多镜联合治疗胆囊结石并隐匿性胆总管结石47例临床分析

目的探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术(LC)中隐匿性胆总管结石的微创治疗方法。方法回顾分析我科2006年10月至2014年2月在LC中发现隐匿性胆总管结石47例临床资料,胆囊管直径≥5 mm采取经胆囊管胆道镜检查并取石;胆囊管直径5 mm,胆囊管留置造影管,术后经十二指肠镜乳头括约肌切开(EST)取石。结果 47例手术全部获得成功,无出血、胆瘘、感染等严重并发症,29例直接经胆囊管胆道镜取石,其中12例行胆囊管切开至汇入胆总管处,胆道镜取石,一期缝合;18例因胆道镜进入困难行胆囊管造影,其中6例LC后改变体位直接行十二指镜检查,行EST取出结石,12例术后留置胆囊管造影管,1周后再行胆道造影,5例胆总管结石消失,7例胆总管还有结石,行EST取出。全组病例随访10~24个月,无残留结石、胆管炎等。结论熟练掌握腹腔镜、胆道镜和十二指肠镜技术,联合治疗LC中发现隐匿性胆总管结石是安全、有效的微创治疗方法。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术中经胆囊管胆道造影的临床意义

目的 探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术中行经胆囊管胆道造影对隐匿性胆总管结石及医源性胆管损伤诊断的临床意义.方法 回顾性分析341例腹腔镜胆囊切除术患者的临床资料,其中137例术中行经胆囊管胆道造影,207例未行造影.结果 137例行术中胆道造影者,术中发现胆总管结石11例（8.03％）,胆管损伤1例（0.72％）;术后随访3～6个月发现胆总管残余结石4例（2.92％）,未发现胆管损伤.204例未行术中胆道造影者,术中发现胆总管结石5例（2.45％）,术中未发现胆管损伤;术后随访3～6个月发现胆总管残余结石18例（8.82％）,胆管损伤2例（0.98％）.结论 腹腔镜胆囊切除术中经胆囊管胆道造影操作安全、快速、无创,可提高胆总管结石诊断的敏感度,及时发现胆管损伤,降低胆总管残余结石发生率,避免不必要的胆道探查.     

腹腔镜联合胆道镜经胆囊管胆道探查体会

目的总结经胆囊管腹腔镜联合胆道镜胆道取石临床经验。方法80例胆囊结石可疑胆总管结石采用经胆囊管腹腔镜联合胆道镜胆道探查术。腹腔镜下分离胆囊管至胆总管汇合处,剪开胆囊管前壁,扩张器适当扩张胆囊管,行胆道造影明确胆道结石分布,胆道镜经胆囊管行胆道探查取石后再造影确认结石取净,夹闭胆囊管并切除胆囊。术后不常规放T管。结果6例胆道探查阴性。术中证实74例胆道有结石,0.6~1.0cm18例,<0.5cm56例。31例胆道内1枚结石,43例有2枚以上。18例需用等离子碎石器碎石。67例行胆囊管扩张。胆囊管开口变异6例。胆囊管损伤2例,处理后无术后胆漏。5例可疑肝内胆道结石行胆总管切开T管引流,术后行T管造影和胆道镜检查证实2例左肝管结石行胆道镜取石治愈,3例未发现结石。本组手术时间(168±34)min,出血量(50±8)ml,术后腹腔引流量(30±17)ml。62例术后3个月B超检查,未发现胆管残余结石。结论经胆囊管腹腔镜联合胆道镜取石是治疗继发性胆道结石的一种有效微创方法。     

腹腔镜顺行性括约肌切开术

在腹腔镜胆囊切除术中,胆总管结石一般先用内镜逆行括约肌切开术取出,1993年巴西DePaulo采用腹腔镜顺行性括约肌切开术,在胆囊切除的同时处理胆总管结石,作者介绍自己的经验在6例胆囊和胆总管结石的治疗结果,病人平均年龄41岁(16～74岁),4例为女性.1例术前两氨酸转氨酶(ALT) 升高,术中胆道造影显示下端胆总管内多个结石,经胆囊管未能取除结石;2例急性胆囊炎病人也有胆总管多发结石;2例患有胆石性胰腺炎;1例AIDS病人患有胆石性胰腺炎.按常规行腹腔镜胆囊切除,自胆囊管进行术中胆道造影,并从中插入一外径3. 1mm可屈性胆道镜,其中1例巨大结石嵌在胆囊管和胆总管交接处,延长胆囊管切口至胆总管,去除结石后才能插人胆道镜.均用取石篮清除给石.如有多发性胆总管结石而不能取净或嵌在壶腹部,则行顺行性括约肌切开术,插人内镜乳头切开刀,另自口腔插人十二指肠镜,在其侧孔视野的电视屏引导下切开括约肌.仅在扩大切口至胆总管壁的病例才置-T管引流,并     

