征进行观察,并对其体内外释放情况进行研究.结果 制备的FITC标记的神经生长因子缓释微球包封率和载药量分别为(97.9±8.9)%和(4.90±0.56)%.扫描电镜结果显示所制备的微球呈圆形、形态规整、粒径分布较均匀.荧光显微镜结果显示所包载的蛋白类药物在微球内旱随机分布.缓释微球体外持续释放5周后,有73%的蛋白释放出来;荧光示踪显示在体内能够持续释放达5周以上.结论 采用水-油-水的双乳化技术制备的缓释微球可以将生物大分子药物如神经生长因子成功运载到脑内.     

影响微球药物释放因素的研究

目的 观察影响微球药物释放的因素，为其应用提供理论基础。方法 以可生物降解的聚乳酸—聚乙醇酸共聚物(PLGA)和聚L—乳酸(PLIA)为载体，采用乳化—溶剂挥发法制备含细胞松弛素B(cytoB)微球，以HPLC测定cy-toB含量。结果 制备了不同球径的微球，其球径分别为150nm、500nm、1μm、5μm、10μm和20μm。体外释放实验证明，球径越小，药物释放速度越快；球径相同时，以PLIA为基材的微球比PLGA的释放慢。结论 可通过选择适当的微球大小和基质材料达到所期望的药物释放过程。     

骨碎补总黄酮/聚乳酸-羟基乙酸微囊的制备

背景：微囊是目前靶向治疗给药体系的主要方向之一,其大小为数微米到数百微米,可用于口服、注射、动脉给药及局部靶器官治疗等多种治疗途径。目的：制备骨碎补总黄酮/聚乳酸-羟基乙酸共聚物微囊,并对微囊制备条件进行优化。方法：采用乳化溶剂挥发法制备骨碎补总黄酮/聚乳酸-羟基乙酸共聚物微囊,单因素分析聚乳酸-羟基乙酸共聚物质量浓度(60,100,140,180 g/L)、搅拌速度(50,1 000,2 000,4 000 r/min)、初乳乳化时间(2,4,6,8 min)及水油比(1∶5、1∶10、1∶15、1∶20)对微囊大体形态、粒径分布宽度与微囊中总黄酮包封率的影响,筛选出微囊粒径较小、分散均匀、包封率较高的骨碎补总黄酮/聚乳酸-羟基乙酸共聚物微囊。结果与结论：确定最佳工艺参数为：140 g/L 聚乳酸-羟基乙酸共聚物溶液,匀浆机2 000 r/min搅拌速度,初乳乳化时间6 min,水油比为1∶15。优化工艺下所制备的微囊分布均匀,平均粒径为(789.8±712.3) nm,粒径分布宽度较窄,基本小于5 μm;扫描电镜下观察所见微囊呈圆形,边缘较规则;微囊平均包封率为47.72%。  中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：人工关节;骨植入物;脊柱;骨折;内固定;数字化骨科;组织工程     

膜乳化法制备单分散性载羟基喜树碱缓释微球

目的 研究利用微孔膜乳化法制备载抗癌药10-羟基喜树碱（IqCPT）缓释微球的可行性。方法 以HCPT为模型药物,聚乳酸（PEA）为载体,以膜乳化法制备载药微球,并研究制剂的表面形态、载药率、包封率和缓释效果等性质。结果 膜乳化法制备的载HCPT聚乳酸微球,粒径可控制在1-10μm之间。表面圆整,稳定性、单分散性良好,载药率和包封率最高分别可达32．7％和81．7％,24h体外累积释放量为17．3％。结论 膜乳化法制备的载HCPT微球制剂均匀分散,具有明显缓释效果,是制备缓释微球制剂的较好方法。     

Design and release kinetic pattern evaluation of indomethacin microspheres intended for oral administration

