电焊工人接触锰烟,锰尘及尿锰的调查

为了解电焊作业环境的区域采样与个体采样在评价作业者接触锰烟尘水平的价值，采用滤膜质量法与磷酸－高碘酸钾比色法区域采集的２４份样品和个体采集的１４份样品进行了测定，同时对４２名作业者测定尿锰。结果显示：区域采样与个体采样样品的锰烟和锰尘浓度分别为０．１４±０．０６，４．１±１．２ｍｇ／ｍ＾３和２．６４±３．６８，２９．８±４２ｍｇ／ｍ＾３。个体采样值远高于区域采样值，以个体采样所得结果更能反映作业者     

氯苯类化合物空气采样管的研发及其配套测定方法研究

目的研发一种GDH-3空气采样管用于同时采集空气中12种氯苯类化合物(CBs), 并建立与其配套的测定方法。方法于2020年10月, 采用GDH-3空气采样管采集空气中以蒸气态和气溶胶态共存的12种CBs, 用3.00 ml甲苯洗脱15 min后, 以DB-23毛细管色谱柱分离, 微池电子捕获检测器测定。结果本方法测定12种CBs的定量测定范围为0.71×10-3～2 000.00 mg/L, 相关系数为0.999 67～0.999 98;最低检出质量浓度为0.04～112.63 μg/m3, 最低定量质量浓度为0.14～375.42 μg/m3(样品溶液体积为3.00 ml, 采样体积为15.00 L);平均洗脱效率为96.00%～104.00%;批内精密度为2.54%～6.12%, 批间精密度为3.85%～7.87%;样品在室温下可密封保存15 d以上。结论研发的GDH-3空气采样管可用于同时采集空气中12种CBs, 建立的配套测定方法符合职业卫生标准检测方法的测定要求, 适用于空气中12种CBs的同时测定。     

比较2种不同采样方法对空气微生物消毒效果的影响

目的六级筛孔空气撞击式采样器采样和液体撞击式采样器采样是空气消毒相关卫生标准中使用的2种不同的微生物采样方法,比较这2种采样方法对空气微生物消毒效果的影响。方法设计同时采样比较试验和实验室试验对2种不同微生物采样方法进行比较,并对结果进行统计学分析。结果在同样条件下,用液体采样的方法采集的菌落数明显高于六级筛孔采样器采样方法。当样品的消毒效率较高(高于95%)时,液体采样方法得到的杀灭率明显高于六级筛孔采样器采样方法;当样品的消毒效率较低(低于70%)时,六级筛孔采样器采样方法得到的杀灭率高于液体采样方法。结论液体采样方法在高浓度微生物气溶胶采集上有较大优势;六级筛孔采样器采样的结果更符合样品的实际微生物消毒效果。     

塑料生产物流场所空气中邻苯二甲酸酯的气相色谱-质谱测定法

目的建立塑料生产物流场所空气中邻苯二甲酸酯类增塑剂(PAEs)的气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)测定方法,并应用该方法进行职业环境中PAEs污染现状调查。方法按照《工作场所空气中毒物检测方法的研制规范》建立测定方法,采用该方法测定现场采集的样品以进行现状调查。结果6种PAEs在2～1000ng/ml范围内均呈线性关系(以采集3L空气样品计,相当于空气中浓度为0.67～333μg/m3);检出限均低于1ng/ml,相当于空气中最低检出浓度均低于0.33μg/m3;分别以相对标准偏差和回收率计,日内精密度和准确度分别为3.0%～7.8%和93.1%～105.1%,日间精密度和准确度分别为3.4%～9.9%和93.4%～106.4%;解吸效率为92.9%～97.9%;采样效率为约100%;穿透容量大于1.4mg;样品在室温下可稳定保存7天;选择性良好。现场调查结果显示,塑料生产物流场所空气中PAEs的污染情况尚不严重,职业接触工人中也未见明显临床症状与体征。结论GC-MS法灵敏度高、线性范围宽、精密度和准确度好,可用于塑料生产物流场所空气中PAEs的测定。     