腹腔镜下胆囊管嵌顿结石的处理

目的: 总结腹腔镜胆囊切除术(laporoscopic cholecystectomy,LC)中胆囊管结石嵌顿的处理经验.方法: 回顾分析2001年3月至2005年3月施行的LC临床资料,共1 180例,其中33例胆囊管结石嵌顿,行胆囊管切开取石,并选择性行术中胆道造影.结果:32例成功,其中包括1例术中胆道造影提示胆总管结石者,行腹腔镜下胆总管切开胆道镜下网篮取石术;1例因嵌顿结石紧靠胆总管取出困难而中转开腹.结论: 胆囊管结石嵌顿经适当处理均能在腹腔镜下完成胆囊切除术.如合并胆总管结石则可在腹腔镜下胆管切开胆道镜取石或中转开腹.     

术中胆道造影在急诊腹腔镜胆囊切除术中的应用价值

目的 探讨经胆囊管术中胆道造影在急诊腹腔镜胆囊切除术中的价值.方法 对95例急性胆囊炎胆囊结石患者行急诊腹腔镜胆囊切除术,术中行经胆囊管胆道造影,对胆总管结石、胆囊管结石的发生率及发现胆管误伤和解剖变异情况进行回顾性分析.结果 经术中胆道造影发现胆总管结石11例、胆囊管结石6例、迷走胆管1例、肝总管损伤1例、Mirizzi综合征2例、胆道变异2例.结论 经胆囊管术中胆道造影在急诊腹腔镜胆囊切除术中可发现术前未发现的胆总管、胆囊管结石,指导治疗,减少术中胆管损伤,及时发现胆管损伤并正确处理,减轻急性炎症带来的手术困难.     

腹腔镜下经胆囊管取石治疗胆囊结石合并非扩张性胆总管结石

目的探讨腹腔镜下经胆囊管取石治疗胆囊结石合并非扩张性胆总管结石的临床价值。方法腹腔镜下切除胆囊之前切开胆囊管,插入C管行胆道造影,发现胆总管结石后,在C形臂X线机透视下,经胆囊管插入金属网篮或取石球囊,取出胆总管结石同时经胆囊管放置C管引流。结果36例手术均获成功,结石全部取净。手术时间90～150min,平均125.4min;术后住院时间4～7d,平均5.4d;C管引流时间3～4d。36例术后随访3个月,B超检查均无胆漏,无胆道残余结石,无胆总管狭窄或扩张。结论腹腔镜下经胆囊管取石治疗胆囊结石合并非扩张性胆总管结石,具有创伤小、效果好、并发症少、恢复快等优点,是一种值得推荐的微创治疗方法。     

腹腔镜X线联合经胆囊管胆总管网篮取石的探讨

目的：探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术时在X线透视下经胆囊管胆总管网篮取石的可行性。方法：2002年6月至2006年10月85例患者术前均经B超诊断为胆囊结石,伴胆总管扩张、胆总管结石。术中于腹腔镜下经胆囊管、胆总管造影,胆道镜取石网篮,在C臂机透视下用胆道镜网篮取石后经胆囊管取出。结果：85例患者经胆总管造影发现胆总管结石26例,经胆囊管胆总管网篮取石成功21例。3例因胆总管损伤中转开腹。2例腹腔镜下胆总管切开取石T管引流。结论：胆囊结石伴胆总管结石在X线透视下,正确掌握手术操作技巧,经胆囊管胆总管网篮取石可一次完成,术后效果满意。     

术中胆道造影在腹腔镜胆囊切除术中应用价值

目的探讨术中胆道造影在腹腔镜胆囊切除术中的应用价值。方法腹腔镜胆囊切除术中在切除胆囊前,常规在C型臂X线下行胆道造影,并及时采集、保存图像,以了解肝外胆管内有无结石存在。若发现结石,继而行中转开腹胆总管探查取石术。结果施行的76例术中胆道造影中,发现胆总管结石5例,其中胆总管下段多发结石2例,胆总管内单发结石2例,胆总管内一长柱状结石1例。5例胆总管结石取出术后均放置T型管,随访T管造影复查,未见结石残留。结论腹腔镜胆囊切除术常规行术中胆道造影可有效地防止胆道结石残留,避免了不必要的胆管探查,减少了胆管损伤和术后并发症的发生,减少了患者的住院费用和住院时间,且术中胆道造影操作简单、迅速、安全,除有禁忌证外,应常规应用术中胆道造影。     