Indomethacin has been incorporated into either ethylcellulose (EC) or Eudragit RL microspheres by a solvent-evaporation process. Production variables have been tested in an attempt to produce indomethacin microspheres having adequate oral controlled-release properties. In spite of high drug content in the ethylcellulose microspheres, the indomethacin release rate was too slow and incomplete. Although the addition of an hydrophilic polymer, polyethylene glycol), to the EC polymer enhanced the indomethacin release rate, it was not possible to reach release profiles suitable for oral use. Therefore, indomethacin was incorporated into a more permeable polymer, Eudragit RL. While incorporation efficiency decreased with increasing initial concentration of indomethacin, adequate oral-release profiles were achieved. It was found that all the global-release profiles yielded by the indomethacin-loaded Eudragit RL microspheres conformed to the Higuchi diffusional model of dispersed drug particles in spherical micromatrices and not to the desorption kinetic model of a dissolved drug from a monolithic spherical device.     

Preparation and drug controlled release of porous octyl-dextran microspheres

In this work, porous octyl-dextran microspheres with excellent properties were prepared by two steps. Firstly, dextran microspheres were synthesized by reversed-phase suspension polymerization. Secondly, octyl-dextran microspheres were prepared by the reaction between dextran microspheres and ethylhexyl glycidyl ether and freezing-drying method. Porous structure of microspheres was formed through the interaction between octyl groups and organic solvents. The structure, morphology, dry density, porosity and equilibrium water content of porous octyl-dextran microspheres were systematically investigated. The octyl content affected the properties of microspheres. The results showed that the dry density of microspheres decreased from 2.35 to 1.21 g/ml, porosity increased from 80.68 to 95.05% with the octyl content increasing from 0.49 to 2.28 mmol/g. Meanwhile, the equilibrium water content presented a peak value (90.18%) when the octyl content was 2.25 mmol/g. Octyl-dextran microspheres showed high capacity. Naturally drug carriers play an important role in drug-delivery systems for their biodegradability, wide raw materials sources and nontoxicity. Doxorubicin (DOX) was used as a drug model to examine the drug-loading capacity of porous octyl-dextran microspheres. The drug-loading efficiency increased with the increase in microspheres/drug ratio, while the encapsulation efficiency decreased. When microspheres/drug mass ratio was 4/1, the drug-loading efficiency and encapsulation efficiency were 10.20 and 51.00%, respectively. The release rate of DOX increased as drug content and porosity increased. In conclusion, porous octyl-dextran microspheres were synthesized successfully and have the potential to serve as an effective delivery system in drug controlled release.     

Preparation,characterization, and in vitro release of gentamicin from coralline hydroxyapatite-alginate composite microspheres

In this work, composite microspheres were prepared from bioactive ceramics such as coralline hydroxyapatite [Ca(10)(PO(4))(6)(OH)(2)] granules, a biodegradable polymer, sodium alginate, and an antibiotic, gentamicin. Previously, we have shown a gentamicin release from coralline hydroxyapatite granules-chitosan composite microspheres. In the present investigation, we attempted to prepare composite microspheres containing coralline hydroxyapatite granules and sodium alginate by the dispersion polymerization technique with gentamicin incorporated by absorption method. The crystal structure of the composite microspheres was analyzed using X-ray powder diffractometer. Fourier transform infrared spectra clearly indicated the presence of per-acid of sodium alginate, phosphate, and hydroxyl groups in the composite microspheres. Scanning electron micrographs and optical micrographs showed that the composite microspheres were spherical in shape and porous in nature. The particle size of composite microspheres was analyzed, and the average size was found to be 15 microns. The thermal behavior of composite microspheres was studied using thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetric analysis. The cumulative in vitro release profile of gentamicin from composite microspheres showed near zero order patterns.     