工作场所空气中甲基丙烯酸甲酯的溶剂解吸气相色谱测定方法研究

目的建立工作场所空气中甲基丙烯酸甲酯的溶剂解吸气相色谱测定方法。方法采用活性炭管采样二硫化碳解吸,或者硅胶管采样丙酮解吸,经FFAP毛细管色谱柱分离的气相色谱测定甲基丙烯酸甲酯方法。对方法的线性范围、检出限、精密度、解吸效率、采样效率等性能指标进行了规范性研究。结果该试验甲基丙烯酸甲酯线性范围分别为0.6～561.6 mg/L（活性炭管采样二硫化碳解吸）和0.6～1 497.6 mg/L（硅胶管采样丙酮解吸）;检出限（相当于3倍噪声的含量）均为0.6 mg/L;最低检出浓度分别为0.4和0.2 mg/m3（前者以活性炭采集1.5 L空气样品,后者以硅胶采集4.5 L空气样品计）;活性炭管采样二硫化碳解吸和硅胶管采样丙酮解吸的气相色谱测定方法的重现性好,相对标准偏差分别为1.2%～4.0%和0.5%～2.5%;平均解吸效率分别为94.2%～97.5%和97.0%～98.3%;采样效率分别为99.8%～100.0%和94.1%～100.0%;100 mg活性炭对甲基丙烯酸甲酯的穿透容量〉28.6 mg,300 mg硅胶对甲基丙烯酸甲酯的穿透容量〉2.7 mg;2种固体吸附剂管采集的样品在室温下至少可保存7 d。结论活性炭管采样二硫化碳解吸和硅胶管采样丙酮解吸的气相色谱测定方法都可完全适用于工作场所空气中甲基丙烯酸甲酯的测定。     

热电气体流量计的研究与试制

本文介绍了一种适用于采样系统、能长期连续工作、阻力小、可远传的电测空气流量计。仪器的量程为30～150升/分、150～500升/分。介质温度恒定,仪器准确度为±1%,介质温度在0～60℃,压力760～320毫米汞柱范围内,准确度为±7%,可连续工作2000小时,仪器采用恒定温差方法,对压力变化不敏感,在温度变化被补偿后可作为质量流量计。文章较深入的实验观察了仪器的长期稳定性、温度漂移及其补偿方法,提出了完整的工艺技术文件并巳在南京航海仪器厂安排生产。     

工作场所空气中邻苯二甲酸酯和己二酸酯的气相色谱-质谱同时测定法

目的 建立塑料生产物流场所空气中邻苯二甲酸酯类(PAEs)和己二酸酯类(AEs)增塑剂的气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)同时测定方法 ,并应用该方法 进行职业环境中PAEs和AEs污染现状调查.方法 通过活性炭吸附空气中的PAEs和AEs,二硫化碳解吸,GC-MS方法 定性定量.按照<工作场所空气中毒物检测方法 的研制规范>进行选择性与干扰、线性范围与最低检出浓度、精密度和准确度、稳定性、解吸效率、采样效率、穿透容量试验,建立测定方法 ,采用该方法 进行现场检测.结果 6种PAEs和5种AEs在10～1000ng/ml范围内均呈线性关系(以采集3 L空气样品计,相当于空气中浓度为3.33～333.00μg/m~3);灵敏度高,检出限均低于4 ng/ml,相当于空气中最低检出浓度均低于1.5μg/m~3;准确度和精密度良好,分别以相对标准偏差和回收率计,日内精密度和准确度分别为2.0%～7.6%和95.2%～104.1%,日间精密度和准确度分别为2.6%～7.8%和93.8%～104.2%;解吸效率为93.6%～98.0%;采样效率约为100%;穿透容量大于0.48 mg;样品在室温下可稳定保存7 d.结论 该方法 达到<工作场所空气中毒物检测方法 的研制规范>要求,可用于塑料生产物流场所空气中PAEs和AEs的同时测定.     

氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱法测定居住区大气砷化物

目的建立氢化物原子荧光光谱测定居住区大气中砷化物的方法。方法利用浸渍微孔滤膜采集居住区大气中蒸气态以及气溶胶态砷化物,酸消解或微波消解;活性碳采集居住区大气中气砷化氢以及蒸气态等砷化物,酸性溶液解吸。在最佳仪器、反应条件下测定。结果方法检出限0.16μg/L,方法检测下限0.53μg/L。线性范围0ng/mL～30ng/mL(As),相关系数0.9998。精密度:测试液砷浓度为3.0μg/L、15.0μg/L、27.0μg/L(As)时,7次测定的相对标准偏差(RSD)分别为5.5%、3.9%和1.5%。样品加标回收率在92.7%～101.5%之间。活性碳管采集砷化物的平均采样效率为93.7%(RSD2.7%)、盐酸溶液(2+8)解吸的平均解吸效率为93.1%(RSD2.9%)。浸渍微孔滤膜和活性碳管采集砷化物,在室温下至少可保存7d。结论该方法具有较高的准确度、采样效率和解吸效率,较低的检出限,较好的精密度和稳定性,能满足居住区大气中砷化物浓度的测定要求。     

2001-2002年濮阳市13家医疗卫生保健机构消毒效果追踪调查分析

2001年7-8月份,市卫生防疫站对市直13家医疗卫生保健机构的消毒效果进行了采样监测。共采集样品1120份,合格985份,合格率为87.95%,其中采集空气样品42份,合格9份,合格率仅为21.43%,空气细菌总数最高值达3407.5cfu/立方米,为国标(国家II类环境空气质量标准为≤200cfu/立方米)上限的17倍;采集物体表面样品350份,合格291份,合格率为83.14%;采集无菌用品特殊医疗器械样品85份,合格80份,合格率为94.12%;采集一次性医疗用品178份,合格159份,合格率为89.33%;采集消毒剂、医护人员手、高压蒸气灭菌器、紫外线灯管共计465份,合格446份,合格率为95.91…     

车间空气中沥青烟气的测定——乙醇采集荧光分光光度法

介绍车间空气中的沥青经无水乙醇采集后,用荧光法直接测定的监测检验方法。将两个各装有10ml 无水乙醇的冲击式吸收管串联,以0.5L/min 速度抽取5～10L 空气,测定时的激发和发射波长分别为360nm 和402nm。本法的采样效率>90%,分析的线性范围0～10μg;相应的回归方程平均加标回收率±标准差=95.4%±3.2%;精密度:CV=0.4%～2.0%;检测下限为0.2μg,在实验的三天内样品是稳定的。以本法对炼焦作业及有关使用沥青的车间生产现场作多次测定得到的样品图谱峰形与标准样品基本一致,结果与现场情况亦颇相符,表明方法简便、灵敏、可靠和实用。     

The development and evaluation of a thermally-desorbable miniature passive dosimeter for the monitoring of organic vapors

A thermally desorbable passive dosimeter for organic vapors has been developed in conformity with theoretical and practical aspects of passive dosimeter design. The device was optimized for low sample loadings which result from short-term and/or low concentration level exposure. Laboratory evaluation of this device for factors critical to the performance of passive dosimeters included the following: desorption efficiency, capacity, sensitivity, accuracy and precision, concentration level, environmental conditions (e.g., air face velocity, relative humidity) and sample stability during short and long periods of time. This device has been shown to operate in accordance with theoretically predicted performance and should be adequate for short-term exposure limits and/or low concentration monitoring of organic vapors in the workplace.     