经胆囊管胆道造影、胆总管探查在胆囊切除术中的应用

目的探讨经胆囊管造影、胆管探查在单纯胆囊切除术中的应用价值. 方法术前临床诊断为胆囊结石、胆囊息肉样病变的患者383例,在胆囊切除术中经胆囊管行胆道造影、胆总管探查,分析胆道病变及其相应处理手段、疗效. 结果通过经胆囊管造影和探查,术中发现胆总管结石30例,经胆囊管取石24例,胆总管切开取石6例;胆囊管冗长4例,均予切除冗长部分;胰胆管合流异常3例,未处理;胆总管末端双开口1例,未处理.所有患者均无结石残留、胆囊管残余. 结论术中经胆囊管胆道造影、胆总管探查可发现术前漏诊的胆总管结石和其他病变,且大部分结石可经胆囊管取出.     

Transcystic common bile duct exploration in the management of patients with choledocholithiasis

Common bile duct stones are found in approximately 16% of patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy. If the diagnosis of choledocholithiasis is made at the preoperative workup, it is common practice to refer the patient for endoscopic retrograde cholangiography and endoscopic sphincterotomy. However, if the diagnosis is established during intraoperative cholangiography, the surgeon is confronted with a therapeutic dilemma-that is, the choice between laparoscopic common bile duct exploration, conversion to open surgery, or postoperative endoscopic sphincterotomy. We have opted to treat patients with choledocholithiasis in only one session during the laparoscopic cholecystectomy; we use the transcystic common bile duct exploration technique employing the choledochoscope. We report our early experience in terms of success of stone removal, operative time, morbidity and mortality, and length of hospital stay. From 1992 to 2002, we performed 350 laparoscopic cholecystectomies. Selective cholangiography was used in 105 patients (30%); 40 of them were found to have common bile duct stones, for an incidence of 11.4%. Among this group, we performed laparoscopic transcystic common bile duct exploration in all but six patients. Our success rate for stone removal was 94.1% (32 of 34 patients), with only two failures related to multiple stones and impaction at the ampulla, for a conversion rate of 5.8%. The mean operative time was 120 ± 40 minutes. The morbidity rate was 8.8%, and there were no deaths. Length of hospital stay was 24 to 48 hours. Mean recovery time was 7 days, and time to return to work was 15±3 days. We concluded that most of the patients with common bile duct stones found during laparoscopic cholecystectomy could be treated successfully by means of the transcystic technique with choledochoscopy, with no increase in morbidity or mortality and a shortened hospital stay and recovery time, similar to patients who undergo only laparoscopic cholecystectomy. On the basis of our results, we recommend that this method become the primary strategy in the great majority of patients with common bile duct stones found during intraoperative cholangiography. Presented at the Forty-Third Annual Meeting of The Society for Surgery of the Alimentary Tract, San Francisco, California, May 19–22, 2002 (poster presentation).     

澳大利亚微创胆道外科

目的 从20世纪末期以来,澳大利亚腹腔镜手术已经快速发展进步并且逐渐扩展到各个外科手术领域.一些外科医生也完成并发表了关于腹腔镜胆总管探查技术的报道.在本文中,作者介绍了目前澳大利亚的微创外科手术治疗胆管疾病的现状,包括：常规或选择性胆管造影;胰腺胆道疾病中ERCP的作用;腹腔镜胆总管探查术的手术技巧以及胆源性胰腺炎的治疗.作者还介绍了澳大利亚目前胆总管探查的现状,并且提到他们倾向于每例腹腔镜胆囊切除术都进行术中胆道造影.如果胆总管内发现小结石而且胆囊管足够粗,则进行经胆囊管的胆总管探查术.然而,如果狭窄的胆总管内有较大的结石,则进行术后ERCP治疗.作者还进一步介绍了胆道疾病相关的其他的微创治疗手术方法.总的来说,腹腔镜手术进行胆总管取石是可行和安全的.在有足够经验的医疗中心,这种手术方法可以常规使用.同时,成功进行腹腔镜胆总管探查术也需要多种方法综合进行.ERCP也没有被腹腔镜胆总管探查术所取代,而且成为一种重要的补充性的胆总管结石治疗方法.     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术中隐匿性胆总管结石的微创治疗