Drug entrapment in silica microspheres through a single step sol-gel process and in vitro release behavior

A single step sol-gel process was used to precipitate silica microspheres containing ibuprofen or naproxen for controlled drug delivery applications. The drug release behavior from these systems was analyzed in vitro. Pure ibuprofen and naproxen exhibited linear release with time, while sol-gel silica entrapped drugs were released with a logarithmic time dependence starting with an initial burst effect followed by a gradual decrease. Microscopic analysis combined with gravimety and infrared spectroscopy indicated that some of the drug is entrapped as large crystals attached to silica microspheres while the rest is encapsulated inside the microspheres. Drug-loaded silica microspheres with no open porosity and with a narrow particle size distribution were obtained. Both erosion of the microspheres and diffusion through them contributed to drug release. Sol-gel precipitation of silica microspheres is a promising method for drug entrapment and controlled release.     

乳酸-羟基乙酸共聚物缓控释微球的制备及突释成因与影响因素

背景：乳酸-羟基乙酸共聚物是一种生物可降解高分子材料,以乳酸-羟基乙酸共聚物为原料制备的载药微球和纳米粒既可提高药物的稳定性,又能实现缓释、控释和靶向释放。 目的：分析乳酸-羟基乙酸共聚物缓控释微球的制备方法以及突释的成因、影响因素和改进方法。 方法：应用计算机检索1990/2010中国期刊全文数据库和PubMed数据库与乳酸-羟基乙酸共聚物缓控释微球的制备及突释联系紧密的文章。 结果与结论：目前乳酸-羟基乙酸共聚物缓释微球制备方法主要有单凝聚法、乳化-固化法、喷雾干燥法。造成其突释的原因首先是药物分子和聚合物分子之间的相互作用太弱,导致药物很容易从微球进入释放递质中,其次是在微球释放初期,药物从微球中的孔洞和缝隙中释放出来导致突释。影响突释程度的具体因素有乳酸-羟基乙酸共聚物的相对分子质量、浓度、微球载药量、主药理化性质、微球制备方法及制备参数等。虽然国内外对突释机制以及控制突释措施的研究都还处于初步阶段,通过对各影响因素加以适当优化与控制,可在一定程度上减少微球的突释率,突释问题应该能够得到解决和控制。     

Preparation,characterization and in vitro release of gentamicin from coralline hydroxyapatite-gelatin composite microspheres

Composite microspheres have been prepared from bioactive ceramics such as coralline hydroxyapatite [CHA, Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2] granules, a biodegradable polymer, gelatin and an antibiotic, gentamicin. In our earlier work, we have shown a gentamicin release from CHA granules--chitosan composite microspheres. In the present investigation, an attempt was made to prepare the composite microspheres containing coralline hydroxyapatite and gelatin (CHA-G), which were prepared by the dispersion polymerization technique and the gentamicin was incorporated by the absorption method. The crystal structure of the composite microspheres was analyzed using X-ray powder diffractometer. The Fourier transformed infrared spectrum clearly indicated the presence of amide and hydroxyl groups in the composite microspheres. Scanning electron micrographs and optical micrographs show that the composite microspheres are spherical in shape and porous in nature. The particle size of composite microspheres was analyzed and the average size was found to be 16 microm. The thermal behavior of composite microspheres was studied using thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetric analysis. The cumulative in vitro release profile of gentamicin from composite microspheres showed near zero order patterns.     

Preparation of liposome bearing disulfide proteinoid and its reduction-responsive release property

Egg phosphatidylcholine (Egg PC) liposome bearing a disulfide proteinoid exhibited a reduction-responsive release property. Proteinoid composed of Asp, Leu, and cystamine (Prot(ALC)) and Asp and Leu (Prot(AL)) were synthesized by thermal condensation, confirmed by Raman, FT-IR, ¹H NMR and ¹³C NMR spectroscopy. Egg PC liposome bearing the proteinoid was prepared by a film hydration and sonication method. The fluorescence quenching of dye (i.e. calcein) loaded in liposome bearing the proteinoid was 68.1–78.1%. The mean hydrodynamic diameter of liposome bearing the proteinoid was less than 200 nm and it decreased with increasing amount of the proteinoid. On the TEM photo, multi-lamellar vesicles were observed and the vesicle diameter was 100–300 nm. At all the phospholipid to proteinod ratios tested (i.e. 1:0.01, 1:0.02, and 1:0.05 (w/w)), the release degree in 12 h of dye loaded in liposome bearing Prot(AL) was less than 2%, and it was almost the same regardless of dithiothreitol (DTT, a reducing agent) concentration (i.e. 0, 10, and 20 mM). Whereas the release degree of dye loaded in liposome bearing Prot(ALC) was 1.5–8.4% and it was significantly dependent on DTT concentration.     