Field validation of three passive dosimeters for excursion limit monitoring of ethylene oxide

The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) set a 5-ppm excursion limit (EL) for ethylene oxide (EtO) in April 1988. Both active and passive sampling methods have been proposed for monitoring workers against this new standard. Passive dosimetry has considerable advantages over active sampling for monitoring short-term exposures to EtO, including reduced sampling and analysis complexity, increased chemical stability, and reduced cost. The major disadvantage of these passive methods is their questionable ability to meet the OSHA requirement for the test result to fall within +/- 35% of the "true" result with 95% confidence at the EL over a 15-min sampling period. A field validation study was performed to estimate the accuracy of three EtO EL passive dosimeters: 3M 3550/3551, Crystal Diagnostics AirScan, and Assay Technology EO CHEM CHIP. Area samples were taken at four unique concentration areas within a hospital products sterilization facility. A specially designed field exposure chamber was used to expose 12 dosimeters of each type concurrently at each sampling location while concurrently collecting six Tedlar bag samples from locations surrounding the dosimeter array. The Tedlar bag samples were analyzed on-site by gas chromatography with flame ionization detection (GC-FID). To enhance the strength of this validation study, manufacturers of the dosimeters were requested to take part in the investigation. Their input was used during the design of the exposure chamber and study protocol and in the interpretation of the results. Two of the three dosimeter types were analyzed by the investigators.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Laboratory evaluation of stain-length passive dosimeters for monitoring of vinyl chloride and ethylene oxide

The effects of vapor concentration in the range of 1.2 to 5.1 ppm (vinyl chloride) and 8.3 to 29.1 ppm (ethylene oxide) on the response of new stain-length passive dosimeters were evaluated separately in a dynamic exposure chamber. The vinyl chloride dosimeter was prepared with a permanganate impregnated blend of Chromosorb W and silica gel, while a silica gel-coated plastic strip (TLC plate) impregnated with dichromate was used to detect ethylene oxide. The use of a TLC plate as the inert support allowed us to reduce the amount of reagent loaded per length of tube, thus significantly enhancing in the sensitivity of the unit, which was necessary for accurately detecting ethylene oxide at these low concentrations. At the vinyl chloride exposure of 8 ppm-hrs the length of stain was 0.76 cm and the 95% confidence interval about this point was +/- 1.4 ppm-hrs (18%). For the ethylene oxide dosimeter the length of stain at the exposure of 80 ppm-hrs was 0.90 cm and the 95% confidence interval about this point was +/- 16 ppm-hrs (20%). Although some shortening of the stain was noted at low relative humidity (26%) in the vinyl chloride device, no effect on the dosimeter response was observed over the range of relative humidity of 35 to 96%. The ethylene oxide dosimeter response was not affected by relative humidity in the range of 28 to 90%. The use of a TLC plate as the inert support of the colorimetric reagent has proven to be an excellent means of improving the sensitivity of these stain-length passive dosimeters.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Dosimeter for detection of hydrogen fluoride

The passive dosimeter for hydrogen fluoride monitoring consists of a plastic box with 40 holes of 1 mm in diameter in the front side containing a Na2CO3-impregnated filter paper as the collection medium. The sampling rate of this dosimeter is independent of the exposure dose and temperature but depends on the relative humidity. At 20% relative humidity the sampling rate is 1.69 l.h-1, however at 70% the sampling rate is 0.68 l.h-1. The dependence of the sampling rate on the relative humidity phi is expressed by the equation AR = - 0.0198.phi + 2.04.     

Evaluation of a passive optical based end of service life indicator (ESLI) for organic vapor respirator cartridges

A passive visual end of service life indicator (ESLI) for certain organic vapors has been attached to the inside wall of an organic vapor respirator cartridge. The opposite side of the ESLI touches activated carbon inside the cartridge. During use, organic vapors moving through the cartridge adsorb into both the carbon and the ESLI. The cartridge body is clear so that when vapor concentrations meet a certain threshold, the user may observe the progressive development of an indicator bar down the side of the ESLI. The cartridge is deemed ready to change when any part of the indicator bar touches a marked end line. The performance of the ESLI was observed when the cartridge was tested against a variety of organic vapors, exposure concentrations above the minimum indication level, humidities, temperatures, flow rates, and mixtures. In all cases, the ESLI indicated end of service life with more than 10% cartridge service life remaining (which is a NIOSH test criteria). The results were also compared to mathematical predictions of cartridge service life.     