目的：探讨对腹腔镜胆囊切除术（ laparoscopic cholecystectomy ,LC）中隐匿性胆总管结石行微创治疗的可行性。方法2007年7月-2012年5月对27例LC术中发现的隐匿性胆总管结石采用微创治疗。胆囊管内径＞5 mm者经胆囊管胆道镜取石;胆总管内径＞6 mm者行胆囊管汇入胆总管处微切开后胆道镜取石,一期缝合或留置造影管;胆囊管内径≤5 mm、胆总管内径≤6 mm者直接留置造影管,术后再次造影,必要时行十二指肠镜乳头括约肌切开（ endoscopic sphincterotomy ,EST）取石。结果手术均获成功。8例直接经胆囊管胆道镜取石;11例行胆囊管汇入胆总管处微切开后胆道镜取石,一期缝合7例,留置造影管4例,1周后造影均阴性;8例直接留置造影管,1例术后36 h滑出,1周后ERCP造影胆囊管残端无渗漏,EST取石,术后1周再次造影3例结石消失,4例仍有结石,均经EST取出。无出血、胆漏、腹腔感染等并发症。24例随访6-24个月,平均16个月,无结石残留、胆管狭窄及胆管炎发生。结论熟练运用腹腔镜、胆道镜、十二指肠镜技术,对LC术中发现的隐匿性胆总管结石实施微创治疗是安全、可行的。     

Laparoscopic surgery and the common bile duct

Many biliary tract surgeons have now reached a level of sophistication with laparoscopic cholecystectomy that they are now able to deal with the common bile duct at the same time. Preoperative endoscopic cholangiography can be reserved for cases where choledocholithiasis has a high degree of probability. This has served to decrease the number of negative studies. The surgeon has five choices regarding stones confirmed by operative cholangiography during laparoscopic cholecystectomy: (1) do nothing, hoping the stones will pass spontaneously or that a postoperative sphincterotomy with stone extraction will be successful; (2) perform a transcystic laparoscopic common bile duct exploration (best for stones less than 1 cm and distal to the cystic duct); (3) perform a laparoscopic common bile duct exploration by choledochotomy (best for large stones in patients with common bile ducts greater than 1 cm. It is also the preferred approach with stones proximal to the insertion of the cystic duct.); (4) perform an intraoperative sphincterotomy with stone extraction, either retrograde or antegrade (this approach has some proponents but has not gained popularity among the majority of surgeons); and (5) place a double lumen catheter through the cystic duct with a proximal lumen in the common bile duct and the distal lumen in the duodenum. This can be used for serial postoperative cholangiography to confirm spontaneous stone passage or falsely positive operative cholangiograms. It is useful in situations when laparoscopic common bile duct exploration equipment or surgeon expertise is not available. If stones persist, a guidewire can be introduced through the distal lumen of the catheter for a guidewire-assisted sphincterotomy. Other CBD interventions that have been reported include laparoscopic biliary bypass and resection of choledochal cysts. Malignant lesions should not be approached by a laparoscopic method except in unusual circumstances.     

腹腔镜经胆囊管开口取石并内支架引流治疗胆囊结石合并胆总管结石

目的:探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除及经胆囊管开口取石并内支架引流术的可行性及临床疗效。方法:2008年1月至2013年1月为28例胆囊结石合并胆总管结石患者行腹腔镜胆囊切除术(laparoscopic cholecystectomy,LC)及经胆囊管开口胆管探查取石,内支架引流管引流并一期缝合胆管术。总结其适应证、操作技术及临床疗效。结果:28例均成功完成LC及经胆囊管开口取石并内支架引流术。胆管内取出单一结石19例,2~4枚结石9例。手术时间平均(43.6±19.8)min,平均住院(7.9±3.5)d。26例支架自行脱落并顺利排出体外;2例未自行排出的患者,于1个月后经十二指肠镜行胆道支架取出。未发生胆管结石残留、胆管狭窄、胆漏等手术并发症。结论:LC及腹腔镜经胆囊管开口取石并内支架引流术具有手术时间短、术式简单、术后并发症少等特点,在严格掌握适应证、选择合适病例的情况下,此术式安全、有效、可行。     

腹腔镜胆管造影在胆总管结石误探与漏探中的应用价值

目的 为避免胆总管结石误探和漏探,分析腹腔镜胆管造影在胆管探查中的应用价值.方法 回顾性分析2015年1月至2019年12月完成的230例腹腔镜胆囊切除(LC)、胆总管探查术(LCBDE)患者的临床资料,选取腹腔镜术中胆管造影(intraoperative cholangiography,IOC)的患者41例作为观察组...     