Study on the drug release property of cholesteryl end-functionalized poly(epsilon-caprolactone) microspheres

End-functionalized poly/oligo(epsilon-caprolactone)s were synthesized through the ring-opening polymerization of epsilon-caprolactone initiated by cholesterol with a hydroxyl group. Using the end-functionalized poly/oligo(epsilon-caprolactone)s with different molecular weights, the microsphere drug delivery systems were fabricated using a convenient melting-emulsion method. The drug release properties of microspheres were investigated with the presence of an enzyme, Pseudomonas cepacia lipase, as well as in the absence of the enzyme. The release profiles can be fitted nicely by the classical empirical exponential expression. Under the hydrolytic condition, the drug release is mainly controlled by Fickian diffusion, and the high molecular weight of the matrix results in a slower drug release rate. Under the enzymatic condition, the drug release is dominated by combined degradation and diffusion mechanism, and the high molecular weight sample exhibits a faster release rate that is mainly caused by the higher degradation rate of the sample with lower cholesteryl moiety content.     

Preparation and characterization of pH- and temperature-sensitive pullulan microspheres for controlled release of drugs

Most part of pH- and temperature-sensitive microspheres used for the controlled delivery of drugs are not biodegradable. Therefore, the aim of this work is to prepare pH- and temperature-sensitive microspheres from biodegradable and biocompatible natural polymers. Pullulan microspheres were prepared by suspension cross-linking with epichlorohydrin of an aqueous solution of the polymer. In order to confer them temperature sensitivity, poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-co-acrylamide) was grafted onto pullulan microspheres. Then, the pH-sensitive units (-COOH) were introduced by reaction between the remaining -OH groups of the pullulan with succinic anhydride. The grafted pullulan microspheres are more hydrophilic than pullulan microspheres, their swelling degree as well as water regain increase significantly. The thermo-sensitivity of the carboxylated microspheres depends to the number and the ionization form (-COOH/-COO(-)) of carboxylic groups. At a low exchange capacity (0.35 meq/g), microspheres are thermo-sensitive both in the protonated and deprotonated form of -COOH groups. At a higher exchange capacity (2.25 meq/g), microspheres are almost unswellable in the protonated form and swell extensively in the ionized form (up to 28 times than their dried form) loosing in a great extent the thermo-sensitive properties. In isotonic phosphate buffer pH=7.4, both thermo-sensitive and pH/thermo-sensitive microspheres possess a phase transition temperature close to that of the human body temperature. Loading and release profiles of lysozyme, taken as a molecular model system, were investigated.     

Sol-gel processing of anti-inflammatory entrapment in silica, release kinetics, and bioactivity

Controlled and local drug-delivery systems for anti-inflammatory agents are drawing increasing attention for possible pharmaceutical and biomedical applications, because of their extended therapeutic effect and reduced side effects. A single-step sol-gel process was used to precipitate silica microspheres containing Ketoprofen, Indomethacin, Ketorolac tris salt, or Triamcinolone acetonide, for controlled drug delivery applications. The amorphous nature of the gels was ascertained by X-ray diffraction analysis. Release kinetics in a simulated body fluid (SBF) has been subsequently investigated. The amount of drug released has been detected by UV-vis spectroscopy. The pure anti-inflammatory agent exhibited linear release with time, while sol-gel silica-entrapped drugs were released with a logarithmic time dependence, starting with an initial burst effect followed by a gradual decrease. Finally, SEM micrography and EDS analysis showed the formation of a hydroxyapatite layer on the surface of the samples soaked in SBF. All the materials showed good release and therefore could be used as drug-delivery systems.