The effect of square wave exposure profiles upon the performance of passive organic vapor monitoring badges

Three commercially available passive organic vapor monitoring badges were exposed to ethyl benzene vapor in a dynamic test atmosphere characterized by well defined square wave concentration profiles having periods of 2, 6, and 10 minutes. These concentrations fluctuations between zero and 150 ppm caused no significant bias in the TWA concentration indicated by the badges. A slight, but statistically significant, interaction between badge type and exposure profile is attributable to random analytical error in the data provided by one badge type.     

Stain length passive dosimeter for monitoring of carbon monoxide

A new passive dosimeter for the personal monitoring of carbon monoxide exposure in the workplace has been developed. This new type of sampling device does not require follow-up analysis of the collected sample to determine the exposure. Rather, the time-weighted average concentration is determined directly from the length of a colored stain which is produced instantaneously during the exposure period in a specially prepared indicator tube. The colored stain length is a function of both contaminant concentration and exposure time. The effects of carbon monoxide concentration in the range of 0.5 T TLV to 2.0 X TLV on the response of the dosimeter were evaluated in a dynamic exposure chamber. In this range of concentration, plots of stain length against exposure collapsed onto a single curve. At the TLV exposure the stain length was 2.1 cm and the 95% confidence interval about this point was +/- 17%. Relative humidity in the range of 26 to 92% and face velocity in the range of 0.01 to 1.0 m/s (2 to 200 fpm) did not significantly affect the dosimeter response. These data were fitted to the appropriate model equation with a correlation coefficient of 0.968. By eliminating the need for follow-up analysis, this stain length dosimeter significantly reduces the cost of monitoring. The instantaneous readout eliminates the delay between exposure and quantification, enabling more careful control of the workplace environment.     

Development and application of an environment dosimeter for carbon disulfide

Construction, function, and quality of parameters of a newly developed passive dosimeter for carbon disulphide are described. CS2 adsorbed on chromosorb 101 is thermically desorbed and then dosed to a gas chromatograph via a gas sampling valve and finally determined by flame photometric detection (FPD). The dosimeter allows 24-hr immission and indoor measurements, respectively, and is also suitable as a personal dosimeter for the environmental concentration range. First practical measurement results are discussed.     

A piezoelectric crystal dosimeter for monitoring mercury vapor in industrial atmospheres.

A personal dosimeter for mercury vapor in air based on the use of a piezoelectric sensor with a selective coating has been developed and evaluated. The sensor is a gravimetric device which indicates an integrated total exposure to mercury vapor.     

Benzene in air--organic vapor monitors versus charcoal tubes

Passive badges have been utilized for many years throughout the industrial hygiene community for the sampling of organic vapors in air. Passive badges are, in many cases, preferred because of their simplicity and ease of use. Although they have received general acceptance by most practicing industrial hygiene professionals, many still are unconvinced that the devices can give results comparable to the traditional pump and tube technology. This evaluation encompassed many of the areas of concern that have been expressed in the past. A laboratory comparison was made of the 3M 3500 organic vapor monitor versus charcoal tubes in both short-term and full-shift scenarios. Benzene was chosen as the analyte of interest for most of the testing because of the general interest in benzene in both the chemical and refining industries. Back diffusion, humidity effects, concentration effects, storage stability, competing solvents, intermediate-duration spikes, short-duration spikes, and fluctuating concentrations were all investigated. The data confirm that the 3M 3500 passive badge gives precise and accurate results that are well within the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) acceptability criteria of +/- 25% accuracy.