Laparoscopic choledochoscopy with a small-caliber endoscope

Incidental choledocholithiasis has been reported in 4–5% of cases during routine cholangiography. Many surgeons have resisted laparoscopic common bile duct exploration as a time-consuming and technically frustrating procedure, preferring to send the patient for postoperative ERCP. The purpose of this study was to objectively assess the safety, efficacy, and facility of transcystic duct choledochoscopy using a small-caliber choledochoscope with facilitated insertion technique.Twenty-five consecutive patients scheduled for laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) were studied prospectively. Choledochoscopy was carried out with a simplified introducer system using a 6.9-French choledochoscope. An arbitrary limit of 10 min was established for gaining access to the common bile duct (CBD). Incidental CBD stones were found in two of the 25 procedures (8%) and were cleared laparoscopically. The CBD was successfully entered in 21 of 25 attempts (84%). The average time for the entire procedure was 8.7 min. There were no procedure-related complications.Clinical application of this procedure was reviewed in a personal series of 742 LCs. Transcystic laparoscopic common bile duct exploration (LCDE) was successful in clearing stones from the CBD 75% of the time and the addition of laparoscopic choledochotomy brought the success of LCDE to 81%. Excluding patients where transcystic LCDE was not attempted, the overall success rate was 91%.Presented at the annual meeting of the Society of American Gastrointestinal Endoscopic Surgeons (SAGES), Nashville, TN 18–19 April 1994     

应用胆胰管内窥镜经胆囊管胆道探查21例临床分析

目的探讨应用胆胰管内窥镜经胆囊管行胆道探查的临床应用价值。方法 2011年1月～2012年1月,对21例急、慢性结石性胆囊炎合并或可疑合并肝内外胆管结石者,在开腹胆囊切除术中应用德国PolyDiagnost公司组合式、软性、可旋转纤维内窥镜（外径F8）经胆囊管行胆道探查、取石。结果 2例肝内胆管结石,用套石篮顺利取出。胆总管结石14例,其中6例经胆囊管顺利取出,4例钬激光击碎结石取出,2例行胆囊管汇入胆总管处微切开取石,未成功2例,行传统胆总管切开取石T管引流。5例未见明显结石及十二指肠乳头狭窄。术后胆漏1例,无胆道残余结石等并发症发生。术后随访6～18个月,平均13个月,无结石复发。结论应用胆胰管内窥镜经胆囊管进行肝内外胆管探查,避免了胆总管切开和放置T管,提高了胆道结石诊断的准确率,是一种安全简便、创伤小、恢复快的方法。     

Intraoperative cholangiography facilitates simple transcystic clearance of ductal stones in units without expertise for laparoscopic bile duct surgery

Background In the absence of facilities and expertise for laparoscopic bile duct exploration (LBDE), most patients with suspected ductal calculi undergo preoperative endoscopic duct clearance. Intraoperative cholangiography (IOC) is not performed at the subsequent laparoscopic cholecystectomy. This study aimed to investigate the rate of successful duct clearance after simple transcystic manipulations. Methods This prospective study investigated 1,408 patients over 13 years in a unit practicing single-session management of biliary calculi. For the great majority, IOC was attempted. Abnormalities were dealt with by flushing of the duct, glucagon injection, Dormia basket trawling, choledochoscopic transcystic exploration, or choledochotomy. Results Of 1,056 cholangiograms performed (75%), 287 were abnormal (27.2%). Surgical trainees, operating under supervision, successfully performed 24% of all cholangiograms. Of 396 patients admitted with biliary emergencies, 94.1% had abnormal cholangiograms. Of the 287 patients with abnormal IOCs, 9.4% required no intervention, 18% were clear after glucagon and flushing, and 13% were cleared using Dormia basket trawling under fluoroscopy. A total of 95 patients required formal LBDE, and 2 required postoperative endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). No postoperative ERCP for retained stones was required after simple transcystic manipulation. Eight conversions occurred, one during a transcystic exploration. Follow-up evaluation continued for as long as 6 years in some cases. Two patients had recurrent stones after LBDE and a clear postoperative tube cholangiogram. Conclusion In this series, 10% of the abnormal cholangiograms occurred in patients without preoperative risk factors for bile duct stones. Altogether, 88 IOCs (31%) were cleared after either simple flushing or trawling with a Dormia basket. Formal LBDE was not required for 40% of abnormal cholangiograms. Simple transcystic manipulations to clear the bile ducts justify the use of routine IOC in units without laparoscopic biliary expertise. Presented at the 12^th meeting of the EAES, Barcelona, Spain, June 2004